User talk:Valery Starikov/Sociology

The social status  Social status is a position of man in the society, this status have the appropriate list of rights and duties. Status can be compared with the empty cell in the organization or the group, which one or other person can occupy, people come and depart, and statuses remain in the organization. Organization is a system of interconnected and specialized statuses. Each status has its function in the organization, for example, the function of leader consists in the management by ordinary employees, the function of teacher consists in the education of pupils, the function of worker consists in management and in repair by technical devices, etc Each person occupies several statuses simultaneously, for example, he can occupy the statuses of worker, husband, athlete, friend, student of the evening department of university, member of the party, author of newspaper publication, visitor of hospital, etc

From the point of view of my sociology of conflict and control, the main kinds of statuses  are status of controller and status of the object of control, status of enemies in the conflict. Other kinds of statuses are secondary, for example, innate and achievable status are secondary. Social role is such behavior, which  surrounding men expect from the person, when this person occupies specific status.

Statics and dynamics as two conditions of social structure
The founder of sociology Auguste Comte had introduced these concepts

Statics is a social structure or the anatomy of social organism at the given historical moment as the system of the organizations, which resemble by organs in the organism. Dynamics is a description of the sequence of stages for development by the structure of social organism,  that is appearance of new and new organizations and groups. Each organizations has own function in the society.

In my opinion, there is eleven basic groups and organizations    in the society, this groups and organizations were invented on the turn: • A family. Family has a function of the production of healthy posterity. Family was invented in the period of the origin of primitive society. Family, genus and tribe are built on the moral control. The wars flared up between the tribes frequently. • A production’s organization. Its function is a production of vital goods (food, clothing, dwelling and etc.). The first modes of production were cattle breeding and agriculture, then craft and machine production. Most effective at that moment kinds of social control were applied in the production’s organization, for example, the moral control was applied in the production’s organizations under the primitive society, the armed control was applied in the production’s organizations under the slaveholding society,    the administrative control was applied in the production’s organizations under the feudalism, economic control is applied in the production’s organizations under capitalism. The market relations between the producers had arisen instead of the natural housekeeping under capitalism, when effective producer survives only.

• An army. The army was invented in the period of the sunset of primitive society (period of military democracy). An army has function of making war, to protect the boundaries of national territory from the aggressor and to conquer the strange territory. Army was built on the moral control initially, then army was built on the armed control, and then army is built on the administrative control today. • Law‐enforcement agencies (law court, the police, prison). The law‐enforcement agencies were invented in the period of slaveholding society. The function of the law‐ enforcement agencies is maintenance of social order that is realizing of armed control of government over citizens, the realization of the system of criminal law. The law‐ enforcement agencies had begun to use the administrative and economic sanctions besides body’s punishments latter. The law‐enforcement agencies are built on the administrative control of the leader over their employees. Prison is built on the armed control, when guard has the right to use body’s punishments against the prisoners. The police is  in the conditions of war with the criminal organizations. Criminal organizations are the spare center of authority, which strengthens in the case of the temporary weakening of police and lawful authority of government. Criminal organizations are in the conditions of war with each other.

• A bureaucracy. The bureaucracy has a function to gather taxes and to lead by social works sometimes, that is to build channels, dams etc. The economic function of bureaucracy is the extremely ineffective form of use of labor force in comparison with the system of private enterprise, be built on the economic control. Bureaucracy is built on the administrative control. The written hieroglyphic language and cadastral survey (book of taxpayers) were invented for the realization of the collection of taxes in ancient Egypt. The bureaucracy was arisen under the slaveholding society. • A government. The government has a function to control administratively the activity of army, bureaucracy and law‐enforcement agencies. The government controls the system of education and church sometimes. Theocracy, on the contrary, is a form of government, under which the church controls the government. The government is built on the administrative control of its employees. Supreme power consists from three branches of power (legislative, executive and judicial) today under the conditions of representative democracy, this three branches of power are independent from each other.

• A church and a sect. These religious organizations have a function to comfort the fear of the believers before death and to convince them in the necessity of existence for the system of social control, in the necessity of submission to controllers. Church, as religious organization, was built in Buddhism, Christianity and Islam at first. Church, as religious organization, is built on the administrative control of its employees (priests). The church used the body’s punishments against its enemies (heretics) sometimes. The church organized the religious wars and crusades against the competitors sometimes. The church had arisen in the period of the sunset of slaveholding society. • A system of education. The system of education has a function of the socialization of the growing up generation. The state’s system of education is built on the administrative control of its employees. The system of education had arisen under the slaveholding society.

• A system of public health. The system of public health has a function of the treatment of people. The first doctors had appeared under the slaveholding society. Medical organizations are built on the administrative control. • An Art, a media and a mass culture. They have a function to satisfy the  aesthetical requirements and to inform people, to carry out the socialization. The media and mass culture are in the conditions of competition with each other. Correspondents enter into the discussion with each other in the course of struggle for spheres of influence on the spectators. The separate mean of media and mass culture, for example, the separate newspaper or television channel are built on the economic and administrative control of the leader over its employees. The media and mass culture were invented under capitalism.

• A science. The science has a function of the knowledge of truth, of production of inventions and forecasts. The science was invented under the slaveholding society. Scientists compete with each other in the course of scientific discussions.

Main concepts of sociology
Social structure is a system of social groups and organizations, roles and statuses. In the opinion of organic school in macro‐sociology, society is similar to the human organism; therefore society has needs. Each social organization or group resembles any organ of society and each social organization or group satisfies any need, each social organization or group fulfills any function. Society is a progressively developing system of groups and organizations, which is built on the relations of conflict and control between the people. Small group is a small quantity of people (from 2 to 15 people), between whom are established the relations of moral leadership and moral control. Society is built on the inequality of statuses of people, since there cannot be equalities between the controller and   the object of control. The groups of people in the social hierarchy (in the pyramid), located above each other, make stratas (layers). Society resembles “layer’s pie”. Stratification is a layering. Social mobility is a displacement of people over the social “staircase”. Upward mobility is a displacement of people upward or downward over the social “staircase” as a result of conflicts in during of the life depending in dependent of their abilities, for example, worker has become by engineer at first, then he has become by the leader of enterprise, then he has by minister, and he became watchman at the pension age. Horizontal mobility is a displacement over one step of social staircase without a change of status, for example, pupil has passed from the eighth class of one school to the eighth class of another school.

A socialization
Socialization of men occurs in the process of the social control. When child comes into the first class of school, child is trained him by the rules of behavior ‐ not to be late to the lesson, to carry out domestic task, not to talk on the lesson on the outside themes. If pupil does not satisfy this requirement, pupil is punished.

The agents of socialization are individual people, groups and organizations, which conduct the education and they help to man to master roles. Main agents of the socialization: • family, • school,

• kindergarten. • the media,

• the group of tenders,

• army,

• criminal group, • religious organizations and production organizations, etc.

==Language of gestures, the creation of its own image and the exchange by symbols as the methods of the expression of norms and threat application for sanctions==

The language of gestures
The language of gestures is inherited by people from its animal ancestors; therefore man must not be learned to speak on this language. Animals conflicted and realized the control with help of the language of gestures. Man did not lose to the end the ability to conflict and to realize the control over other people with help of the language of gestures after the invention of spoken language and written language. The invention of written language made it possible to invent the criminal code of norms and sanctions. We make the gestures involuntary; therefore it impossible to tell lies on the language of gestures. It is possible to learn separate simple gestures in order to deceive interlocutor, but other small involuntary gestures can betray you with the head. The education by language of gestures is used under the education of managers today, since it makes it possible to understand the secret intentions of partners in the business. Women understand the language of gestures better then men; therefore it is very difficult for husband   to deceive its wife.

In opinion by Allan Pease, it is possible to isolate three basic kinds of the gestures:

• the gestures of flirtation,

• the gestures of lie,

• the gestures of aggression.

The gestures of flirtation for women are a gait from the thigh, the demonstration of the open palm, the extended pupils (eyes “pools”), which indicate agitation; long fixed view longer than 10 seconds. Woman begins to smarten up before the mirror (“to clean plumes”) on the eyes in man, to repair hair, to color lips. The causing gesture of flirtation by men is thumbs for the cuts of pockets or for the belt, this gesture indicates: “I am man. I rule above you”. Man also can “clean plumes” ‐ to shake off the nonexistent dust, to repair necktie. The gestures of lie or distrust are the touch of eyelid or ear, the touch of neck, the drawing out of collar; the hand, which closes mouth. In order to disguise last gesture, liar can cough hypocritically or scratch the nose. The opened palms indicate: “I speak truth”. Hands in the pockets are the sign of reserved person. Boredom is expressed in the fact that man props up head by hand. The gestures of aggression are the hands had compressed into the cams and   the hands had been rested into the sides. The demonstration of thumbs indicates: “I am the main man” or “all in the order”. Hands back (the gesture of policeman) indicates: “I do not fear to you”. The hands, crossed on the breast, indicate protection. Round‐ shouldered back indicates complex of inferiority. Landing on top of the chair, when the back of chair is located in front, it indicatesprotection. V ‐ descriptive sign by the fingers, when hand is turned by palm to thecollocutor, has insulting value ‐ “be plugged”. When hand is turned to the collocutor byback side ‐  “victory”. Long fixed view in the places of the deprivation of freedom in combination with the narrow pupils (“snake” view) they indicate malice.

Image
Irwin Hoffman observed the life of cripples, patients of psychiatric hospitals, visitors of casino in America. According to its observations, the bureaucrat‐ representative of middle class is forced to develop his capability for social mimicry, to create his image on the service. Image is social role. Each politician has own image also. It is possible to give examples of the successful images: vice‐President of Russia Yeltsin was “The father of nation”, the vice‐President of the USA Reagan was “Own fellow”, leader of liberal‐ democratic party of Russia Zhirinovsky is “Clown”, the Mayor of Moscow Lujkov is “Own fellow in the cap”, vice‐Governor general Lebed was “Real Colonel”, prime‐minister of Russia Putin is “the creator of order”, leader of party “Union of Right Forces” in Russia Nemtsov is “curly favorite of women”. Bad image testifies about professional unfitness to the role of elective politician. Reagan, as the former actor, who played cowboys and superman, used bodybuilding and cosmetic for creating the this image. When husband and wife come to guests, then wife demonstrates respected subordination to the will of husband, although she behaves completely differently at home. If blind person reminds about own misfortunes constantly and thus blind person degrades its merit, then people begin to avoid contact with this blind person, since they do not want to have unnecessary problems. It is customary to assume that the low cost of engagement ring testifies that the fiancé values his bride little.

Symbol’s interactionism
Regarding by Herbert Bloomer, interaction is the continuous dialogue, in process of which the people observe, comprehend the intentions of each other and react on them. People play scenes as performances in the miniature in order to deceive, to repel, to lead into the confusion, to insult, to humble or, on the contrary, to show high opinion about the man. I. Stalin loved to be late to the conference in order to show that Stalin is most important and nothing will begin without Stalin. Confusion is the sign of error in this game and confusion is the expression of request to repeat the attempt. People, noted “shameful brand”, can experience difficulties in the contact, since it is difficult to produce a good impression by this people. The color of the skin, scar on face, prosthesis, birthmark to half of face, etc can become this brand. Such people try to hide their “brand” and this succeeds by them temporarily sometimes. Harold Garfunkel studied the rules of the contact between the people, which determine that, when it is appropriate to say something or to be silent, to joke or to deviate from mockery, to tie conversation or to end conversation delicately. If man violates the rules of contact, this causes anger and bewilderment. Husband and wife understand each other from the half word and they associate with help of the hints, for example, husband he speaks that their son threw itself the coin into the automaton on the parking today, this hint means that their son had grown that their son can reach out itself before the cut for the coins in the automaton.