User talk:Valery Starikov/Social organization

Differences between small groups and organizations.
In my opinion, the main difference lies in the form of social control, which applies at constructing groups and organizations. Small groups are built mainly to moral control, only criminal and, in part, the teenager’s group is built on armed control and corporal punishments. Organizations cannot be built on moral control in principle. Charismatic sects are transitional stepping stone of groups to the organization; they are based on religious control. Total organization is built on armed control. Bureaucracy is built on the administrative control. A private firm founded on the economic control.

Other differences small group from the organization are the number of members and character of the relationship. The number of members of the small group cannot exceed 15 people. For comparison, even a few hundred thousand persons may consist in the bureaucratic organization. Personal relationships are established among the members of the small group. Formal relations establishes among members of the bureaucratic organizations that appear to formal bureaucratic style of communication. Thus, the above it is enumerated four types of organizations:

• a charismatic sect,

• a total organization,

• a bureaucracy,

• a private firm. Description exists in sociological literature of relationship for first three types of organizations only, which will be found below.

Charismatic sect.
Leaders such sects, for example, were Christ, Mohammed? Seco Asahara, (real name Тidzuo Matsumoto), Konstantin Rudnev. Asahara was fourth son of poor weaver of tatami‐mat in village on the island of Kyushu. In childhood he lost eyesight due to glaucoma. Asahara began to preach the proximity of doom of World and stated that the United States will begin Armageddon and the third world war with Japan. Five members of Aum Sinrike had applied gas zarin in Tokyo’s subway on 20 March 1995, as result there were many casualties among the passengers. Asahara was sentenced to death by hanging. Konstantin Rudnev has organized sect “Belovodie” and wrote the book “Path of fool”. To reach doctors Rudnev ills schizophrenic disorders that do not prevent him recruit numerous followers. Rudnev organized a successful business selling pseudo educate services and esoteric goods. In the press was widely that the leaders of such sects extort money and houses at the members of his sect, force them to beg in their favor. With that they use such mass methods as hypnosis and beating. Charisma is ability of leader to instill faith that he can create miracles, that he is God or magician.

If there is within the bureaucracy to forty levels or floors authorities, that only two or three levels exists in the charismatic sect:

• a charismatic leader,

• disciples or “apostles”,

• ordinary believers. Unlike bureaucracy, charismatic sect has such a small number of levels of power that believers have little opportunity to move and make career. Some possibility moving from ordinary believers to apostles depends from love of charismatic leader to your believers but not bureaucratic merits and length of unquestionable service, that means full high‐ handed leader in this matter. Often this charismatic leader is tyrant capable to sentence to death heretics and retreaters. As opposed to bureaucracy, charismatic sects fall in the case when a charismatic leader dies as Christ, or when he may be disgraced sometimes. Unlike the small group, a few hundreds of members are in charismatic sect, and not 15.

The total organization
Examples of organizations are an army’s barracks, command of ship, prison, war’s school, internment camp, monastery, the hospital for the blinds, elderlies, madmen, beggars. There is a strong team of security guards and weak group beginners. Total organization is built on armed control when protection applies of corporal punishment to prison men. The inhabitants of these institutions are isolated from the outside world and are not able to complain to abuse of guard. Ritual exists in the first phase when guard creates a faceless gray mass from beginners and beats those who do not fit into the total mass. Cholerics, melancholics, potential leaders and weak people unable to resist are this beginners with extravagant inadequate behavior. Therefore, the first advice for beginners is that in the first phase they should not lean out of the total mass, but they should not humiliate one before strong. In the second stage beginners must understand the role of cadets, soldier, monk or prisoner. Second advice is that it need quickly absorb these roles. Strong links generate inside the faceless gray mass, since beginners become same. Beginners must learn jargon, rituals, experience and insignia in the form of tattoos and details of clothing. Tattoos on the body of prisoner mean a lot for devoted man. All these elements become passionate defended subculture – criminal, barrack’s or monastic. A manifestation of these subcultures is such style on Estrada as pilferer’s or soldier’s chanson.

The bureaucracy
Max Weber singled out seven features bureaucracy: • Division of labour and specialization. Each role has a list of rights and duties. • Order of subordination, or pyramid power. The roles form a hierarchy. Each official has direct chief.

• Public office, where collected written documents. • The employee must have hope on promotion to official staircase   and he must receive remuneration for level of occupied post. Every teacher has a qualification level and an opportunity for promotion to official staircase  in accordance with standing and merit. There is official procedure for preparing officials. • Staff employees must discard personal considerations and be impartial in contacts with clients.

• Rules regulations that govern the regime of work. Compliance with rules makes behavior of the employees predictable. Predictability of conduct is capable of raising the effectiveness of this organization and productivity of labour, to suppress cases of simulation, truancy and delayed disobedience and confusion. Staff employees are like to  obedient screws of enormous machine. • Loyalty of employee to rules that is the willingness to comply with them. In my opinion, to these seven features it need to add two features else:

• Compliance with these rules is built on the threat of use by the direct head to his subordinators administrative penalties ‐ rise or fall to serve. • Staff employees wage between self behind‐the‐scenes struggle of cliques for power in the organization.

Definition: Bureaucracy is a hierarchical organization built on the administrative control and behind‐the‐scenes struggle of cliques for power.

Chiefs were seeking to blind obedience through the use of uniforms. Within the bureaucracy happen rational and irrational conflicts. Irrational conflicts occur when psychological incompatibility chief and subordinator. For example, authoritarian power men find it difficult to obey the authorities of the same hard superiors, since the anger and hostility boil in spirit at first men.

History of the invention of bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is an old invention. Bureaucracy was invented in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, and then it was introduced in Persia, India, China, the Roman Empire and Byzantium. Chinese have taught the Mongols to collect taxes with be conquered countries, including with Russ. Thus, it is precisely the Tatar‐Mongols had brought such great social inventions Russ as bureaucracy and taxes. Roman Empire borrowed such inventions as taxes and bureaucracy from Egypt, and countries of Western Europe, in own turn, borrowed these inventions of the Roman Empire. Hieroglyph’s transcribed, foundations of geometry, papyrus and cadastre were discovered for recording of taxes in Egypt. Bureaucracy has negative traits, main of which is economic inefficiency of bureaucracies, compared with a private firm. Prison of this inefficiency bureaucracy is the fact that administrative control, on which bureaucracy built, is less efficient compared with the economic control on which a private firm built. This inefficient bureaucracy became the main reason for the defeat of the Socialist system in competition with the capitalist system. S. N. Parkinson woke up the law: the number of staff tends to grow automatically, because every Chief wants to have more subordinators. Any reform in society, in fact, leads to increase the number of officials, even if the reformers in the early reform have put on goal to reduce the number of officials. Max Weber made a forecast for the future: we must accept to the idea of further enlargement of the bureaucracy. Weber wrote that dictatorship of officials dominates in the Soviet Union rather than a dictatorship of the proletariat. Although the collapse of socialism was to reduce the number of officials in Russia, but it come out everything on the contrary, in accordance with the law of Parkinson. Staff no case to the ultimate goals of the organization, since they absorbed of creation of papers – pointless rewriting of papers. Size of the Federal Government apparatus in the US has always been a source of concern because of the large expenditure on bureaucracy. There are suspicions that some institutions, created due to certain extraordinary events, may continue a its useless work even if the problem is gone and the President forgot to close away this organization. Different institutions can perform the same work. Therefore, all Presidents should strive to reduce bureaucracy, but bureaucracy resists to this attempts always.

==Functions of the family and causes of the crisis of modern western and Russian family. Government’s attempts to control fertility===