User talk:Valery Starikov/Sociology of revolution

Peaceful reforms and social revolutions
There are two methods of the development of social structure (peaceful reform and social revolutions). The peaceful reform (from the Latin of reformo ‐ I convert) is such method of the development of social structure, under which the innovations are carried out on top, from the side of government, by peaceful way. Social revolution (from the Latin of revolution ‐ turning, change) is such method of changing the social structure, under which the innovations are carried out from below frequently, by the way of mass disorders or armed assumption of power, by the way of the temporary destruction of the system of social control. The appearance of a Civil War and enormous quantity of victims are the possible consequence of revolution. All reformers and revolutionaries speak usually, that they are the supporters of progressive development or guidance of order, but the result of reform or revolution can be different. Such result can be progress, regress or absence of the development of social structure. It is possible to speak about failure of reform or revolution in the case of regress or absence of development. For example, the October overturn 1917 had led to the regress of social structure in Russia in reality, to the cancellation of great social inventions (market, economic control, representative democracy), to the cancellation of capitalism and to the construction of Asian formation in Russia. Yeltsin's reforms had restored these great social inventions and Yeltsin’s reforms are progressive. Sociology of revolution had created by P. Sorokin.

Sociology of revolution
This branch of sociology was developed by T. Hobbes to a certain extent earlier; Hobbes lived and created in the period of English revolution. In the opinion by Hobbes, “the war of all against all” begins in the period of revolution and of Civil War, when all men threaten by each man, when each man has the right to all things by right of strong, when “man to man is wolf”   Sorokin had generalized the data about the new revolutions, unknowns for Hobbes – French revolution, Russian revolution, German revolution, etc.

Is revolution good or bad?
The theory of revolution was developed in Marxism also, but this Marxist‐Leninist theory left the scientific mode after unsuccessful Marxist experiment in Russia today. The Marxist basis of revolution proved to be the variety of scholasticism, since it is a pseudo‐ scientific theory. Marx considered the revolution as the result of contradiction between the dynamic development of productive forces and the old production’s relations, production’s relations can be reduced to property relations. Old production’s relations begin to prevent to the development of productive forces and production’s relations convert into the fetters for productive forces. Lenin's theory about the reasons for revolution, about the revolutionary situation resembles the theory by Sorokin partly, but theories of Lenin and Sorokin differ each other in the estimation of the value of this phenomenon as revolution sharply. Lenin considered that revolution is good; revolution is holiday for those oppressed men, which can revenge oneself upon rich men and rob to rich men with impunity. Revolution is only method for such revolutionaries as Marx, Engels and Lenin to receive the authority without the elections, without asking the will of the people, since the Communists lost on the honest elections always. Marx named the revolutions as “the locomotives of history”. Sorokin and Hobbes considered that revolution is very bad. Sorokin considered that the revolution is the severe social illness, which can lead to death of social organism suddenly, that revolution is the worse method of an improvement of the life of masses The revolutionaries promise to masses “gold mountains” in the words, masses receive the hunger, the epidemics and the executions of innocent people in reality. The negligible results of revolution are reached by enormous price.

Sorokin proposes other methods of improvement and reconstruction of the social organization: • The peaceful reforms, which do not jam the base instincts of man.

• Scientific research must precede to practical experiment.

• It should be conducted experiment on a low social scale at first. • Reforms must be carried out by lawful and constitutional means The conclusion: These canons are observed even with the erection of bridges and breeding of cattle. The mock‐up makes before the building of bridge. The inhabitant of distant planet, who observed the cataclysms of Russian revolution, could conclude that the cows and bridges are valued more expensively on the Earth than human life.

The reasons of revolution
For the comparison it is possible to give Lenin's opinion about the reasons for revolutionary situation:

• The exploited and oppressed masses or “bottoms” have realized the impossibility to live as before and they require the changes, and “the tops” or exploiters cannot govern as before. • There is aggravation higher than usual of need and calamities of the oppressed classes.

• There is strengthening the revolutionary activity of the working masses. Thus, “the tops” can not to exist as before in the period of revolutionary situation, and bottoms do not want to exist as before”.

Sorokin calls two reasons for the revolution:

• the jamming of base instincts at the majority of population.

• the disorganization of authority and social control.

Why does the jamming of base instincts lead to the revolution always? Because it forces by man to search for output from the desperate condition. The hunger weakens the brakes, which retain it from the theft, eating of low‐grade food from the slop‐ container, robbery and murder. The law‐abiding citizen becomes thief and bandit owning to the hunger, worker becomes beggar, the believer ceases to be fasted and aristocrat goes to the market to sell the trousers. The complete disappearance of brakes in the behavior of people can lead to the disintegration of the society, when man tears away “the framework” of civilized behavior completely and this man convert into the beast, which all is permitted (the murder, violence, robbery).

The kinds of the jammed instincts as the first reason for the revolution:

• The hunger as the suppression of digestive instinct. Hunger preceded all revolutions, especially the hunger on the background of aristocratic gluttony on the feasts. For example, February revolution 1917 in Russia had begun spontaneously owning to the bread turns for the cheap bread on the background of the restaurants, in which the aristocrats feasted. Nobody prepared the February revolution, and Lenin was in the emigration in Switzerland and Lenin had learned about the beginning of revolution in Russia from the newspapers. Emperor of Russia Nikolai 2 was in the staff of army into Mogilev and Nikolai 2 had missed the beginning of revolution.

• The increase of poverty as the suppression of the impulse of property. The proletariat was poor as “church rat” in Russia. History piled the proletariat to “the bed from the nails”. The revolutionary armies were comprised most frequently from the poor layers, which can not to lose something, but which can acquire all. Soldiers of revolutionary army are poor and slave always. The marshals of revolutionary army are losers from elite, whose legal career did not come out owning to different reasons and this losers were ready to step to authority along the corpses. For example, the legal career by Lenin of jurist did not come out owning to his brother Alexander Ulyanov, who prepared attempt to Alexander 3, Alexander Ulyanov was arrested and executed in 1887. After that Lenin was driven away from everywhere and Lenin must forget about the successful legal career, although Lenin he was the son of the noble of the inspector of the people schools of the Simbirsk’s province Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov. Legal career by Leo Trotsky did not come out owning to Jewish nationality and epilepsy, although his father was rich farmer and important leaseholder in the Kherson province. Joseph Stalin was born from “poor class”, his father was shoemaker, his father suffered alcoholism and his father beat of son frequently, for this reason the son had grown by such malicious and vindictive. Stalin was deducted from the spiritual seminary for the absence to the examination. Stalin had six convictions for the extortion (for “the expropriation”) and five escapes from the exiles. Stalin’s special signs, known from the police dossier are six finger on left foot, “dry” left hand, speckled face as the consequence of the previous disease by smallpox. Thus, Stalin, in contrast to Lenin and Trotsky, had the origin from the lowest social layer.

• The unsuccessful war and state terror as the suppression of the instinct of self‐ preservation. Unsuccessful wars precede revolutions. War converts soldiers into the being raged crowds of mads. Specifically, this had occurred with the Russian soldiers in 1917 and with the German soldiers in 1918. Soldiers throw front and attack the government with the fury. Examples of these revolutions: The Commune of Paris after the Franco‐Prussian War, Jaceria in France and uprising Watt Tyler in England after centenary war, the Civil war in Russia after Livonia’s war, reform of emperor Alexander 2 in Russia after the Crimean War, revolution 1905 in Russia after Russo‐Japanese war, February revolution 1917 in the end of First world war, “reconstruction” of Gorbachev and reform of Yeltsin after Soviet‐Afghanistan war. Said can be attributed and to the calculation of despotic regimes, such regimes “become pregnant” by revolution owning to state’s terror constantly.

• The censorship and the prohibition to the migration as the suppression of the impulse of freedom. Poet V. Mayakovski had glorified the October overturn because of the censorial prohibitions on his publications before the revolution.

The representatives of this nationality, as Jews had the following limitations in the rights in Russia before October overturn:

a). There is a prohibition to the migration from western regions to central Russia or the line of permanent residency. b). There is a prohibition to be elected by urban head, that is by the elective head of the municipal administration.

c). There is quota for Jews under the entering into the university ‐ 5%.

d). There is a prohibition to have an earth in private property. Therefore many Jews had become by revolutionaries and many Jews considered revolution as the form of fight for their national equality of rights. For example, such Bolsheviks, as L. D. Trotsky (real surname is Bronstein), I. M. Sverdlov, l. B. Kamenev (real surname is Rosenfeld), G. E. Zinoviev (real name is Radomyslskiy Ovsey‐Gersh Aronovich) were Jews, such Mensheviks, as Yu. O. Martov (real surname is Tsederbaum) was Jew, such leaders of the combat organization of party of socialist‐revolutionaries and provocateur as E. Azef was Jew. Even grandfather at Lenin according to the mother was christened Jew on the name Alexander Dmitrievich (Israel [Moyshevich]) Blank.   Such leaders of politic policy in Russia as Iagoda, Uritskiy, and Volodarskiy were also Jews. Jew Yurovskiy led by the shooting of ex‐emperor Nikolai 2 and his family. • The estate’s limitations as the suppression of the instinct of self expression. The estate’s    limitations    prevented by people from the bottoms from engaging of status, which corresponds to their talents; therefore the innate ruler, who became simple workers, will become by the leader of secret organization, “Cicero” will become by propagandists.

These are the authentic reasons for revolution, and excuse can be completely different (the quarrel around the religious dogmas or convocation of General States). Ideology determines the selection of the slogans (“holy earth”, “true faith”, “republic” and “socialism”). Ideology determines the selection of popular heroes ‐ Christ, Gus, Rousseau, Looter, Marx, Tolstoy or Liebknecht. Ideology determines the selection of basic idea (interpretation of gospel, national idea, the theory of surplus value or capitalist exploitation). Ideology determines the selection of emblem (“red Phrygian cap” is the identification mark of French revolutionary‐ Jacobins, “black shirt” is form of the Italian fascists of Benito Mussolini, “pentagonal red  star” is sign of membership in the Red Army).

What social groups and why do become revolutionary at first of all?
Those estates and social groups will be most revolutionary, which have the largest quantity of jammed instincts and, on the contrary, this estates and social groups will be the enemies of revolution, which have not jammed instincts completely or which have a small quantity of jammed instincts. Therefore Bolsheviks could keep on soldiers and workers by the revolutionary ideas easy, and aristocrats were against the revolution always. There were 95% of population on the side of the revolution in February 1917, and then separate social groups had begun come forward against the escalation of revolution in during of time gradually and in side of the establishment of order. Even peasants and sailors had risen against the Bolsheviks in Kroonstad In 1921. Soviet government had held the authority under these conditions only owning to the terrible fatigue from the cataclysms of Civil War and owning to concessions in the form of the New Economic Policy.

=== The disorganization of authority and social control as the second reason for revolution=== The disorganization of authority and social control means the incapacity of government to crush the rebellion, to remove the conditions, which cause the dissatisfaction of population, to cleave the mass on the part and to set on their to each other according to the principle “divide and rule”, to direct the way out of energy for masses into another no‐revolutionary “river’s bed” according to the principle “to open the valve so that the boiler would not explode”. The atmosphere of pre‐revolutionary epochs amazes by observer with weakness of the authorities and with degeneration of the ruling privileged classes always. “There is no ruler in the country. But where is ruler? Had ruler fallen asleep? Ruler had lost the force and ruler is not support to us”, these are chronicler Ipuver's commentaries about the weakness of authority by pharaohs on the eve of the Egyptian revolution of the epoch of average kingdom. The same situation was in Russia in 1917. There was not one sober‐minded and imperious minister, decrepit Goremykin, incompetent Shtyurmer, mad Protopopov and abnormal Virubov is the entire gallery of mediocre rulers and cynical dwarfs, this is the result of the complete degeneration of elite. History "suffers” severe and rapacious governments, then those, until they know how to govern state, but history will carry severe sentence to powerless and parasitic governments. The degeneration of elite becomes inevitable, when elite converts into the caste, when social “lifts” are switched off and way is closed for the innate rulers to upward with help of artificial barriers on the way of circulation into the members of elite. Talented premier‐minister S. Yu. Vitte was undergone dislike in side of Russian emperor repeatedly.      When revolutionary explosion occurs, then pitiless revolutionary broom clears out entire social rubbish (degenerates from the elite). “Upstarts” from the bottoms rush to upward on the social stair‐case through the enormous slot in the social sieve of selection simultaneously. This sieve exists on each floor of social stair‐case. But new elite builds the new “sieve” at the second stage of revolution, under protection of which the upstarts, who reached the social top, merge with the remainders of the old aristocracy, which leave for the transfer of the experience of control above people. New Bolshevik “sieve” passed to upward only those, who were “from the machine tool” or “from the wooden plough”, and new Bolshevik “sieve” rejected to downward all rest people. It is possible to draw the conclusion that the revolution is advantageous to bandits and usurpers of authority without the elections, and revolution is not advantageous to all other social groups. The merit of the President Yeltsin is not only in the fact that it conducted the reforms necessary for the country, but also in the fact that   President Yeltsin had crushed two attempts of the Communists to seize the authority with help of army’s and State Security Agent’s mutiny in 1991. and with help of organizing of mass disorders and armed seizure of power in 1993. It is possible to explain the success of Bolsheviks in 1917 still and thereby that the difficult process of changing the elites continued in Russia in that time, as in other foremost countries. Authority passed from the hands of nobles into the hands of employees gradually, and rogues, like the racketeer of Stalin and Lenin had intercepted the power at this critical moment suddenly, Lenin lived many years in the Paris in account of robbery money and the money by German reconnaissance.

The second stage of revolution
The reasons, which generate this stage, are strengthening hunger, criminality, requisitions, epidemics, primitive chaos by “the wars of all against all”. People stand before the dilemma: either to perish, continuing revolutionary uproar or to introduce order by any price. Examples “the creators of order are Caesar, Octavian August, Cromwell, Napoleon, Robesper, Lenin and Putin, who know how to introduce the order with help of “iron cam” after the period of revolution or reforms. Mad exit of energy occurs during the first stage, but man is not perpetual motion machine; therefore mass apathy and fatigue occurs at sooner or later. Energetic group or tyrant can seize the authority at the second stage of revolution easily, using this weakness, and to restore old order. The society, which does not capable to develop by the way of peaceful reforms, is forced to pay the tribute for the revolution in the size of the large part of its population. It is possible to do the conclusion that the peaceful reform is much better than social revolution.