User talk:Valery Starikov/Philosophy

'''The formations '''

The classification of formations 

Formations are the stages of the development for society.

The main idea of formational approach consists in that the development of society occurs through the stages (through the formations).

Karl Marx transferred in the work “To the criticism of political economy” four formations: • antique,

• asian,

• feudal, • capitalist. The scientific discussion was on this question in 1928‐1935 in the USSR, as a result J. Stalin totaled of this discussion and Stalin named five formations: • primitive‐communal,

• slaveholding,

• feudal,

• capitalist,

• communist.

Socialism is the first phase of communism.

Stalin had compelled to forget about the Asian formation, since the Asian formation resembled socialism greatly. It is obtained so that  such society was built in the USSR, as in ancient Egypt, and this is named by progress? Theme “Asian formation” had become forbidden theme in the Soviet philosophy. C. Vittfogel wrote in the West on this theme in the work “The eastern despotism: the comparative study of the total   authorities". R. Aron mentioned this theme in the work “Democracy and totalitarianism”. The reason of incompleteness of the discussion about the formations consists to the present day that the philosophers could not find the correct criterion, which distinguishes one formation from another. In the opinion Marx, such criterion is the level of the development of productive forces, but this criterion is too abstract, unfit for the comparison of formations; therefore some researchers separated four formations, and others researchers separated five formations, some researchers considered the Asian formation different from others formations, but other researchers did not consider like that.

In my opinion, such criterion is the kind of control in the sphere of the economy: • primitive‐communal formation is built on the moral control, • slaveholding formation is built on the armed control,

• feudalist formation is built on the administrative control, • capitalist formation is built on the economic control. Marx did not invent new kind of control for the communism and Marx considered even that all forms of social control will be abolished under the communism, but this prognosis is utopia, unrealizable dream, since society cannot exist without the relations of social conflict and social control. The attempts were made to use in the economy ideological stimuluses (red flags, the marks of the Forward of Communist labor, medal and the order of Hero of Socialist Labor, the articles in the newspaper, which glorify of Forwards,   photograph on the board of honor, honorable certificates under socialism.    Miner Aleksey Stakhanov had become the first forward. But this campaign had ended by complete failure, since workers did not want to work for the flags. Such sanctions acted on people under socialism actually, as body’s punishments in the sphere of the forced labor of the prisoners in the prison, as threat of the capital punishment for “the wreckers”, as administrative sanctions in the sphere of free labor. Body’s punishments in the sphere of the economy is the sign of slaveholding, and administrative stimuluses is the sign of feudalism; therefore socialism is the Asian variety of the feudalism, where there is state’s big on size sector of the slaveholding economy. Slow evolution from the slaveholding to the feudalism went in the Ancient East.

Thus, in my opinion, four formations existed in the history of society: • primitive,

• slaveholding,

• feudal,

• Capitalist.

Asian formation
Asian formation was invented in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Mesopotamia; similar societies had arisen in ancient India and ancient China. Ancient Mexico, Ancient Peru, Byzantium, tsarist Russia and Soviet Russia later. “Asian” and despotic character of tsarist Russia is dictated by external factor, by Tatar‐Mongolian conquest. Vittfogel wrote that Russia was “the outskirts” of the West before the Mongolian invasion, and after that as Mongolians had brought to Russ the “eastern” orders, borrowed by Mongolians from China, Russ had become “the outskirts” of the East. A. Toynbee objected to that, A. Toynbee was confident in the byzantine origin of Russian civilization. In the opinion Toynbee, Vittfogel attempted to revive the Greek myth of the times of Greco‐  Persian wars about “bad” Asia” and “good Europe”. Vittfogel had seen In tsarist Russia clearly the features, typical for “eastern despotisms” (rural community and bureaucracy). It had invented in Asia irrigation agriculture and cattle‐breeding, it had built in Asia the huge irrigational systems and other global projects (pyramid in Egypt, urban walls and pyramidal towers in Mesopotamia, Chinese wall in China). These huge objects became archaeological monument and frequently by the useless method of the spending of human energy, which did not have real benefit. State servitude, bureaucracy, taxes, hieroglyphic written language, despotism, regular army, law court, law‐enforcement agencies, code of laws and government ownership to the earth, temple's economy and economy of pharaoh were invented in Asia. Bureaucracy had functions of the collection of taxes and management of the building of global projects. Despotism or, in other words, tyranny was vitally necessary in the countries of the Ancient East, since despot could force only each year to repair the irrigational systems and thus to avoid the hunger. Asian formation had become the Asian variety of slaveholding, which had become the Asian variety of the feudalism gradually, bright difference in which was the absence of particular ownership of the means of production. The society of “Eastern” type is blind version of development for society, since the society of “Eastern” type is not capably to pass to capitalism as the higher stage of development for society independently. The absence of free work force leads to the stagnation, and social progress concludes with blind alley. This alone speaks, that the ways of “the east” and “the West” are principally different already. Eastern society is based not on the property relations, but on existence of non‐class despotic state with “the bureaucracy”. Despotic power of the state had appeared and this power had become the insurmountable force: despotic power of state regulates agriculture and use of water, undertakes the large building work, controls craft and trade to a greater or lesser extent. Any opposition is suppressed by the system of the organized total terror. Society is divided only into two classes: ruling class and controlled class. The despot and bureaucracy belong to the ruling class. Controlled class is farmers, craftsmen, merchants and slave.

Power of the state fulfills two functions: • organizational function (Vittfogel includes in this function the organization of economy and the organization of armed forces),

• the function of appropriation for incomes.

The idolized despotic authority is supported by permanent army, police and bureaucracy. Absolute subordination is compulsory for each subject. Despotic power strives not to allow that the owners would develop to the independent political force. With this aim despotic power creates obstacles for the formation of large fortunes. If people of low origin are capable to something, that there is a possibility of the elevation for this people. Poor person could make the outstanding career In China and this person could become minister even with help of the passing of school examinations. Despotism had appeared in “hydraulic societies” and despotism had turn out to one of the most infectious diseases of human society. Vittfogel had attempted to solve the problem of the delay of the countries of the east from Europe. One of the reasons is the absence the needs for the West to expend the forces to the irrigational works. Based on the example of China Vittfogel spoke about the regress, caused by achievements of the nomads to farmers. The achievement of Kiev Russia by Tatar‐Mongols had led to the similar regress.

Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome had become the cradle for the western version of slaveholding. The western version of feudalism arose in the countries of Western Europe after the invasion of Germans and wreck of ancient Rome. This western version of slaveholding and feudalism differed from the Asian version somewhat. The climate was moister in the West; therefore there was a ploughed agriculture in the West, and there was never system of irrigation agriculture in the West; therefore it needs not irrigational systems, state servitude and despotism in the West. Athens borrowed from Finicia craft, sea’s trade and alphabet. It were invented the private property to the earth and slaves, representative democracy and aristocracy, warship (triera), market, sport, competition of artists in ancient Greece. There was serfdom and vassal‐feudatory system, built on the administrative control only in the West. Capitalism was invented just in the West.

It is possible to enumerate four great English inventions, which are the basis of capitalism: • Economic control, reward and penalty in the economy, free work force. • Inventions in the technics (firearms, machine tool, steam engine and so on). • Market on the basis of the use of free work force.

• Representative democracy, multi‐party system, national elections, constitution, political freedoms.

Capitalism was brought to Asia on the bayonets of West European colonizers. Conclusion: in my opinion, Vittfogel was rights partly regarding the reasons for the appearance of despotism in different countries. Vittfogel concentrated its attention only in one of the reasons for the appearance of despotism (system of irrigation agriculture) and Vittfogel did not see other reasons. In my opinion, the main reason for the appearance of despotism are the extreme external and internal conditions of life of society. Such conditions can be the threat of the external aggression, large territory and imperial organization of the country, when there is a need for the suppression of separative uprisings. Such conditions can be the need for organizing irrigation agriculture. There was never irrigation agriculture in Russia, but there were threats of the external aggression from the side of numerous aggressive neighbors for Russia always. Russia possessed large territory always and there was a need for suppressing uprisings of separatists always. It is no accidental, what Russia has selected the very rigid model of democracy (presidential republic) today, otherwise Civil War against the separatists could begin in Russia or Russia could lose the war in the international arena.

Russian way of development
Russia occupies the middle position between Europe and Asia; therefore Russia had invented almost nothing its, but Russia borrowed the social inventions alternately first of Europe, then from Asia. Generally, very few countries exists, which could make at least one social invention.

There were four “country‐ teachers” for Russia:

• Varangians from the West from Sweden, they had become the first teachers for the eastern Slavs, Varangians had brought into Russia princely authority, trade along the rivers, weapon and military order, laws, the collection of tribute. • Byzantium, which had become the second teacher for Russia, Byzantium occupied the middle position between Europe and Asia also, as Russia, Russia were borrowed from Byzantium the Christianity, written language, architecture. •The Tatar‐Mongols and Gold Horde from Asia, which had become the third teacher for Russia. The Tatar‐Mongols and Gold Horde had learned Russians to collect the taxes from each house‐keeping and to build despotism, as result the absolute monarchy was invented in the Moscow state, where the throne was transferred by the inheritance to eldest son or to elder brother. •Western Europe (first Poland, then Sweden, Holland, England, Germany, France; Russia warred with some of these countries and learned at them alternately) had become the fourth teacher for Russia in 17 century, and especially under Russian emperor Peter 1. Three English inventions (technical inventions, market and economic control) were borrowed from Western Europe. Russian emperor Nikolai 2 attempted to introduce the fourth English invention, to build the system of representative democracy,  Nikolai 2 had introduced parliament and multi‐party elections, but Nicolai 2 could not finish building, Nikolai 2 did not introduce constitution and control of the parliament over government.

Disruption in the social building occurred as a result of October overturn in 1917. Bolsheviks had destroyed the capitalist system and Bolsheviks had built the primitive Asian formation on an example of ancient Egypt.

Bolsheviks were carried out four campaigns on the building of the Asian formation:

• War Communism. Lenin abolished private property to the earth and to plants, economic control in the sphere of economy, market, representative democracy, Lenin attempted to abolish money, religion and code of law even vainly. This campaign caused Civil War in Russia, but Bolsheviks could to conquer in this War, although Bolsheviks were forced to go to the temporary concessions to the peasants in the form of the policy of the New Economic Policy.

• The New Economic Policy. Bolsheviks removed prohibition to small and average private property and small hire of work force, to particular small trade inside the country in the economy under the New Economic Policy, Bolsheviks had introduced convertible currency (gold ten rubles), but Bolsheviks had preserved the prohibition to large private property and particular foreign trade. Such contradictions in the economy had led to the crises of the New Economic Policy, when peasants had rejected to sell the bread on the low prices.

• Industrialization. Bolsheviks had organized the large building of the plants of heavy and defense’s industry, channels and railroads. The sources of funds of these building became the robbery of agriculture, the free labor of prisoners, the coercion to the purchase of the bonds of the national bond issue, the sale of vodka. • Collectivization. Bolsheviks had driven by peasants into the kolkhozes by force and Bolsheviks    compel by peasants to work    almost free of charge, Bolsheviks    compel by peasants to work  for “marks” in the register of workdays. Peasants fed and paid large taxes from the vegetable‐garden. Bolsheviks robbed and destroyed by rich peasants. As a result stimulus for the labor completely disappeared at peasants, and agricultural branch was led to the condition of complete decline.

• Cultural Revolution or “large terror” or “large cleaning”. Lenin had built oligarchy, as the authority of the privileged minority; this minority was called “Leninist guards”. The fight of fractions for the authority had begun inside this “Leninist guards” In the 20's of 20 century. Stalin had conquered on the turn by paralyzed Lenin, the fraction of Trotsky, fraction of Zinoviev and Kamenev, the fraction of Bukharin, Rykov and Tomskiy. Stalin had destroyed physically almost entire “Leninist guards” in 1937‐1938    and Stalin had built despotism. Instead of “Leninist guards” Stalin had created the new ruling layer (the nomenclature), which was subordinated to tyrant rigidly. Thus, Asian formation was finished building and Asian formation was the classical model during Stalin's epoch.

N. S.Khrushchev had destroyed physically new aspirant in tyrants (L. P.    Beria). Khrushchev had restored oligarchy, with that the gradual dismantling of Asian formation had begun in Russia. The degeneration of oligarchy had begun during Brezhnev's epoch. Gorbachev had shaken loose the oligarchy before the base. Yeltsin had destroyed oligarchy and Asian formation in Russia completely, Yeltsin had built capitalism and system of representative democracy on the western models. Gaydar had introduced market in 1991; Chubais had introduced private property and economic control in the economy. Yeltsin introduced constitution and parliament. Putin had directed the order after the period of reforms and Putin had strengthened this system. Asian formation was built in other countries of the socialist camp also, where these four campaigns were carried out on the Soviet model also. As soon as the Soviet troops had been brought out in 1989 from these countries of East Europe, “velvety” revolutions had occurred and capitalism was restored in this countries. Mao Tszedun had built Asian formation in China, Mao Tszedun had won Civil War in China and Mao Tszedun had conducted such campaigns as “great leap forward”, people communes and Cultural Revolution. The policy of the New Economic Policy is conducted in China today. Market, bonus and fine in the economy and technical inventions are introduced in China, but authority is located in the hands of Communist oligarchy, and the students, who required by democracy on the square Tiananmen, were crushed by tanks. Asian formation remains in North Korea and in Cuba today. Conclusion lies in the fact that socialism is regress in comparison with capitalism, and this immense Communist experiment led to the large victims in Russia. Bolsheviks could not find their Russian way of the development of the country and Bolsheviks had led the country by backward Asian way. Bolsheviks can not build anything, except this primitive model of society and today. The repetition of a similar utopian experiment will become the catastrophe for Russia.

Besides marxist theory there are other theories about the stages of the development of society. Walt Rostow had separated five stages of economic increase in the work “The stages of economic increase. Non‐Communist manifesto”, published in 1960.

A. Toffler had separated three stages    of the development of society and of production: • agrarian,

• industrial, • Post‐industrial. Herbert Marshal MacLean had shared history into three periods in dependence on the replacement of the means of the connection: • The period of the tribal person, who possessed the capability to spoken language.

• The period of the industrial person, who exchanged information with help    of the printing press by I. Guttenberg.

•   The period of the new tribal person, who exchanges by information with help of the telephone, the Internet, sputnik’s communication and etc. Some sociologists separate four periods of history in the dependence on the change of the energy sources:

• Period of the use only of muscular force of man, driver animals, energy of wind and falling water.

•   Period of the use of a steam engine.

• Period of the use of an electric motor and internal combustion engine.

•   Period of the use of atomic energy and jet engine. In my opinion, these classifications of the steps of the development of society are not completely successful, since these authors selected secondary criterions for the classification of steps. My criterion for the classification of the steps of the development of society (kind of social control in the sphere of the economy) is more essential.

The main principles of civilization's approach.
There are three basic ideas of this approach:

• Each local civilization has unique uniqueness. Local civilizations are differed from each other to the systems of values, the customs, the culture, the production technology, their morals and philosophy. • Each local civilization survives the periods of generation, bloom, decline and ruin. The cycle of the life of civilization is such.

• These local civilizations exist near with each other, these local civilizations change each other and fight with each other.

Researchers separate several local civilizations: Ancient Egypt, the civilization of Babylon and Assyria, Ancient China, Ancient India, the antique civilization of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, the civilization of Ancient America, the Moslem civilization of Arab caliphate and Osman empire, West European civilization. There is a discussion about the composition of this list of civilizations. The reason of discussion consists in the fact that the researchers did not find and they did not agree about the criterion, which distinguishes one civilization from another. In my opinion, such criterion is the list of great social inventions which were perfected by this civilization. For example, my large doubts cause the attempt to consider Russia by separate civilization. In spite of Russian patriotism, it is difficult to find in the history of Russia the fact of the perfect great social inventions, which entered into the gold reserves for humanity. Russia, as and the majority of the countries of World, did not invent, but Russia learned at other civilizations. It is desirable to repeat again, that Russia is the transitional country from Asia to Europe, like Byzantium. Civilization is society, built on the specific collection of great social inventions. One civilization is differed from another civilization with help of the collection of these inventions.

J. Vico, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee had created the classical and widely known theories within the framework of civilizational approach to the history of society. All these authors were keep on the account of questions of culture and mythology, their style of account was metaphorical and too loquacious.

The law of challenge and answer by A. J. Toynbee
Its main book is “Understanding of history” into 9 volumes. The essence of the law of challenge and answer consists of the following: environment proposes the challenge for civilization, elite must find answer to this challenge, if there is no answer or answer is inadequate, then civilization perishes, if elite succeeds to find the correct answer, then this civilization conquers and teaches neighbors to this great invention. The expansion of boundaries, the completion of work force and the assimilation of adjacent barbarians ‐ these forms of activity are characteristic for any civilization. There are three types of the challenges: • Unfavorable natural and climatic conditions. Civilization reaches successes not as a result of the light conditions of geographical environment, but in spite of the severe climate. The absence of challenges and too good natural conditions, as a rule, encourages the return to nature (“forward to the monkeys”) and they lead to the cessation of any development of civilization. • Attacks of foreigners.

• Rotting and the decline of the previous civilizations, the weakness of enemy is challenge also, because the weakness of enemy generates the hope in another enemy to easy victory. Elite ‐ this creative minority, which rules at first owning to merits and authority, then elite degenerates unavoidably and elite rules by the force of weapon, then elite perish and gives way to the top of authority to another elite. Elite must convert sluggish and inert masses in its strong‐willed, striving to new targets companions. Mass is noncreative majority. Mass is deprived of the ability to create and mass must imitate to elite. Toynbee could not formulate the criterion, which distinguishes one civilization from another; therefore Toynbee    named too many civilizations  ‐  21 civilization. Moreover, Toynbee had “sunk” in the information about enormous quantity of historic facts literally and Toynbee could not present its concept clearly, since Toynbee could not isolate the main thing in its concept. Examples of the successful answers of the civilizations:

• Hunters of the Sahara. Unfavorable for the ancient people process of the drying up of afro‐Asian steppe had begun after the end of glacial period, desert the Sahara had arisen on the spot fat pastures. The process of drying up is challenge for the ancient people. Some tribes of hunters and collectors had died out simply. Other tribes made two great answers: nomad cattle breeding and irrigation agriculture. Nomads established nomad civilization and nomads had begun to conduct their herds along the seasonal route of migration skillfully, from one oasis to another. The such steppes and climate exist in America and Australia too, but Indians and aborigines of Australia did not know such invention, as cattle breeding, thus, not all depends from natural conditions. The ancestors of Egyptians and inhabitances of Mesopotamia    could master the swamps in the valleys of the river Nile, the Tigris and the Euphrates, Egyptians and inhabitances of Mesopotamia had    established the river’s civilizations, Egyptians and inhabitances of Mesopotamia had built immense drainage and irrigating systems, using not iron, but only rock and wooden implements of labor.

• Ands civilization had arisen in the territory of upland. Challenge for the ancestors of Incas is the small territory of the earth, suitable for the agriculture in the mountains, severe climate and the low fertility of the earth. Answer  is a terraced agriculture. • Minos civilization. Island Crete was the center of this civilization, this civilization had arisen as a result the challenge of sea. Phoenicians lived in the mountains on the coast of sea and Phoenicians had little earth, suitable for the agriculture. Answer of Phoenicians is a invention of seagoing ships, sea trade and alphabet. Bronze weapon, wares made from the glass and purple cloths had become by Phoenician’s goods. Minos civilization perished as a result natural catastrophe, as a result of volcanic eruption in 1 600 years before birth of Christos. Phoenicians were extruded from the seaways by their disciples (the ancient Greeks), which had exceeded their teachers in the trade. The last colony of Phoenicians (Carfagen) was destroyed by Ancient Rome. Thus, Phoenicians did not find answer to the new challenge of environment  ‐  commercial competition of Greece and the military invasion of Rome and Phoenician’s  civilization had perished. • Challenges for the antique civilization of Ancient Greece are the small fertility of stony soils and the shortage of foodstuffs under the conditions for exuberance growth of the population. There were three attempts to make an answer to this challenge. The answer of Sparta consisted in the fact that it is necessary to conquer the adjacent earth in Messenia, to convert the conquered inhabitants into the state slaves and to force them to work on the Spartans. Sparta was forced to create regular army and to militarize its life on top downwardly for the accomplishment of this objective, but Spartans did not have a craft and a trade, they were backward in all spheres, except war. The answer of Corinth consisted in the fact that it is necessary to establish overseas colonies in Sicily, South Italy and Frakia, where there were much of fertile earth, and to give the bread from this colonies. But Athens had made the most successful and most effective answer. Athens had borrowed the invention of Phoenicians (sea’s trade and craft), and inhabitances of Athens had bought the bread to the gained money simply. Athens exceeded their teachers in the fact that inhabitances of Athens had invented the first in the world military, but not commercial ship (triera), the new goods  (iron weapon, wine, olive oil, silver adornments), ceramics and etc. The invasion of Persians in Greece had caused the successful march of Alexander of Macedonian. Ancient Rome had invented the mobile construction of infantry in response to the invasion of galls and Roman code. • The constant invasions of nomads had become by the challenge for Russia. Russia is located on the road from Asia to Europe, on which the countless waves of invasions went in Europe from the side of nomads. As a result Byzantium, which was located on this road also, was swept from face of the earth simply, and Austria had withstood against the Ottoman Turks. The answer to Russia consisted in the invention of war’s estates  ‐ Cossacks, in the use of firearms and boat against the nomads. Firearms was invented by Frenchmen and Englishmen in the course of centenary   war, boat (drakar) is Varangians invention, thus, Russians invented nothing, but Russians used the European inventions against the Asiatic successfully. Cossacks were based on the rivers and Cossacks had made by their natural boundaries of defense, then Cossacks had begun to use a boat for the advance into Siberia, thus, Cossacks had conquered the earth of nomads Cossacks had  crushed this ancient center of aggression against the farmers of Europe and Asia.

• If Toynbee's ideas is developed, then it is possible to name the challenges, which had led to four great English inventions:

a). The low productivity of labor of bonded workers caused the need for inventing more effective stimuli ‐ bonus and fine instead of the administrative stimulus.

b). The deficit of supply of goods, especially pepper and spices, had become the challenge, which led to the need of inventing for oceanic trade,     ocean‐going ships (Caravels) and market’s relations, with which the deficit cannot exist in principle. If ships were primitive early, and it was possible to float on them only along the coast that it would be possible to hide in any bay in the case of storm, then it was possible to float straight through the ocean on the Caravel.

c). Competition from the side of the Indian weavers, which could manufacture the cloths of the manual work to the very low price and by excellent quality, this competition had caused the need of inventing for mechanical looms and steam engine.

d). The abuses of tyrants had caused the need of the inventing by the system of representative democracy, which consists from constitution, parliament, system of the separation of authorities, multi‐party elections and political freedoms.

The synthesis by formational and civilization’s approaches
Some authors contradicted unjustifiably these approaches under a study of the history of society. In my opinion, the theoretical synthesis of these approaches is necessary. Who does chases by humanity upwards to the steps of progressive formational development? Some religious philosophers called God’s will in quality of such whip; this God’s will conducts by humanity to the purpose. This explanation does not arrange by us, since in my opinion, god does not exist. The progress of society occurs not according to the godly plan, but with help of blind search, by the path of tests and errors according to the law of challenge and answer by Toynbee. Local civilizations realize different projects of development, local civilizations fight with each other; as a result the natural selection occurs of these civilizations and their answers with help of the war and the competition on the international market. The change of civilizations occurs owing to this fight of civilizations, the change occurs of leaders in the world arena. War and market are lot always; therefore not one civilization can conquer eternally according to the probability theory, success can turn away from the previously lucky civilization once and furthermore the degeneration of the creative elite of this civilization occurs in the course of time, this elite loses the ability to make inventions. Local civilization  ‐  is the unit of selection in the human history, like the biological species in the biosphere. Thus, the struggle of local civilizations is the reason for formational development, this is such whip, which chases by humanity upward on the steps of progressive formational development, although individual people, nations, organizations, groups, countries and civilizations develop cyclically through the generation, the bloom, the decline and the ruin.

Examples of the civilization‐leaders in the world arena, who changed each other, are the Ancient East and Western Europe. Many conquerors of the past  ‐  Alexander Macedonian, Chingiskhan, Napoleon Bonaparte, Adolf Hitler – had attempted to attain by world supremacy, but this idea is utopia, since    embodiment into the life of this idea would lead to the end of rivalry between the civilizations, to stagnation and end of the progress of humanity, that it is not possible in principle. The building of the global system of human society, which we observe today, will lead not to the curtailment, but to the aggravation of economic rivalry between the separate regions of world. For example, the countries of South‐East    Asia and China had gone to the first place on the tempo of economic development today. The Slavephiles in Russia of 19 century proposed to search for their Russian way of progress, Bolsheviks had attempted to carry out this in practice. As a result it had turned out that it is not possible to search the own way of the progress in the backward country, it is necessary at first to overtake the foremost countries, to introduce their newest social inventions, for example the system of representative democracy, and only then to try to invent the own way of progress