User talk:Valery Starikov/Moral conflict and moral control in the small group

Jacob Moreno had invented the sociometry. Sociometry is a method to identify of the composition of the small groups and persons of leaders. There is a legend about History of creation for Sociometry, how Moreno was invited to women’s colony in the town of Hudson near New York. 500 females were supported here. Conditions were excellent: well‐equipped cottages, production studios, classrooms, sports facilities, 24‐hour control of the behavior of juvenile offenders by educators. But the leaders of the colony are voltage because prisoners staged scenes disobedience, quarrel with each other and sought to escape from the colony in their poor families. Moreno had to understand the causes of conflict and propose ways to address them. Moreno came in the cafeteria and invited the girls sit at the tables with their friends. It came out that before eight girls sit to one table instead of just four people. Moreno organizes sociometric investigation and found the optimal placement taking into account of possible feelings of preference. After this satisfaction with the living conditions improved, climate in the groups had improved and voltage of educators reduces. Except Moreno, Elton Mayo and Kurt Lewin are considered the founders of theory of small groups.

Signs of a small group:
• Each team member has appropriate identification marks (tattoos, form of clothing. Haircut, jargon). Each member of team must fulfill certain standards of behavior and correspond to moral standard and play social role in the group. In the small group there are such roles as a leader, defender of the group, which conducts conflicts with members of other groups, etc. for example, rocker must  be dressed to leather jacket and love for music in style metal rock. The offender must have its own role tattoos, can to speak to criminal jargon, have criminal profession (thief from pockets, schuler, tradesman   stolen goods, etc.). •There are various ways, rituals and procedure of accepting new members. For example, devotion  to brotherhood of Satanists occurs in an abandoned Church where they   kill the cat or dog and draw blood at the walls. In the teenage gangs newbie is offered to participate in a brawl, and it becomes for him to test for admission in a band, he must show  the courage and ability to compete in this  clash.

• Each group has place for collecting and flags. Place for collecting can be a basement, crossing near traffic lights etc.

• Each group has its leader, or even two leaders (idea’s inspirer and very distinguished man. These roles can be compared with the father and mother roles within the family. The first leader indicates for members of group the purpose and means to achieve, he manages of action of group, he   punishes and excludes members from groups. The second leader provides emotional satisfaction, creates a microclimate in the group, inspires with members of group    a complex of superiority over other groups, inspires faith, that members of own group is the best, and members of other group – bad men.  •Each group has its goal.       Examples this goals are relaxion together, to earn money, to conquer  the power and influence in your area, the upbringing of children, sports, arts, etc. In accordance with the objectives leader chooses means of achieving  ‐  find the money and representatives of the opposite sex for rest together, find work for teams, to win in clashes with other teenager’s groups in your area, to create family, to found housing and earnings, to ensure to family conditions for successful upbringing of children.

Neighbour’s community
Neighbour’s community was at all peoples and it has always helped to survive, comforted in sorrow. In Russia community or “peace” had persisted for very long. There was the declining of role primary groups in the past two hundred years. In my opinion this was because of decrease of the role for moral control in society, but of course, primary group will never disappear. In Communist China everywhere were formed group Xiao‐zu from 8 to 15 people who regularly meetings covering mutual criticized and self‐ criticized, thus, group provided a strong pressure on their members. Authorities used these groups to support a formal course. Large organizations (the army and the church)based on small groups. Daily struggle of small groups (bureaucratic cliques) happens within the large organizations for power in this organization by dismissal and prosecution of members of other bureaucratic cliques.

The teenager’s group
Life boys after 12 years is in various companies where they endure steadily the injustice and even the cruelty over newcomers, but they don’t complain to parents and adults. In gangs boy learns how to act independently. Interaction between members of the teenage gangs is that they together are going through the streets, together they are planning future crimes and store them in secret, they are obliged to protect each other if attacked from outside, they must communicate among themselves in a particular manner and in another manner with the enemy. Members of gangs pressure living nearby teenagers, to compel them to join the gang. The entry in gang is accompanied by rituals inherent in the mafia. Members of gang see to other members wishing to withdraw as to traitors. Member gangs wears signs ‐ ring in ear, silk scarf around his neck a certain color, etc. In 18‐20 years, the majority of members of this Teen group goes into more complex organization – the army, the family, bureaucracy, private company, the prison. As group “Duna” sing in own song: “Hooligans have grown up and begun to live   with wives”. But some members remain to become professional criminal and reconstruct the Group of teenagers in a criminal group. In our opinion, the similarities between teenager’s group and gang group is that they both often built on the same sanctions – to corporal punishment. The essence of small group is that it is always based on moral sanctions and moral control. Function of small group is that boy learns here to lead and associate with. If the boy was “mother’s san” or exemplary pupil and he was not part of the teenager’s group at this age that he may be unusable on the role manager in adulthood.

The functions of the small group:
• Group conducts socialization.

• Group helps perform work which single   man cannot perform  ‐  overwhelming confining mammoth, build a home, work on the pipeline, play football. In the group is easier to survive thanks to the fact that the Division of labour. There are observer to appearance of enemies, head, defender of group, etc already in pack of  monkeys

• Expressive function satisfies requirements people to social respect, trust and validation, because the people have pleasure of communication.

• Group supports and comfort its members in difficult moment ‐ to lessen feelings of fear, grief, loneliness, anxiety. For example, expectation of capital punishment is worse in solitary cell, where the prisoner is going to crazy gradually, he catches each rustle, climb to the wall, because he does not know the time of execution for   capital punishment he does not know exactly when hangmans will arrive, he can sit in cell and a few weeks, and a few months, and a few years. According to results of study which j. N. Pratt organizes, sick of tuberculosis, located in despondent and be condemned to death from illness, endure the suffering of the general ward moor easy, where they can provide each other support, just talking about their misfortunes.

The size of small group
• If two members are in group, it is very fragile group, which may disappear after one member exits from the group, but within this group it may reach and deepest emotional satisfaction from communication, members of such group communicate as brothers or sisters. • If three members are in the group, then soon or later occurs convergence of two members and the exception of the third on a “third‐extra”.

• If the Group has five persons, it is considered optimal size group, which almost no problems.

• If group has an even number of members voting group may split to faction with equal number of members.

• If group has more than five members, some members feel isolated. Large groups exacerbate pressures on its members, leading to increased of conformism, i.e. willingness to obey the pressure of group. Faction and hostility hard control instead of friend’s interviews may generate In a large group. Members of large group less communicate with each other and often communicate with the leader. Leader tends to address to the entire group, rather than to individual members. Leader becomes the Center for communication, it receives and transmits information. sometimes humiliated members appear emotional satisfaction from communication downs In a large group, so a large group is fraught with splits, team’s members are beginning to seek to quit from large group.

Experiments for the study of pressure and exclusion from Group (moral sanctions)
Pressure contributes to conformism that is consent of members with the objectives and ways of achieving them. There are two of the experiment to study the pressure and exceptions from the group. In the first eight people called white with black intentionally and ninth man must express your opinion about a color object. Is a result the third part of men call black to white, showing a high degree of conformism. Other men (“dissidents”) insist to own opinion persistently and call the black to black. The third part of men behave erratically, these people open eyes widely from astonishment and did not know what you want to speak. The exception of the group call a demotion self‐esteem. John Mitchell organizes second experiment on the principle of survivor games. He suggested that each of six persons to make the choice of candidates they should throw overboard when they all will be in rescue boat the middle of the ocean, and whom the provisions will have enough only to five people. It is noted that as a result this experiment even size letters in the signature is reduced.

Сonflict of school’s cliques
Based on multi‐annual sociometric studies at school, I have the following conclusions and recommendations, which allow helping teachers while maintaining discipline and order in the lesson, build a successful career. Clique (from the French, “gang”) is a small group of collaborators, closely united among themselves for the sake of devious purposes at any price. This struggle cliques go to any bureaucratic organizations – in the executive authorities, in the army, in Church, in a private company, in the Soviet nomenclature. You cannot deny these fight cliques, since it always goes underground. Composition of the small groups within school class or pedagogical collective of school are invisible for a newbie, but this composition have paramount importance in school life. Behind‐the‐scenes squabbles and rumors are able to poison the life of this newbie. The goal of clique’s struggle is a struggle for power and influence. Means to achieve this goal in the school serves as the collapse of the lesson, pressure versus opponents from other gangs, etc.   The successful collapse of    lesson shows that the power of the informal leader is more power of teacher. On the other hand, teacher’s cliques are waging between themselves struggle for power and key positions in organization. Members of the losing clique teachers lose in the amount of work’s time and payment, and then the place of work. Merge to cliques allows people to do own career more successfully within frames of the vertical mobility, so solitary man is not able to have success in the administrative career. Struggle to power is the primary goal of bureaucratic cliques and auxiliary goal is receiving of the pleasure from communication and joint rest. Main teaching clique in school is formed around the director. Sometimes competition arises between cliques for influence to director of school. Sociologist can visually identify the composition of the teachers cliques not only by using the sociometric study, but also indirectly, for their frequency of meetings during the changes and the proximity of places in the time sitting during pedagogical conferences and the rest evenings. The struggle of teacher’s cliques in school reaches sometimes a large acuteness. This situation is often due to lack of men, consisting of pedagogical collective, since women are inherently more adept with spreading gossips and playing scenes of the humiliation for the enemy. It could not be achieved wonderful knowledge among students without good discipline in the lesson. On the other hand, passivity of students in the lesson demonstrates the lack of interest to the learning subject that too leads to poor knowledge. Therefore, the teacher must strive to Golden middle and sustain their optimum level “noise” during the lesson. Teacher may indirectly receive information about the level of interest to your lection across feedback with pupil in the form of dialogue, for a large number of replicas and counter‐questions. Teacher should suppress all attempts of pupil to lead away dialogue to another side from the learning theme, to begin chatting under excuse questions to the teacher. This behavior of pupil is one of the tricks of the breakdown in this lesson. A good way to control behavior of pupil is observation for that they write compendium lectures or not. If the inexperienced teacher sees class in the form of a faceless hostile mass, that intuition of the experienced teacher enables it to see persons of leaders and composition of groups without sociometric studies. Members of one clique try to sit behind desks schoolchildren in close proximity to each other and away from enemies. Therefore, most serious punishment for leader is that to make change places leader away from the own group, for example, to front desk or to  hostile group. This method means destroying group, after that group is some time in a state of disarray. Attempt to punish their leader encounters the unanimous resistance of group and approval of the hostile to them group, because be punished leader is their most wicked enemy too. Thus, a teacher is able to play the contradictions inside a class in the process of bringing order. Range of protest and resistance for group depends on the size of this group. If punished leader continues to aggravate conflict against the teacher that it need to call it to the individual interview after the lessons, where he is deprived of support for their group and he behaves self much more modest. But yet the best method of discipline is an interesting lecture, because then the objectives of the teacher and most cliques coincide exactly. Rarely, but sometimes only one large group exists in the class, headed by a very powerful leader and there are several humiliated pupils outside this group. Teacher becomes very difficult to punish such leader because attempting turns into a war against the whole class. In this case, inexperienced teachers are trying to display unsatisfactory marks for lesson to all pupils. This technique is totally ineffective. To display unsatisfactory marks to all pupils – this means that teacher has display this mark to nobody. It need to sort pupils, one must receive unsatisfactory mark another – excellent. In case of riot it need to punish only leaders and   impudent pupils, which belong to revolted group, and it need to make credits for members of other groups who had not participated in a riot. Incidentally, the leader of the revolted group often seeks to hide behind back to obedient performers and to evade responsibility. But teacher can easily identify this leader using the sociometric test. After the conflict and exemplary sanctions teacher should try to agree with the leader of the revolted group about conditions of armistice and even to go with him to a compromise. In relations with the leader teacher must to interchange “whip and cake”. Without punishment informal leader grasps any award as weak of teacher. Informal leaders should be respected for their ability and influence; informal leaders are the key figures in the classroom often. Remember that it needs not to frighten to subordinators to empty threats and warning without exemplary sanctions. If teacher threatens much, but don’t decide to apply real punishment, informal leader concludes that the teacher had onset of paralysis of will. Leader has usually sanguine temperament. Choleric is not able to become a leader because of excessive inclination to conflict, even with friends, phlegmatic is not able to become a leader because the inability to adapt to new people, melancholic is not able to become a leader because weaknesses in conflicts. Just melancholic is often be humiliated and be rejected in class. Teacher spends at combating with cholerics most forces, since they have inclination to be initiator of the every senseless conflicts and quarrels because of own born eccentricity. The informal leader chooses cholerics to role executor for breakdown of the lesson.