User talk:Muhammad jassarat siddiqui

Malaria

What is Malaria? Malaria is a dangerous and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that typically infects a species of mosquito that feeds on people. Malaria patients generally have high fevers, shivering chills, and flu-like symptoms.

Causes: Only infected insect bites or blood transfusions from infected donors can result in the transmission of malaria. During pregnancy, mothers might pass malaria to their unborn children.

The Plasmodium parasite is spread by mosquitoes by biting an already infected human or animal. Following these alterations, the parasite can infect the next organism that the mosquito bites. When a mosquito bites you again, it multiplies in the liver and undergoes a new transformation in preparation for infection. Red blood cells are invaded once it enters circulation. The diseased red blood cells eventually explode. As a result, the parasites spread throughout the body and result in malaria symptoms.

Malaria Transmission Cycle: Uninfected mosquito: When a mosquito bites a person with malaria, it contracts the disease.

Parasite transmission: The next time this mosquito bites you, it might give you malaria parasites.

In the liver: Once inside your body, the parasites go to your liver, where certain varieties can lay dormant for up to a year.

Into the bloodstream: Once they reach maturity, the parasites leave the liver and attack your red blood cells. People often start to exhibit signs of malaria around this time.

On to the next person: At this stage of the malaria cycle, if an uninfected mosquito bites you, it will contract your malaria parasites and pass them on to everyone else it bites.

Symptoms: Malaria symptoms and signs can include:

Fever Chills A general uneasy sensation Headache Nausea and diarrheic Diarrhea Continent pain Joint or muscle aches Fatigue Quickly breathing Quick heartbeat Cough Typically, a few weeks after being bitten by an infected insect, malaria signs and symptoms appear. Some malaria parasite strains, however, can slumber in your bloodstream for up to a year. Malaria sufferers can have recurrent "attacks." Typically, an episode begins with chills and shivering, then a high fever, followed by perspiration and a return to normal body temperature.

Prevention: Avoid mosquito bites if you reside in or are visiting a region where malaria is prevalent. Most mosquito activity occurs between the dark and sunrise. To avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes, you need

Cover your skin: Put on long sleeves and pants. Put your shirt in the sleeve and your pant legs in the socks.

Apply insect repellant to skin: On any exposed skin, use an insect repellent that has been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency. DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), and 2-undecanoate are a few examples of these repellents. Avoid using a spray on your face. Avoid giving OLE or PMD-containing products to kids under the age of 3.

Apply repellant to clothes: It's okay to apply permethrin-containing sprays on garments.

Sleep with a mosquito net: Insecticide-treated bed nets, such as permethrin-treated ones, are particularly effective at reducing mosquito bites while you sleep.

Preventive Medicine: If you're going to a place where malaria is frequent, talk to your doctor about whether you need to take medications before, during, and after your trip to help protect you against malaria parasites.

The majority of the time, the medications used to treat malaria are also used to prevent it. The medication you take will depend on where you are going, how long you will be there, and your personal health.

Diagnosis: To diagnose malaria, your doctor will most likely evaluate your medical history and recent travel, perform a physical exam, and request blood tests. Blood testing may reveal: To determine if you have malaria, the blood must contain the parasite present. Your symptoms are being caused by what kind of malaria parasite? If a parasite that is causing your infection is resistant to some medications Whether the illness is resulting in any severe side effects Depending on the blood test, results may be available in less than 15 minutes or may take several days to complete. Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may request additional diagnostic tests to rule out any consequences.

Treatment: Malaria is treated with medications that destroy the parasite. The medicines used and the length of therapy will differ based on: Exactly what kind of malaria parasite do you have The severity of your symptoms Your age Whether you're pregnant or not Medications: The most often used antimalarial medications are:

Phosphate of chloroquine. For every parasite that is susceptible to the medicine, chloroquine is the favored therapy. However, chloroquine is no longer an effective therapy for parasites in many regions of the world. Treatments are based on a combination of artemisinin. ACT is a combination of two or more medications that function in distinct ways against the malaria parasite. This is the standard therapy for chloroquine-resistant malaria. Examples include artesunate-mefloquine and artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem). Other commonly used antimalarial medications include: Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) (Malarone). Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin) in combination with doxycycline (Oracea, Vibramycin, others). Phosphate of primaquine. Most asked questions: Malaria may affect everyone?

Visitors to regions where malaria is endemic run the risk of contracting the disease. Pregnant women, people living with HIV/AIDS, and small children who live in malaria zones are among those who are at risk of developing severe and complex malaria.

How is malaria transmitted?

Certain Anopheles mosquito species can spread malaria to people. There are four major types of parasites. Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum both produce vivax and quartan (or malaria) malaria, respectively. In South Africa, Plasmodium falciparum predominates, with Plasmodium vivax infections being extremely rare. Although they are not locally transmitted, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malaria have been found in returning passengers.

Do animals get malaria?

Some animals, such as birds, rodents, and reptiles, can get malarial species unrelated to those described above in humans. Although some malaria species, such as P. knowlesi, can infect both apes and humans, regular human malaria does not often afflict humans.

What symptoms and indicators are present in malaria?

Malaria can incubate for as little as 7 days, but in patients who are non-immune and have not had chemoprophylaxis, it often takes 10 to 21 days. Patients who have taken particular antibiotics for other reasons or as prophylactic may experience more extended incubation periods. The non-specific first signs of malaria include a sudden development of fever and symptoms that resemble the flu. Adults frequently have headaches, rigors—cold shivering and sweating—and myalgia. Later symptoms might include lassitude, exhaustion, stomach pain, diarrhea, appetite loss, nausea and vomiting, sore throat, and cough. Malaria can manifest in young children as a fever, lethargicness, poor appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, or cough.

How is malaria diagnosed?

Even if chemoprophylaxis has been administered, every patient with a fever who has visited or resides in a region where malaria is endemic should have their diagnosis of malaria reviewed. Malaria is confirmed by checking blood samples for parasites using a blood smear (microscopy) or a quick malaria test. Repeat testing should be done until a malaria diagnosis is made or symptoms go away since a negative blood test or fast malaria test does not rule out the existence of the disease.

How is malaria treated? For severe malaria, intravenous quinine (after an initial loading dosage of 20 mg/kg over four hours in 5% dextrose) is an option for parenteral artesunate. On the "Diseases A-Z" tab of the NICD website at nicd.ac.za, you may find instructions for treating malaria.

Mosquito avoidance: By staying home between nightfall and dawn and by donning long-sleeved, preferably light-colored clothes, mosquito contact can be considerably decreased. Long pants and socks are advised since mosquitoes like to bite below the waist and especially below the knees. On exposed skin, insect repellents can be applied. You may use mosquito coils and vaporization mats indoors. Particularly in regions where malaria is prevalent, windows and doors can be covered with mosquito screens. Air conditioners and ceiling fans both work well to disrupt mosquito breeding. Insecticide-infused bed nets are effective at reducing mosquito bites.

Chemoprophylaxis: Visitors to the malaria-endemic regions of South Africa and the neighboring nations are encouraged to use the recommended chemoprophylaxis and to follow precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Mefloquine, doxycycline, or atovaquone-proguanil are among the chemoprophylactic regimens now advised. For further information on prophylaxis dose and duration, consult the most recent recommendations.

Summary: Malaria symptoms and signs can appear a few weeks after being bitten by an infected insect. Malaria patients can have recurrent "attacks." Typically, an episode begins with chills and shivering, then a high fever, followed by perspiration and a return to normal body temperature. Insecticide-treated bed nets, such as permethrin-treated ones, are the best protection against malaria. Malaria is treated with medications that destroy the parasite. The medication you take will depend on where you are going, how long you will be there, and your personal health. Chloroquine is no longer an effective therapy for parasites in many regions of the world. There are four major types of parasites. Malaria can incubate for as little as 7 days, but in patients who are non-immune and have not had chemoprophylaxis, it often takes 10 to 21 days. The non-specific first signs of malaria include a sudden development of fever and symptoms that resemble the flu. Malaria is confirmed by checking blood samples for parasites using a blood smear (microscopy) or a quick malaria test. Most tourists to malaria-endemic regions can avoid getting the disease by using appropriate drug and non-drug preventative methods. For severe malaria, intravenous quinine (after an initial loading dosage of 20 mg/kg over four hours in 5% dextrose) is an alternative to parenteral artesunate. Long pants and socks are advised since mosquitoes like to bite below the waist and especially below the knees.