User talk:Valery Starikov/Psychology

The essence of the psychological theory of Sigmund Freud
Man origins from the monkey; therefore instincts, intuition and unconscious play the very large role in the behavior of man, man inherited this instincts, intuition and unconscious from the monkeys.

In the opinion Freud, consciousness  ‐  this is only top of the iceberg, under which unconscious hides itself, unconscious is enormous underwater part of the iceberg, which has an enormous effect on the behavior of man. Subconsciousness resembles the boiler, which manufactures much sexual and aggressive energy. Subconsciousness requires output and otherwise boiler can explode and disease will begin the in the form of neurosis.

Man frees self from the tension and man feel a brief condition of the bliss in the process of the unlimited exit of energy. Freud named two instincts (instinct of life Eros and instinct of death оf Tanatos). The instinct of life includes in self hunger, thirst, sex. Libido (from the Latin “to want” or “to desire”) is the form of psychic energy. The instincts of death can be directed both inside in the form the suicide and outside in the form of hatred and aggression. Freud treated by soldiers in the hospital during the First World War. These soldiers are trained to kill in war; therefore they had received the tendency to the murder after service or to the suicide. It can compare the   sub consciousness with the blind king which demands of satisfaction of own instincts in spite of dangers. Morals and social norms call conditions, time and place of the satisfaction of instincts. If the desires of man contradict to the norms of morals, that man attempts to suppress these desires, to forget, to extrude them into the sphere of unconscious. Anxiety appears as a result contradiction between instincts and requirements of morals. The main method to get rid of the anxiety is sublimation that is a safe exit of energy along other channels. Man can splash out own aggression with help  of the occupation by the power kinds of sport (by boxing, by fight or by heavy athletics), with help of the acquisition of the profession of soldier in the war. Woman with the sadistic inclinations can become the surgeon or the author of first‐class criminal novels. Man can splash the superfluous energy through such channels as occupation by art, by science or by policy. The nervous and passionate temperament of some politicians, like V.V. Zhirinovsky or A. Hitler, testifies that their “boiler” boils simply. If man can not organize the sublimation, that “boiler” can explode and man begins to ache the in the form of neurosis or hysteria. Neurosis is manifested in different fears that are in the phobias. Freud earned to itself to the life with help of treatment of people with such diagnosis with help of the psychoanalysis. It used two methods of treatment (hypnosis and the method of free associations). Freud learned the authentic thoroughly hidden even from itself reasons of the disease of patient with help of this methods, then Freud explained these reasons to patient and thus Freud had treated by patient. A shortcoming of the psychoanalytical method consists in that the paid procedure of treatment can last by years; this is much more expensive than simple tablet.

Conclusion: subconsciousness is the reason for conflicts between the people frequently, but subconsciousness gives to man the energy frequently, the energy is necessary for achievement of victory in the conflict and for survival of man.

The hypnosis as the method of psychological control. Hypnotizer professor Matveyev.
The hypnosis is sinking of man in the trans and the realization of suggestion.

Professor Matveyev was my teacher of psychology at the Ural State University in Yekaterinburg, Matveyev was professional hypnotizer and he tried to explain to us at the lectures all secrets of this method. Hypnotizer must possess confident, imperious, juicy, artistic voice, that is reached by the way of prolonged trainings. Furthermore, hypnotizer must see the people, inclined to the suggestion; hypnotizer must see the people with the weak will and the rich imagination. Woman and children yield by hypnosis more easily. Blue‐eyed blondes with the bad imagination, the developed thinking (for example, chess players) and the strong will yield by hypnosis badly. Professor Matveyev organized the shows of hypnosis in his lectures frequently. Matveyev revealed people, inclined to the suggestion, with help of the simple procedure at first. Matveyev ordered to entire class to shut the eyes and to press hand into the fist. People, inclined to the suggestion, could not unclench the fist without its command. Matveyev called these people to the black‐ board on the turn and then Matveyev carried out the experiences above them under the amazed views of other students. Experimental students, who were in condition of hypnotic trance, represented on its command that, as they catch fish, they play to the piano, they draw the picture and so on

The opinion polls show that it can to suggest the necessary ideas to the sufficiently high percentage of people (from 40% to 75%).

Four of temperament and their style of behavior in the conflict
Hippocrates named correctly  four temperaments:

• phlegmatic,

• sanguine,

• choleric,

• melancholic.

But Hippocrates had given the incorrect substantiation of this correct classification. In his opinion, four temperaments are formed owning to predominance of one of four secretions  ‐ mucus, blood, yellow bile and black bile. I. P. Pavlov had given the correct scientific substantiation of the classification of temperaments in its theory about the types of higher nervous activity. It established that the features of higher nervous activity are determined by different correlations of excitation and braking.

Nervous system can be characterized by the following properties:

• “strength ‐ weakness”; • “balanced ‐ unbalanced”; • “mobility ‐ inertness”. Different combinations of these properties give the specific type of the nervous system: • Strong, balanced, mobile man is sanguine person (from the Latin “sangvie”  ‐  the blood);

• Strong, balanced, inert man is phlegmatic person (from the Greek “phlegm” ‐ mucus);

• strong, unbalanced, with the predominance of excitation man is choleric person (from Greek “khole” ‐ yellow bile),

• weak man is melancholic person (from the Greek “molasseses khole” ‐ black bile).

The sanguine person is characterized by large mobility, sanguine person adapt to changed living conditions easily. Sanguine person has a the ability to switch attention rapidly. Sanguine person makes the acquaintance with the new people easily. Its feelings are variable now he is gay, now he is sad, now he laughs; now he cries. Its negative trait of character is that he can’t hold the own promises; it does not know how to lead the matter to the end and he seizes for the new matter. Example of sanguine person is Ostap Bender from the novel of Ilf and Petrov “12 chairs”.

The phlegmatic person is slow, but he has capacity for work, the phlegmatic person has  self‐control, firmness and patience. Feelings of phlegmatic person are characterized by weak external expressiveness. Its negative trait of character is that he can be lost in the unexpected situation. Example of phlegmatic person  ‐  Pierre Bezukhov from the novel l. Tolstoy “War and peace”.

Choleric person is combat, fervent, passionate person. The will of choleric is irregular; he is characterized by the increased irritability, unbalanced state, impetuosity, hot temper, sharpness and straightness. Its negative trait of character is the increased inclination to conflict. Example of choleric – this Russian Imperor Peter 1.

Melancholic person possesses the increased emotionalism and sensitivity, closure, passiveness, suspiciousness. It yields to melancholy and fear easily. Unusual situation and new people frightens to him. It is very careful person. Its negative trait of character is weakness in the conflicts. It possesses the increased sensitivity and the finesse of feelings; therefore many poets and composers were the melancholics, for example, A. A. Blok, P.I. Tchaikovsky and A.P. Chekhov.

The representatives of different temperaments behave in the course of conflict differently. Choleric is the instigator of a large quantity of senseless conflicts frequently. Sanguine person knows how easily to settle the conflicts. Phlegmatic person avoids conflicts as far as possible, but to a definite limit. When enemy is not stopped and passes the limits of that permitted, phlegmatic person is converted into the infuriated bull, he manifests the maximum degree of aggressiveness and he calms only after the final victory above the enemy. Melancholic is potential victim in the conflict. “Fateful love”

“Fateful” love is the variety of psychological struggle or the game between the representatives of opposite sexes, as a result by this struggle or game one person becomes by “victim”, and the second person becomes by “hunter”, “hunter” knows how “to divide off the hearts” of its “victims”. It is judged to endure this illness and to obtain immunity to each person in the youth at least one time. C. G. Jung introduced into psychology the concept “Anima” and “Animus”. “Anima” is the image of absolute woman, “female”, this image founds in subconsciousness of any man. “Anima”    is the image of the mysterious, extraordinarily beautiful, penetrating, strong woman. From one side, anima is goddess, while with another anima is witch. “Fateful” women are capable to play the role “Anima” intuitively. This image possesses enormous mystical force. Young man learns this image at first glance, this image was in its subconsciousness from the birth, and young man begins to experience love at first glance. Then young man falls on the knees and he begins to pray about the reciprocity vainly. “Fateful” woman receives the pleasure from the consciousness of the absolute power above the men. She has the capability to destroy them simply, she can divide off family to them, she can break career to them, to push into the crime, to lead to the suicide. As said the heroine of French film “if Don Juan was in the skirt”, which plays Bridzhid Bardo: “To tempt ‐ this is not difficult, to subjugate ‐ this is art. You subjugate in order to destroy”. “Victim” recalls after arriving into itself,, that it was as in to delirium. This image “Anima” means is identical for all men; therefore “fateful” woman leaves on life’s course an enormous quantity of “victims”, its image acts on the men without refusals. if “victims”    can survive, that “victims” remember their first and unsuccessful love to entire remained life, and “victims” try to go around similar women by side subsequently or “victims” begin to play the role “fateful” man themselves and “victims” begin to take vengeance upon all women. Each woman has in her subconsciousness an image Animus, an image of male, which leads to the analogous consequences.

Examples “fateful” men from the artistic literature:

• Don Juan,

• Pechorin from novel M. Lermontov “Hero of our time”,

• Giacomo Giovanni Casanova,

• “Dark‐blue beard”.

Examples of “fateful” women from the artistic literature:

• Milady (lady Winter) from the novel of Alexander Dumas “Three musketeers”,

• the heroine of the narrative of Alexander Kuprin  “Pomegranate bracelet”,  princess Vera Nikolaevna Sheina, • the heroine of the film of “Azazel” Amalie Kazemirovna Bezhetskaya to novel Boris Acunin, • Luba (actor Natalia Andreychenko) of the film “Military‐field novel”.

=Theory of personality types=

Introduction 

Relying on the theory of Carl Gustav Jung, we created the psychological theory, which makes it possible to make a large quantity of forecasts about the tendencies in the behavior of people. Then these forecasts can be checked in empirical studies. Already we carried out studies in the school, in bureau for job placement and in the female colony. The results of these studies confirmed our forecasts only partially that in the future it forces us to much more carefully relate to the advancement of similar forecasts. Human behavior is the consequence of many reasons. Our forecasts occur able to foresee only some of these reasons, even most important. And only empirical study makes it possible to reveal all reasons.

Comparative analysis of theories and tests to the type of personality
My purpose consists of the demonstration of that fact that, from one side, our studies occur in the course of similar of experiments in the West, and, from other side, our basic principles differ somewhat from the ideas of other authors. The history of science shows that the first circumstance partly protects from the transformation of author's ideas into complete scientific delirium, and the second circumstance  ‐ from the transformation into the plagiarism or into the attempt to invent the bicycle, already long ago invented.

C. G. Jung created theory about the types of the personality, according to which all people can be divided into    extraverts and introverts, then it isolated in them four functions of the thinking: sensation, intuition, a feeling and thinking [44]. Extraversion ‐ this the directivity of attention to the external environment of personality  ‐ to the rumors, the mode, the prices, wealth, prestige and authority. Introversion  ‐ this the directivity of attention personality to its internal peace  ‐  to its own ideas and principles, the book and creation. External signs of  extravert are the daring open view, sociability and swollen eyes. External signs introvert are    shyness, timid view and unsociability. Sensation and intuition are opposite to each other, a feeling    and thinking are opposite to each other. Each person possesses one main function of thinking and two auxiliary functions of thinking, opposite function in it is depressed. The attempt to develop opposite function can lead to the nervous disorder. Each person manages main function to the perfection, auxiliary functions ‐ poorly, opposite function in it is not completely developed. Man obtains his type of personality by the inheritance from the parents and it is not capable him to replace in the course of the life, although it is capable to develop not only its leading function, also auxiliary functions. Thus, according to Jung, there is six indices  ‐  introversion, extraversion, sensation, intuition, feeling and thinking. There are eight types of personality ‐ sensory introvert, intuitive introvert, feeling introvert, cognitive [introvert, sensory extravert], intuitive extravert, feeling extravert, cognitive extravert. Jung gave the verbal description of these types of personality, but he did not compose tests to the type of personality; therefore the students of Jung attempted to somewhat touch up the theoretical construction of teacher and to compose validate tests. For achievement the first purpose it is necessary, in our opinion, to make the following. In the first it is necessary to be distracted into the typology from the separation into extraverts and introverts. The results of our observations show that theorists  ‐  this always bright introvert and we did not succeed in revealing cognitive    extraverts that speakers  ‐ these are always bright extraverts and we did not succeed in revealing feeling introverts that technicians and   psychologists possess extraversion or introversion to the insignificant degree. In the second, necessary to somewhat refine some indices of Jung, for example, necessary to replace the indeterminate function “a feeling” by the more concrete specific, more physiological function “spoken language”, precisely, in the process of a constant contact with the aid of the spoken language speaker learns about the rumors and the   estimations, which rule in the public opinion. It is necessary to replace partly animal function “sensation” by the exceptionally human function “capability for gun activity”. It is necessary to replace function “thinking” by the close in the sense function “abstract‐logical thinking”. Thus, in our opinion, there is four types of personality  ‐ psychologist, a technician, speaker and theorist, each of which possesses the tendency to use their, first of all, leading function of the thinking: psychologist possesses the tendency to use intuition, technician  ‐  capability for gun activity, speaker ‐ spoken language, theorist ‐ toward abstract‐logical thinking.

Maers and K. Briggs added to six Jung indices still two  ‐  planning and impulsiveness [22]. Capability for planning indicates the tendency to previously make a decision and to act according to the plan, studying intermediate stages and methods of achievement of the objective. Impulsiveness indicates the tendency to have many versions and to act in the dependence on the circumstances. Thus, in these authors on the basis of eight indices came out sixteen types of personality, but this too much for the visual testing; therefore D. Keirsey it divided sixteen types into four groups of four portraits in each group. Group ‐ is the type of temperament, each of which to Kersey it gave the mythological name:


 * Dionysus, which possesses sound sense and impulsiveness.


 * Epimetey, which possesses sound sense and planning.


 * Apollo, which possesses intuition and feeling.

Kersey reduced the number of questions in the test of Maers  ‐  Briggs. The description of four temperaments in Kersey almost coincides with my description of the types of the personality: Dionysus = speaker, Epimetey = technician, Apollo = psychologist, Prometheus = theorist. To the example O. Krieger and J. Tyson [8], we also give the description of the tendencies of the types of personality in three fields ‐ in the business, system of formation, love ‐ we add the description of tendencies in the policy, the skill and the criminal peace. In our opinion, the conceptual corrections of Maers, Briggs and Kersey to Jung's theory were not entirely successful for the following reasons. In first, their criteria are interdepended, capability for thinking includes planning and it excludes impulsiveness, capability for a feeling exclude planning and are assumed impulsive actions. In the second place, the typology of Kersey resembles artificial theoretical construction, since 16 types ‐ this too much for the visual testing. It is not possible to compose the list of identification marks for 16 types of personality. Thirdly, the typology of Kersey does not have physiological substantiation, since in the human brain there does not exist the centers of planning and impulsiveness, but there are centers of spoken language, gun activity, intuition and abstract‐logical thinking.
 * Prometheus, who possesses intuition and thinking.

J. Singer  and  M. Lummis forewent the idea of the opposition of the functions of thinking, but this step, in my opinion, is not expedient, since it indicates failure from one of the cornerstones in Young's theory.

My recommendations regarding the selection of profession have much in common with recommendations E. A. Klimov. He divided all professions into five types:


 * 1) “man‐ nature”, 
 * 2) “person are technology”,
 * 3) “man‐ man”,


 * 1) “man‐ sign”,
 * 2) “person ‐ artistic means”.  

In my opinion, first type profession (livestock breeder,    agriculturist, veterinary surgeon, microbiologist, chemical laborant) they are intended for the technicians. Second type professions (engineer, turner, electrician, welder, tractor operator, joiner, architect, instrument technician, organization man, fitter, builder) are intended for the technicians. Third type professions on the management by people (salesman, owner, leader, politician, officer, manager, specialist in the advertisement) are intended for the speakers. Third type professions, which assume individual work with the client (psychotherapist, educator, priest) are intended for the psychologists. Fourth type routine professions (bookkeeper, programmer, draftsman, corrector, scientist‐ experimenter, cartographer, secretary‐machinist, type‐setter) are intended for the technicians. Fourth type creative professions (scientist‐  theorist, jurist, editor) are intended for the theorists. Fifth type professions (artist, artist, director, writer) are intended for the psychologists. Similar ideas about four types of the personality of teachers, students or philosophers voiced other authors. For example, V. N. Soroka‐ Rosinskiy named four “species” of teachers [1; 55‐60]. M. Troy it isolated four categories of the students: “academician”, “collegial”, “professional”, “nonconformist” [26; 446‐447], which resemble theorist, speaker, technology psychologist respectively. In the opinion Troy, “collegials” love sport and parties, them do not interest the book good marks. “Professionals” attempt to obtain good marks and it is good to be arranged in the future. “Academicians” are absorbed by studies from the soul, but not for the benefit, subsequently they frequently become graduate students and instructors. “Nonconformists”  are people of Bohemia, by which there is no matter to the studies, which despise the average men and conduct the rakish means of life.

I have published two tests to the type of personality  ‐ verbal [36] and visual [of 31]. The first test is intended for determining its type of personality and anonymous respondents, and the second test ‐ for determining the type of the personality of the surrounding people. The degree of the validity of verbal test appears somewhat lower than degree of the validity of visual test, but for the mastery of the craftsmanship of the application of a visual test sociologist must master a certain experience of the visual determination of the types of personality. Our experience of visual testing was accumulated for nine years of conducting these studies. In this skill of determination of the type of personality with the aid of the visual test there is nothing supernatural. Our experience of teaching shows that to this skill in the elementary form it is possible to train students during several practical occupation. §2. Nature of the relations between the types of personality.

Diagram 1 indicates the nature of the relations between the types of personality. The best relations are added between the identical types of personality, for example the relation between two technicians. Acceptable relations are added between the close types of personality, for example, between the technician and the theorist, between the theorist and the psychologist, between the psychologist and the speaker, between the speaker and the technician. The relations of hostility and incomprehension are frequently added between the opposite types of personality, for example, between the technician and the psychologist, between the theorist and the speaker. The nature of these relations is manifested in the conflicts or in the tendency toward the collaboration in all spheres of society.

Diagram 1. ....................SPEAKER PSYCHOLOGIST┼  TECHNICIAN

....................THEORIST

Verbal test
Table 1.

§4. Visual test. Each type of personality has identification marks in the extrinsic ethos. The skill to see them makes it possible to supplement or to completely manage without the verbal test. This skill comes together with the experience of determination of the type of personality. It is not always convenient to propose verbal test to its leader. Only visual test makes it possible to determine the type of the personality of man, imprinted in the materials of video. The visual inoperative observation is more convenient method in comparison with the application of a verbal test, since the application of a visual test does not distract its straight responsibilities surrounding from the fulfillment. For example, the method of the inoperative observation have used we with conducting of the case study of unemployment for different types of the personality, when we simply sat at the method in inspector, was determined according to the external signs the type of the personality of unemployed and they fixed into the notebook the information, obtained from the dialogue between this unemployed and inspector. Respondent can lie during the answer to questions of verbal test, but his face never will lie; therefore the results of visual test are more precise and more reliable in comparison with the results of verbal test. The authenticity of the results of visual test can be accepted for the absolute. In 2003 in the school of №  6 town Berezniki we carried out an empirical study for the purpose to determine the degree of authenticity, the degree of the validity of verbal test. On the basis of observation of the students during the year with the aid of the use of a visual test we predetermined their types of personality. Then we proposed to them to answer questions of verbal test. It was interrogated 94 people. The results of visual and verbal test coincided in 74 people. The degree of the authenticity of the results of verbal test, the degree of the agreement of the results of visual test and results of verbal test composed 79%. The degree of the validity of verbal test is such. The especially low degree of the agreement of the results of visual test and results of verbal test is observed in technicians.

Table 2.