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Fangruida    poems/Capriccio universe --- the world woke up
Capriccio universe --- the world woke up

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== Capriccio universe --- the world woke up== Heading text == ==
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宇宙畅想曲---世界醒了

世界醉了 他却醒了 世界醒了 他却醉了

行走在空荡的旷野 眺望路色的山岗 行走在泥泞的田埂 倾听鸟儿的欢唱

行走在兰色的海滨 抚摩着轻轻的波浪 行走在城阔的花廊 蓝天白云漂浮远方

世界醉了 他却醒了 世界醒了 他却醉了

世界如此美丽 世界如此辉煌 世界的每一天 东方升起金色的太阳

自然如此美丽 自然如此辉煌 从地球到火星 遍地都是人类的希望

世界,美丽的星球已经苏醒了 人类的心灵却陶醉了

世界,美丽的星球已经醉了 人类的心灵却苏醒了

Capriccio universe --- the world woke up [[As in April 1987, the Swiss lakeside Neiwabodeng day, modern free verse] World drunk He woke up The world woke up He was drunk

Walking in the empty wilderness Colored hills overlooking the road Walking in muddy ridge Listening to the birds singing

Walking in blue seaside Waves gently stroked Walking in the city's flower-wide Blue sky and white clouds floating in the distance

World drunk He woke up The world woke up He was drunk

The world is so beautiful The world is so brilliant World every day Golden sun rises in the east

Nature is so beautiful Nature is so brilliant From the Earth to Mars Everywhere the hope of mankind

World, beautiful planet has been revived The human mind is intoxicated

World, beautiful planet has drunk The human mind is revived

univers Capriccio --- le monde est réveillé [[Comme en Avril 1987, la journée suisse au bord du lac Neiwabodeng, le vers libre moderne]

Monde ivre Il se réveilla Le monde est réveillé Il était ivre

Marcher dans le désert vide collines colorées donnant sur la route Marcher dans la crête boueuse En écoutant le chant des oiseaux

Marcher en bord de mer bleue Waves caressa doucement Marcher dans la ville de fleurs à l'échelle Ciel bleu et nuages blancs flottant dans la distance

Monde ivre Il se réveilla Le monde est réveillé Il était ivre

Le monde est si beau Le monde est si brillante Monde tous les jours Or soleil se lève à l'est

La nature est si belle La nature est si brillante De la Terre à Mars Partout, l'espoir de l'humanité

Monde, belle planète a été relancé L'esprit humain est en état d'ébriété

Monde, belle planète a bu L'esprit humain est relancé

Каприччио Вселенная --- мир проснулся [[Как и в апреле 1987 года, на следующий день на берегу озера швейцарский Neiwabodeng, современный свободный стих]

Мир пьян Он проснулся Мир проснулся Он был пьян

Прогулка в пустой пустыне Цветные холмы с видом на дорогу Прогулка в мутной конька Слушая пение птиц

Прогулка в синем море Волны мягко погладил Прогулка в городском масштабе цветок Голубое небо и белые облака, плавающие в расстоянии

Мир пьян Он проснулся Мир проснулся Он был пьян

Мир так прекрасен Мир настолько блестящий Мир каждый день Золотое солнце встает на востоке

Природа так прекрасна Природа настолько блестящий С Земли на Марс Повсюду надежда человечества

Мир, красивая планета была возобновлена Человеческий ум находится в состоянии опьянения

Мир, красивая планета выпила Человеческий ум оживляется

Capriccio Universum --- die Welt aufgewacht [[Wie im April 1987, dem Schweizer See Neiwabodeng Tag, modern freien Vers]

Welt getrunken Er wachte auf Die Welt aufgewacht Er war betrunken

Wandern in der leeren Wildnis Farbige Hügel Blick auf die Straße Wandern in schlammigen Grat Hören auf die Vögel singen

Wandern im blauen Meer Wellen sanft streichelte Wandern in der Stadt Blumenweit Blauer Himmel und weiße Wolken in der Ferne schwebenden

Welt getrunken Er wachte auf Die Welt aufgewacht Er war betrunken

Die Welt ist so schön Die Welt ist so brillant Welt jeden Tag Goldene Sonne geht im Osten auf

Die Natur ist so schön Die Natur ist so brillant Von der Erde zum Mars Überall ist die Hoffnung der Menschheit

Welt, schönen Planeten wurde wiederbelebt Der menschliche Geist ist berauscht

Welt, schönen Planeten hat getrunken Der menschliche Geist wird wiederbelebt

カプリッチョ宇宙---世界が目を覚ましました [[1987年4月のように、スイスの湖畔Neiwabodeng日、近代的な自由詩]

世界酔っ 彼は目が覚めました 世界は目が覚めました 彼は酔っていました

空の荒野の中を歩きます 道路を見下ろす色の丘 泥だらけの尾根でウォーキング 鳥の歌を聴きます

青い海辺で散歩 波が静かに撫で 街の中を歩い花ワイド 青い空との距離に浮かんで白い雲

世界酔っ 彼は目が覚めました 世界は目が覚めました 彼は酔っていました

世界はとても美しいです 世界はとても素晴らしいです 世界毎日 ゴールデン太陽が東に上がります

自然はとても美しいです 自然はとても素晴らしいです 地球から火星へ 人類のどこでも希望

世界、美しい地球が復活されました 人間の心は酔っれます

世界、美しい地球が酔いました 人間の心を復活さ

--- universo Capriccio el mundo se despertó [[Al igual que en abril de 1987, el día junto al lago suizo Neiwabodeng, moderno verso libre]

Mundial borracho El desperto El mundo se despertó Estaba borracho

Caminando en el desierto vacío color de las colinas con vistas a la carretera Caminar en la cresta barroso Escuchando el canto de aves

Caminar en azul marino Olas acariciaban suavemente Caminar en la ciudad de flores por todo cielo azul y nubes blancas flotando en la distancia

Mundial borracho El desperto El mundo se despertó Estaba borracho

El mundo es tan hermoso El mundo es tan brillante Mundo cada día El sol de oro sale por el este

La naturaleza es tan bella La naturaleza es tan brillante De la Tierra a Marte En todas partes la esperanza de la humanidad

Mundo, hermoso planeta se ha reavivado La mente humana está intoxicado

Mundo, hermoso planeta ha bebido La mente humana es revivida

Capriccio universo --- il mondo si è svegliato [[Come nel mese di aprile 1987, il giorno svizzero lago Neiwabodeng, moderno verso libero]

mondiale ubriaco Si svegliò Il mondo si è svegliato Era ubriaco

Camminando nel deserto vuoto colline colorate che si affacciano sulla strada Walking in cresta fangoso Ascoltando il canto degli uccelli

Walking in mare blu Onde accarezzò dolcemente Passeggiando nella città del fiore a livello Cielo blu e nuvole bianche galleggianti in lontananza

mondiale ubriaco Si svegliò Il mondo si è svegliato Era ubriaco

Il mondo è così bello Il mondo è così brillante Mondo ogni giorno Golden Sun sorge a est

La natura è così bella La natura è così brillante Dalla Terra a Marte Ovunque la speranza del genere umano

Mondiale, bellissimo pianeta è stata ripresa La mente umana è intossicato

Mondiale, bellissimo pianeta ha bevuto La mente umana è ripreso

Fangruida record   speech:Natural history of universe history // // // human history, world history --- Research Overview
Natural history of universe history // // // human history, world history --- Research Overview

Natural history of universe history // // // human history, world history --- Research Overview

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Chronology of World History (Natural universe, the earth, the human world, life) // New geological new astronomical - chronological universe

Historical records and research according to the World, World History, the history of world civilization, chronicle world events, as well as natural history, earth history, history of the universe, geological history, biological history and the like. World History books have a lot of authority, the United States, Britain, Russia, Europe, middle country have similar universal history masterpiece. Scroll a few million words, it is worth intensive reading. Shanfanjiujian this article, a brief description of some of the problems, as superficial academic exchanges.

Chronology of World History About 300,400 million years ago: humans appeared on earth. About 200,300 --1 million years ago: Palaeolithic humans. Chipped stone popular, has been the use of fire Collection industry, descent and family matriarchal commune produced. BC 3 - 1 million years ago: the primitive religion appears. About 12,000 BC - 4000 BC: Stone Age humans. Invention and using a bow, fine stone widely used hunting industry. From about 8000 BC - Former 2000: mankind has entered the Neolithic Age. Popular burnishing stone, there have been primitive agriculture and animal husbandry . Matriarchal commune prosperity. 6000 BC: Asia Minor appeared linen and wool fabrics. Circa 6000 - 1000 BC: ancient Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, Persia, India and other places were primitive and ancient religions Teach prevalent.

<See monograph: "Structural Anthropology" (1958,1973) • Claude Levi - Strauss with Structual Anthropology by Claude Lévi-Strauss "Social Anthropology" (1962) • Edward Evans - Pritchard forward Social Anthropology and Other Essays by E. E. Evans-Pritchard "Wild thinking" (1962) • Claude Levi - Strauss with The Savage Mind by Claude Lévi-Strauss "Tribal society of political, legal and ritual" (1965) • Max Gluckman of Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society by Max Gluckman "Level Man" (1966) with Louis Dumont •>

BC 4000 - 3000 BC: Ancient Egypt, Southwest Asia, Southern Europe, Central Europe and China and other places have started to use copper ore. 3500 BC - 3100 years ago: in ancient Mesopotamia Uruk period. It appears pottery wheel pottery and ziggurat building, creating a cuneiform. Gouy And national (Nome) is formed. It appeared hieroglyphics. 3500 BC - 3000 BC: Ancient Mesopotamia residents began to use wheeled transport. The ancient Egyptians used in agriculture plow, harrow And fertilization.

3100 years ago: the rulers of ancient Egypt conquered Lower Egypt Menes, the initial formation of national unity. Egypt started the Early Dynastic Period. 3000 BC: Ancient Mesopotamia Sumerian city-state area appeared slavery. 3000 BC: Ancient Egyptian appear paddle and sail boats. The ancient Egyptians used bronze mirrors. Ancient Indians invented the stamp characters. Before 2686 - before 2181: the Egyptian Old Kingdom. Complete national unity, large-scale construction of the pyramid. Before the 27th century: the heroic epic of ancient Mesopotamia Sumerian era of the "Epic of Gilgamesh" is formed. 26th century BC: the famous ancient Egyptian Sphinx completed.

Europe appears knitting machine.

Chronology of World History "World History, World History." Long and complicated history of the world, some historical facts will inevitably have questions or inaccurate too, need to continue to identify and correct them later modified to restore the original appearance of history. About 300,400 million years ago: humans appeared on earth. About 200,300 --1 million years ago: Palaeolithic humans. Chipped stone popular, it has been the use of fire, late extensive use of bone, horn device. Hunting. Collection industry, descent and family matriarchal commune produced. About 170 million years ago: Yuanmou Yuanmou Chinese people living in this area, has been able to manufacture and use of stone tools. {[(See World History, encyclopedias Stavros reason Oceanus: "Global History" McNeil "Rise of the West - the history of the human community" and "World History", as well as W · H.. McNeil's "World History" (1967), Stavrianos "global History" and so on.} 1 BC 3 - 1 million years ago: the primitive religion appears. About 12,000 BC - 4000 BC: Stone Age humans. Invention and using a bow, fine stone widely used hunting industry. From about 8000 BC - Former 2000: mankind has entered the Neolithic Age. Burnishing stone popular, there have been primitive agriculture and animal husbandry. . Matriarchal commune prosperity. 6000 BC: Asia Minor appeared linen and wool fabrics. Circa 6000 - 1000 BC: ancient Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, Persia, India and other places were primitive and ancient religions Teach prevalent. Circa 5000: Start with a cold forging method and processing of natural copper southwest Asia and Central Asia. Ancient Egypt has been used and other arms balance scale, the most known Weighing early. From about 5000 BC - Former 4000: In ancient Egypt, the sun and moon appear as regular calendar. BC 4000 - 3000 BC: Ancient Egypt, Southwest Asia, Southern Europe, Central Europe and China and other places have started to use copper ore. 3760 years ago: the first year of the ancient Jewish calendar. 3500 BC - 3100 years ago: in ancient Mesopotamia Uruk period. It appears pottery wheel pottery and ziggurat building, creating a cuneiform. Gouy And national (Nome) is formed. It appeared hieroglyphics. 3500 BC - 3000 BC: Ancient Mesopotamia residents began to use wheeled transport. The ancient Egyptians used in agriculture plow, harrow And fertilization. {5ooo BC before} Before 2686 - before 2181: the Egyptian Old Kingdom. Complete national unity, large-scale construction of the pyramid. 26th century BC: the famous ancient Egyptian Sphinx completed. 2,500 years ago: the ancient Sumerian Medicine found that mineral water has healing properties, the ancient Sumerians used oil lamps, learn to bake bread and brew beer liqueur. Europe appears knitting machine. Circa 2500 - 1500 BC: Xiyaguya said period Before the 25th century - before the 23 century: in Ancient Babylonians invention of pottery carved on the map. Before 2378 - before 2371: the ancient Sumerian king of Lagash Urukagina reign, Before 2371 - before 2154: the ancient Mesopotamian Akkadian Kingdom. From about 2300 BC - Former 1750: Ancient Indian Harappa culture period. Before 2181 - before 2040: First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt.

Before 2017 - before 1595: the era of ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Babylon Before 2000: - Aegean Mycenaean civilization appears. Ancient Egypt appear library, mummification. Before 1900-- before 1600: the ancient Greek text appears linear, bronze widely used. 

Walsh (William H.Walsh, 1913-1986), British philosopher> Before 1792 - before 1750: Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Babylon 6th generation reign of King Hammurabi, will be "Code of Hammurabi" Before 1786 - before 1567: the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt. Hyksos invasion of Egypt ruled over a hundred years. Before the 18th century: ancient Babylon occurred farmers almanac, including irrigation, cultivation and harvesting, as the earliest known farmers almanac. Before 1567 - before 1085: New Kingdom of ancient Egypt.

The ancient Babylonians created a well-developed mathematics and astronomy. Horses start for vehicle transport. UK Salisbury and Wiltshire areas built Build Stonehenge. Ancient Egyptians used mercury. About 14 centuries ago: Chinese Pan Geng moved to Yin from Om generate Oracle. The first 14 - Former 12th century: the ancient Hittite Empire in West Asia. The mid-14th century BC - 11th century ago: the ancient Xiyaguya said Empire. About 13 centuries ago: Chinese Shang bronzes heyday. Late Shang Si Mu Wu Ding is the largest remaining bronze. Former 11-- 9th century BC: the ancient Greek Homeric. 1000 BC - Former 600 years: The ancient Indian Vedic period. Aryan state formation, Brahmanism spread. 10th century - 612 years ago: the ancient Assyrian West New Empire. Iron appeared and widely used. Top 10 - Top 5 Century: Ancient Indian earliest philosophical writings, Brahmanism classic "Upanishads" formation. 841 years ago 9 century ago: the ancient Greek Sparta state formation. 8th century: the ancient Greek epic "Iliad", "Odyssey" is formed, transfer to Homer. Pergamum invented parchment people in the Middle East. Ancient Greek first Olympic Games held in Olympia. BC 700 - 600 years ago: the ancient Phoenicians with suet and mountain ash into soap. Before 8 - 6th century BC: the Roman monarchy era. Before 626 BC - 539 years: the ancient Mesopotamia the Neo-Babylonian Kingdom. Before 624 BC - 547 years: the ancient Greek philosopher Thales alive, the creation of Miletus school. Before 610 BC - 546 years: the ancient Greek philosopher Anaximander alive. About 7 centuries ago: the Babylonians found eclipses recurring Saros. Before 604 BC - 561 years: the ancient Mesopotamia the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II reign, the construction of the Hanging Gardens, destroy the Jewish state. 594 years ago: the ancient Greek Athenian Solon implement political and economic reform, issued the "Code of Attica." From about 580 BC - 500 years ago: the ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras was alive, the creation of the Pythagoreans. About 563 years ago - 483 years ago: Sakyamuni, founder of Buddhism alive. Before 558 BC - 330 years: the ancient Persian Empire and West Asia. 551 BC - 479 BC: Confucius alive, the creation of the Confucian school of thought, the first private school, presided over the compilation of ancient culture finishing. Existing "The Analects " . About the first 500-- 449 years ago: Persian War. Before 485 BC - 425 years: the ancient Greek historian Herodotus alive.

Before 469 BC - 399 years: the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates alive. Before about 460 BC - 401 years: the ancient Greek historian Thucydides alive, author of "History of the Peloponnesian War." About the first 460-- 370 years ago: the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus alive. 432 years ago: the ancient Greek Parthenon, built by the sculptor Phidias decorative design. Former 431-- 404 years ago: the occurrence of the Peloponnesian War. World military history. Before 427 BC - 348 years / 347 years ago: the ancient Greek philosopher Plato alive.

Before 334 BC - 324 years: the Macedonian king Alexander the Great led his army conquests of Persia, Central Asia and India, travel thousands of miles, the world's ancient history The famous military expedition. . Before 330 BC - 275 years: the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid alive, the "Geometry." 323 BC - 187 years ago: the ancient Indian kingdom of Magadha Mauryan period. 4th century BC - AD 3,4 century: the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata" is formed. Before 287 BC - 212 years: the ancient Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes alive. About 280 years ago: the ancient port city of Alexandria, Egypt built the Pharos lighthouse, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. About 269 years ago - 232 years ago: the ancient Indian kingdom of Magadha Mauryan king Ashoka reign of the Mauryan entered its peak phase.

7 years ago or four years ago: According to legend, the founder of the birth of Jesus Christ. 1st century: Greek sculptor Ndiaye Sandra Ross, Nuoduoluosi, 波利佐罗斯 three carved marble statue of "Laocoon." 1st century AD the Roman Empire began 395 years of Christianity 476 years of the Roman Empire split

Early 7th century Frankish kingdom established 622 years of the rise of Islam

676 Japanese Taika Reforms begin 8 mid-century Silla unified the Korean Peninsula most In the early 9th century Arab empire become 843 formed the Kingdom of the English. Charlie is not the 12th century division of the empire, France, Germany, and Italy produce prototype Japan entered the 14-16 century during the reign of the Shogunate 1453 Renaissance in Europe 1453 Byzantine Empire 1492 Dias voyage along the southern coast of Africa 1497--1498, Columbus reached America / Columbus discovered the New World 1519-1522 Voyage Vasco da Gama India 1640 Magellan sailed round the world fleet 1688 English bourgeois revolution began 1760s British coup, the new bourgeoisie and the establishment of the rule of Guizhou 1775--1783 British industrial revolution began July 4, 1776 North American War of Independence North American Continental Congress issued a "Declaration of Independence", the United States declared independence Power 1785 Watt improved the steam engine is made to start a textile machine used / technological revolution, industrial

1848--1849 European revolution 1861 Russian serfdom reform 1861 --1865 US Civil War Japan's Meiji Restoration began in 1868 Finalize the unification of Italy in 1870 1871 completed the unification of Germany, the German Empire was established

1939.9 Second World War broke out 1 1943.12.1, the United States, Britain issued the Cairo Declaration << >>

The United Nations established 1945.10

The former Soviet Union.

1993 establishing the European Union <Stavrianos masterpiece of World History, the history of world civilization, the World Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Wikipedia and other former Soviet Academy of Sciences Editor: World History, "World History" is the 2000 People's Publishing society published books, the author is Cui Lianzhong. "World History" sub antiquity, the Middle Ages, the modern times, under modern, modern, contemporary six volumes, the history began in primitive society and ends in early 1996. We have high academic and historical research value.>

World History events Create ancient Egyptian civilization

Old Babylonian kingdom

"Code of Hammurabi" development

Trojan War

Solon

Darius Battle

Battle of Marathon

The birth of Ancient Greek Philosophy / human history, cultural heritage, European civilization /

Olympic Games / World Sports Events

[Many major events in world history, important people, it is difficult to accurately include all of them. There are various versions of the General History of the World, it is difficult consensus.]

Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire

Establishment and spread of Christianity

"Justinian Code" handed down

Germanic peoples migration

Founding and demise of the Mayan civilization

Collisions of European civilization

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire

The rise of the Ottoman Empire

Hundred Years War

Renaissance

Shakespeare Drama Creation

Opening of new routes

The European Reformation

Copernicus presented heliocentric

Newton discovered gravity

English bourgeois revolution

Faraday invention motor

Enlightenment

Reform of Peter I / Russia

The first industrial revolution

American Revolutionary

The French Revolution

The rise and fall of Napoleon

Latin American War of Independence

1848 European Revolution

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

the Meiji Reform

The establishment of the first international

second industrial revolution

Telephone and radio technology invention

Wright brothers and the birth of the aircraft

Birth car

Krstic invention Train

World War I

Establishment of an international coalition

Einstein theory of relativity

Second World War The former Soviet Union / the end of the Cold War. The establishment of the United Nations

New Changes in the third technological revolution the international political and economic new pattern of new trends

Modern society / world economy and world politics / World Military / World Culture / World Religion / World Population, etc. Globalization - new opportunities, new challenges, new world and evolution

Man on the moon / cosmic revolution, the revolutionary planet, the planet began to society

Appears cloning / modern biological technology

Create ancient Egyptian civilization

Old Babylonian kingdom

Trojan War

Solon

Darius Battle

Battle of Marathon

Establishment and spread of Christianity

"Justinian Code" handed down

Germanic peoples migration

Founding and demise of the Mayan civilization

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire

The rise of the Ottoman Empire

Hundred Years War

Renaissance

Opening of new routes

The European Reformation

Copernicus presented heliocentric

Newton discovered gravity

English bourgeois revolution

NYSE / capitalist development

Faraday invention motor

Reform of Peter I

The first industrial revolution

American Revolutionary

The French Revolution

The rise and fall of Napoleon

1848 European Revolution

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Telephone and radio technology invention

.

Third technological revolution

After the Cold War new world-changing. Competitive countries in the world, the rapid development of modern science and technology productivity.

Genetic engineering, aerospace engineering, computer and information network engineering, materials engineering, energy engineering, mechatronics, biomedical engineering, agricultural engineering, intelligent robotics, marine technology, military engineering and technology applied to human society greatly.

Competition and conflict in various new challenges, new conflicts, civilization, religion, nationality, culture, etc. followed, the world order is facing change and innovation, a serious challenge to the consolidation and development of the turmoil in the world order - Transformation ago Row.

Humans - primates

Primates - physiological characteristics {evolutionary / biological human primate evolution, comparative study}

Primates primate skull In primates inhabit trees common features, there are many differences. Including the holding force needed collarbone in the chest ribs, all angles to ensure freedom of movement of the shoulder, in front of the fingers, nails, touch sensitive finger (toe) end, the tendency smell degradation, the number of teeth is relatively degraded, complex visual system (visual sensitivity and color sense), and trunk disproportionate brain, the cerebral cortex expanded pairs of mammary gland, a common child, a longer gestation period and the like.

Usually highly social primates, and there is hierarchy. Pliocene period began monogamous primates, and form a stable patriarchal society.

Primate head has two eyes forward: This binocular can provide an accurate sense of distance. There are towering above the orbital brow.

There is a huge dome on primate skull - skull, which was unusual in its class. Skull protects the brain following the same difference. Human cranial cavity volume (space inside the skull) than non-human primates should be three times the largest cranial cavity, which show that humans have larger brains. The average human cranial volume is 1201 cubic centimeters, while gorillas are 469 cm3, 400 cm3 chimps, orangutans is 397 cubic centimeters. The primary direction of primate evolution is the brain, especially the neocortex. According to anthropologists and geneticists concluded that the evolution and mutation of the human brain in a few tens of thousand years after  part of evolution, part may be degraded. to genetic variation, mutation, cells, enzymes, proteins and the like.

Primates generally have five toes on each forelimb (finger), the end of each toe has horny toenails. Hand, foot and toes very sensitive skin, constitute a well-developed sense of touch systems. Most primates are suitable for the thumb grip objects (opposable thumbs), which is characterized by iconic primates, but not unique. For example opossum there so fingers. For primates, such as finger nails is accompanied by short walk between the ancient trees of the product. Many methods thus developed upper limb walking out. Primate of all ring-shaped neck sternum very obvious Snout primates (lower jaw) showed shrinking trend. Technically speaking, the Old World and New World monkeys distinction lies in the structure of the nose, and the difference between the Old World monkeys and apes in the arrangement of the teeth. New World monkeys nostrils facing side, and old world monkeys are toward the lower nostril. Primates with a variety of teeth arranged manner. Hominid molar tip (the last tip) is in the early history of primates evolved, and this corresponds to the original lower molars tip (lower front tip) will disappear. Prosimians has its unique fixed upper lip, wet nose and lower front teeth inward.

Primate evolution and vision compared to most mammals was unusual. Primate ancestors developed trichromatic vision (can see three colors function), and nocturnal animals, warm-blooded animals and other mammals in the dinosaur ancestors of the period is lost in one third of the retinal cones.

Movement primates varied and useful arms, feet, jumping, arboreal, and walk on all fours on land, knuckles and other reptiles. Many of the original monkeys suborder animals vertical jumping and attached to trees, shrubs, including many monkeys, all indri. Humans are the only primates to fully upright.

Female migration system - born females leave the group. Male remained in the original population, while females and the collective is not closely linked.

Male exchange system - females remain in the original group and the males in adulthood Relocate. Allow polygamy society will fall into this category. Such social groups usually slightly larger, common in the ring-tailed lemurs, capuchin monkeys.

Monogamy - a male and a female stable structure, sometimes accompanied by heirs. Family care and social services (such as territorial defense) the work is divided into two sides. Parents will leave the territory after adult children. Such a society is more typical gibbon groups. However, where monogamy is not faithful representation of life.

Lonely type (for female) - together with the male will protect their territory, and which will include several female areas of activity. Such structures are found in apes.

Primates

Primate slower growth than other mammals. In addition to humans, primates cubs all rely on breastfeeding transfer of nutrients by the mother to protect, guide and support. Some species are also males, particularly his father, in charge of children's activities and safety. Other family members. <[World History / Introduction to the history of the universe (Kant)> encyclopedia site Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana and other information sites.]>

Primate mammals than the same size has a longer childhood (from weaning to sexual maturity). These are usually playing in knowledge gained. Later brought to maturity with the same size primate mammal compared to a longer life. And the average female life expectancy is longer than males.

Primate food source is very extensive. Most primates eat fruits, in order to absorb the digestible carbohydrates and fats for energy. However, other primates also need food, such as leaves or insects, for amino acids, vitamins and minerals (trace elements).

Baboon is the only major herbivorous primates. Tarsiers are the most carnivorous primates - eats insects, reptiles, and other animals. {Advanced intelligent life in the current scientific findings in humans with only other similar microbes in extreme environments - Extreme Life may find other planets or large in the universe, however, similar primate mammals in the visible Earth, the moon. Jupiter, Mars may not have even within the scope of these and other higher organisms. even if there had probably already extinct. As for whether within a larger universe, of course, can not all negative, however, there is the possibility, but not too much. extremophiles or other extreme life have then the possibility of a slightly larger universe in the development of change, extreme extreme biological life will produce and perish. everything is developing and changing universe, astrophysics, particle, expressing various forms of expression of life forms also is full of development and change.}.

Cosmic history summary table:

Temperature (K) Energy (eV) time (s) during physical Times 1032102810-44 Planck era 1028102410-35 grand unified era 10-35, -33 soaring inflation stage process 101310910-6 hadron era 101110710-2 lepton era . 10,101,061 neutrino neutrino decoupling decoupling 5 × 109 5 × 105 5 electron annihilation of electron-positron pairs 1,091,053 points nucleosynthesis era of light nuclides generated 400 million years of the formation of the first stars, reionization Galaxies, large scale structure formation 2.725 3 × 10-4 137 billion years Modern <[See related masterpiece "On the system of the universe," Laplace. "A Brief History of the Universe" (A Brief History of Universe) is a British physicist Stephen Hawking (Stephen Hawking). A Brief History of the Galaxy author (US) Timo · West Ferris (Timothy Ferris). A Short History of Nearly everything (Bill Bryson]>. A brief history of the Earth's geology: for reference only, can be found in the relevant research monograph, the World Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Wikipedia, Wikipedia and other websites on behalf of strata, representatives of the International Geological years. Archean (AR, Archean Eon): about 4.567 billion to 25 billion years ago Eoarchean (Ar0, Eoarchean Era): about 4.567 billion to 36 billion years ago Paleoarchean (Ar1, Paleoarchean Era): about 3.6 billion to 32 billion years ago The Archean (Ar2, Mesoarchean Era): about 32 billion to 2.8 billion years ago Neoarchean (Ar3, Neoarchean Era): about 28 billion to 2.5 billion years ago Proterozoic (PT, Proterozoic Eon): about 25 billion to 543 million years ago Paleoproterozoic (Pt1, Paleoproterozoic Era): about 2.5 billion to 18 billion years ago Before Hutuo discipline: about 2.5 billion to 23 billion years ago Hutuo Ji (Ht): about 23 billion to 1.8 billion years ago  Mesoproterozoic (Pt2, Mesoproterozoic Era): about 1.8 billion to 10 billion years ago Great Wall century (Ch): about 1.8 billion to 14 billion years ago Early Great Wall World (Ch1): Late Great Wall World (Ch2): Jixianian (Jx): about 1.4 billion to 10 billion years ago Early Jixian World (Jx1): Late Jixian World (Jx2): Neoproterozoic (Pt3, Neoproterozoic Era): about 10 billion to 543 million years ago Qingbaikou (Qb): from about 10 million to 800 million years ago / tonian (Tonian Period): about 10 billion to 850 million years ago Early Qingbaikou World (Qb1): Late Qingbaikou World (Qb2): Nanhua (Nh): about 800 million to 6.8 billion years ago / Cryogenian (Cryogenian Period): about 850 million to 6.3 billion years ago Early Nanhua World (Nh1): Nanhua Night World (Nh2): Sinian (Z): about 6.8 billion to 543 million years ago / Ediacaran [Ediacaran Period, also known as the Neoproterozoic record Ⅲ (Neoproterozoic)]: about 635 million ~ 542 million years ago Early Sinian (Z1): Late Sinian (Z2): Phanerozoic (PH, Phanerozoic Eon): about 543 million years ago - the future Paleozoic (Pz, Paleozoic Era): about 543 million to 2.5 billion years ago Early Paleozoic: about 542 million ~ 416 million years ago Cambrian (∈, Cambrian Period): about 543 million to 4.9 billion years ago Early Cambrian The Cambrian Late Cambrian Ordovician (O, Ordovician Period): about 4.9 billion to 438 million years ago (say about 488 300 000 - 443 700 000 years ago) Early Ordovician (O1): Middle Ordovician (O2): Late Ordovician (O3): Silurian (S, Silurian Period): about 438 million to 4.1 billion years ago Early Silurian (S1): Middle Silurian (S2): Late Silurian (S3): Top Silurian (S4): Late Paleozoic: about 416 million ~ 251 million years ago Devonian (D, Devonian Period): 4.1 billion to 354 million years ago Early Devonian Middle Devonian Late Devonian Carboniferous (C, Carboniferous Period): about 354 million to 2.95 million years ago Early Carboniferous (C1): Late Carboniferous (C2): Permian (P, Permian Period): about 295 million to 2.5 billion years ago Early Permian (P1): Middle Permian (P2): Late Permian (P3): Mesozoic (Mz, Mesozoic Era): about 2.5 million to 65.95 million years ago Triassic (T, Triassic Period): about 2.5 billion to 205 million years ago Early Triassic (T1): Middle Triassic (T2): Late Triassic (T3): geochronology / stratigraphic division Jurassic (J, Jurassic Period): about 205 million ~ 137 million years ago Early Jurassic (J1): Middle Jurassic (J2): Late Jurassic (J3): Cretaceous (K, Cretaceous Period): about 137 million years ago ~ 65,950,000 Early Cretaceous (K1): Late Cretaceous (K2): Cenozoic (Cz, Cenozoic Era): approximately 65.95 million years ago - the future Paleogene (E, Paleogene Period): about 6,500 million to 23.3 million years ago Paleocene (E1): approximately 65.95 million - 55.8 million years ago Eocene (E2): about 55.8 million - 33.9 million years ago Oligocene (E3): about 33.9 million - 23.3 million Neogene (N, Neogene Period): about 23.3 million to 260 million years ago. Miocene (N1): about 23.3 million to 530 million years ago Pliocene (N2): about 530 million to 2.6 million years ago Quaternary (Q): about 260 million years ago - the future Pleistocene (Qp): about 2.6 million to 1.15 million years ago Holocene (Qb): about 1.15 million years ago - 1808 Anthropocene (Anthropocene epoch): about 1808 - Future

In the study of evolutionary history or geological processes on Earth, and sometimes do not necessarily need to know the exact time of geological events, but only needs to know the order between them, the only method of determining the sequence of geological events called relative geological time Geological age and is closely related to human evolution.

Geologic Time Scale: << [Reference Reading >> light-years, a great span .1 trillion trillion years in 1oo years equal to .1 trillion light years - hundred light years distance traveled. astronomical. Encyclopedia of network resources. Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia of life, Wikipedia and other geological]. " . Implicit Phanerozoic: Archean (Ar): 45 million years ago, lasted for 2.1 billion years. Proterozoic (Pt): 24 million years ago, lasted for 1.83 billion years. Phanerozoic: Paleozoic (Pz): Cambrian (∈): 5.7 billion years ago, lasted for 70 trillion years. Ordovician (O): 5 million years ago, lasted for 60 trillion years. Silurian (S): 4.4 billion years ago, lasted for 40 trillion years. Devonian (D): 4 billion years ago, lasted for 50 trillion years. Carboniferous (C): 3.5 billion years ago, lasted for 65 trillion years. Permian (P): 2.85 billion years ago, lasted for 55 trillion years. Mesozoic (Mz): Triassic (T): 2.3 billion years ago, lasted for 35 trillion years. Jurassic (J): 1.95 billion years ago, lasted for 58 trillion years. Cretaceous (K): 1.37 billion years ago, lasted for 70 trillion years. Cenozoic (Kz): Tertiary (R): 67 trillion years ago, lasted 64.5 trillion years. Paleocene: 65 trillion years ago for 9 trillion years. Eocene: 56 trillion years ago, for 21 trillion years. Oligocene: 35 trillion years ago, for 12 trillion years. Miocene: 23 trillion years ago, for 18 trillion years. Pliocene: 5 trillion years ago, continued 3.4 trillion years. Quaternary (Q): 2.5 trillion years ago for 2.5 trillion years. Pleistocene: 1.6 trillion years ago, continued 1.59 trillion years. Holocene: 10,000 years ago. All accounts, a variety of opinions, strengths reference reading is not conclusive.

Geological time scale (refer to reading)  Implicit Phanerozoic: Ancient offerings: 4.5 billion (some say 4.6 billion) to 38 billion years ago, 700 million years duration. Archean (Ar): 38 billion to 2.7 billion years ago for 11 million years. Proterozoic (Pt): Early: 2.7 billion to 18 billion years ago, 900 million years duration. Interim: Changcheng Period: 18 billion to 1.4 billion years ago, for 4 billion years. Jixianian: 1.4 billion to 10 billion years ago, for 4 billion years. Late: Qingbaikou: 10 million to 800 million years ago, the last 2 million years. Sinian (Z): 8 million to 570 million years ago, 230 million years duration. Wende Generation: 610 million to 6 million years ago, for 1 million years. Phanerozoic: Paleozoic (Pz): Early: Cambrian (∈): 5.7 billion to 510 million years ago, for six million years. Anomalocaris. Ordovician (O): 5.1 billion to 439 million years ago, continued 71 trillion years. Great Ordovician radiation (GOBE, occurred in Phanerozoic evolution of a major biological event). Orthoceras. The first mass extinction: 438 million years ago Silurian (S): 4.39 billion to 408 million years ago, continued 31 trillion years. Pterygotus. Late: Devonian (D): 4.08 million to 362.5 million years ago, continued 45.5 trillion years. Dunkleosteus. The second mass extinction: 3.6 billion years ago Carboniferous (C): 3.625 billion to 290 million years ago, continued 72.5 trillion years. Giant spiders. Permian (P): 2.9 billion to 245 million years ago, for 45 trillion years. Dimetrodon. The third mass extinction: 245 million years ago, the number of more than 70%, 97% of species. Trilobites extinct. Mesozoic (Mz): Triassic (T): Early: Yin Duan Order: 2.5 million to 245 million years ago, for 5 trillion years. order: 2.45 billion to 242 million years ago, for 3 trillion years.

<< Over geologic reference only read the study geology and the history of geological ages especially important and difficult. As archaeological research in geology, archaeological history, archaeological anthropology, archeology astronomy, complex and difficult. To restore the historical and real the study of natural history picture, the early history of the universe image, the image of human evolution, biological evolution image, is no trivial matter, ancient geology ancient geography paleontological exploration requires a lot of work for a long time and empirical verification instructions. Therefore, the data here is for Thinking experts refer necessarily become conclusive. stratigraphy, paleontology, geology, ancient, ancient anthropology and other disciplines in close connection with other disciplines, for example, astronomy, cosmology, microbiology, astrophysics, astrophysics geology, celestial chemistry, astrophysics geology, geography and other celestial bodies, otherwise, inevitably biased. for example, the geology of the moon, Mars geology research and discovery. Finally, in order to compare identification, contour sort things out for Geology History should be so divided. >>.

AD 2,050- year 2, 100-year {according to the development of modern science and technology, the modern world economy, politics, military, religion, culture, education, resources, environment, ecology, population and so many data, rely on electronic computing model, rough analysis of historical development trends in context, focusing on human society and the whole world history evolution and developments, events, etc., but also a variety of scientific and technological research Advances according to generally study the changes in the natural, historical process of the universe and significant nature, and the universe mutations, etc. the main macro situation, roughly evolution situation, not microscopic scene from the time data, the reference data are also large, and the rest can be used as supplementary information. Therefore, the time span is very inconsistent.} [Humans into Mars and return safely to Earth. Moon base, Mars base began preliminary work.

Marine rapid technological breakthroughs, the development of the Polar breakthrough.

Slow growth in the world economy, changes in the world situation changes.



Human population growth, resources and environment has deteriorated.

Reform of the United Nations / United Nations Special Representative of the Army / Secretary-General of the United Nations / United Nations permanent and non-permanent / United Nations International Tribunal / United Nations presences States intensified competition, war occasionally occur. Various conflict-prone world pattern of gradual change, the new industrial revolution, technological revolution gaining momentum.

AD 21oo - AD 22oo years

The new mode of production Slow world economic growth, after the strong boost Planet revolution, the development of increasingly powerful universe, moon base, Mars base gradually established.

Polar development, ocean development, utilization or modification desert, mountain use

Increasingly powerful technological development, extension of human life, to overcome incurable diseases

When the nuclear threat of nuclear terrorism is still enveloped the world in some areas and hot spots of conflict have occurred, the individual fighting frequently. The industrial revolution, agricultural revolution substantial progress, national wrestling competition

Increasing integration of the world, the world changes ASDC preliminary molding

Resource crisis, population growth, conflicts, local wars and danger

Enhanced role of the UN and rights. Enlarge the role of regional organizations of the United Nations to further strengthen the role of Major issues of peace and security, economic development and human rights.

AD 23oo - AD 25oo years

Accelerate the integration of all aspects of the world / world politics / world economy / World Military / World Religions / World Science and Technology / world culture. National competition and uneven development, different, may go hand in hand, it may lead, lead the world, can not be generalized.

New world, a new world order / US., Russia, India, Europe, Japan, Argentina and other developing countries, appearing in a multi-polar unipolar lead unipolar or multi-pole to keep in hand, like a track and field race, long-distance running, sprinting, sprint, as runner-up or tied, but eventually there will still be a leader in the leading pack, leading the world. this hegemony in the traditional sense is significantly different.

Revolution Universe

AD AD 2,500- 3,000 years {post-industrial era. Intelligent modern industry, modern agriculture, a big step forward.

The situation in the world tend to be stable, easing Human society initially entered the planet. Moon man, Mars and other interstellar humanity.

The new economic structure economy / Economy - wisdom, and increasing social economic productivity, production tools, mode of production, relations of production, production resources. Increased competition in the world. There are occasional conflicts and war.

When changes occur naturally universe, the earth, the moon is obvious. Earth's natural disasters is more common.

Two pole exploitation.

Moon person / Mars / Earth

Year 3,000 AD 5,000 years {human society entered the era of artificial intelligence, alien immigrants transformation shape.

Mankind enters the moons of Jupiter and other planets. Human detectors flying the solar system.

5th, 2000 --- AD 8,000 years 

Earth society will also be significant changes and transformation.

AD 8, 2000 - 12th, 2000 / symbol year from now 2, ooo years -1o, ooo years as a symbol of the Earth {the revolution, the revolutionary planet, the universe will completely change the world revolution}

Super wisdom of the ages, super intelligence community came into being. AD 15, 000 - AD 20, 2000  Wisdom biological robots appear. Universe and change the planet. Human activity detector probe into the Milky Way and other galaxies. Humanity into other celestial bodies. Highly intelligent life is found, but a similar extreme microbes. Planet touch state social model.

[Change the planet, the solar system change. Planet Earth and human survival in severe challenges and risks intensify.

AD 30, 000 - AD 50, 000 years {.. Human beings live on Earth, the Moon and Mars and other celestial bodies, planets society is gradually forming} planet survival technology gradually develop and grow, including Earth, Moon, Mars and the solar system are all in change, the planet of the world. survival and development more difficult and dangerous. Changes in the universe. Planets and social crisis facing the challenges of changing times Earth's humanity, the Earth revolution.

AD 100, 000 - AD ******* years / 1oo, ooo years as a sign of macroeconomic data are used to study them, which is more in line closer to the natural and human history of the real world and the evolution of evolution trajectory image jump. empt a conclusion, clearly contrary to the true face of historical development, misleading and distorted the history and natural history of the world history of the universe. AD 15o, ooo years 2oo, ooo years

AD 3oo, ooo years --1, ooo, ooo-year history {Annals, 1oo years as a major landmark in. AD 1,5oo, ooo years --- 2, ooo, ooo years

New geological new astronomical - chronological universe ........... ********** ********* - Other omitted from the year 2ooo years 2 ooo, ooo years, the time span has been great, too great astronomical, so far after the fact without connection, the length of the history of the human history of the universe has enough new geological new astronomy - universe chronology, abbreviation:.. new geological new astronomical - chronological universe / NNACU. <Mutation nature of the universe, the Earth and endanger other planets. Planets and other parts of the universe, explosion.

Part of human destruction or extinction, celestial hazards, biological extinction inevitable dangers and disasters threaten mankind.

Humans to survive and continue to continue to survive in the planet and the universe. Planet survival techniques developed.

<Universe changes and natural hazards, diverse, compared to a variety of disasters to human society hundreds of millions of times stronger human society can survive, whether planet or perish disintegration, explosion, collapse, these are extremely important problems. so, problem solution natural history of the universe changes, or mutations, this is the key. even if mankind enters Mars, the moon, is also facing these life and death problems. (1) Natural Yu Zhou whether the overall collapse and collapse? (2) whether humans have enough wisdom and ability to escape this unscathed (3) the destruction of the universe is inevitable or necessarily has its chance, including (4) remains the most critical are:?.? the destruction of the universe as a whole or partial destruction, what will matter Ukraine has evolved into what? everything is emptiness. If this theory was established, the inevitable demise of mankind and the universe. In other words, human history will end naturally, will declare the demise of the universe. Should the universe there is no overall destruction and collapse, human life or other life will there are likely to survive. this is the article with particular emphasis on the two major propositions. scientific research and scientific reasoning is sometimes very important, but in the end still needs a lot of verifiable data and the like.

A. nothingness.

B. heat death of the universe theory: Heat Death Theory and cosmic contraction theory is opposed to, in this case, gravity is not strong, you can not go beyond the expansion of the universe appears therefore exponential expansion, heat evenly distributed in the universe is cold, dark TLC, the final will be an all-star by one end perish.

C. Vacuum metastability event: Event metastable vacuum exists in the universe is a basic unstable state, the universe we live in a stable edge to swing. Some scientists say the reasoning, the next few billion years, the universe will be at the edge of subversion, then at some point the bubble universe.

D. On the death of a black hole in the universe most substances are surrounded by a black hole, the galaxy is concerned, it contains a variety of stars in its center there is a supermassive black hole. When the stars fall into the black hole or the galaxy "event boundary", they will be disintegrated, in a finite universe, black holes will eventually engulf most of the material, the final residue of a dark universe.

E. cosmic cycle: the traditional view that the universe is eternal existence, in the big bang singularity theory of the universe starting model, the universe is cyclical, it will be permanently sustained expansion and contraction.

F. cosmic contraction theory: The most prominent theory of how the universe is the Big Bang theory of the beginning, at first only singularities all substances present in the form, which is an infinitely dense point, for some reason after the explosion, it is difficult to outward confidence speed expansion, culminating in today's universe. On the large contraction and the big bang theory contrary, gravity will eventually slow the universe's expansion, stagnation and contraction. "Kepler's third law: T2 / R3 = K (= 4π2 / GM) {R: radius of the orbit, T: cycle, K: constant (nothing to do with the planet's mass, depending on the quality of the central object)} The law of gravity: F = Gm1m2 / r2 (G = 6.67 × 10-11N • m2 / kg2, directions on their connection) Gravity and gravitational acceleration celestial bodies: GMm / R2 = mg; g = GM / R2 {R: celestial body radius (m), M: celestial body mass (kg)} 4. satellites orbiting velocity, angular velocity, period: V = (GM / r) 1/2; ω = (GM / r3) 1/2; 1/2 {M T = 2π (r3 / GM): the central body mass }. " 1. Dark energy is too large, too little dark matter, cosmic expansion rate is too large, continue to accelerate the expansion and eventually unlimited expansion. 2 dark energy and gravity of various substances in the universe was flat, the universe will continue to slow down the expansion, the expansion rate will be closer to zero, but can never reach zero. 3 less dark energy, gravity dominates the expansion of the universe will continue to slow down, then stop the expansion, contraction steering, all matter in the universe ultimately shrink back into a point, and start all over.

In the first model (ie, closed universe), the expansion of the universe was sufficiently slowly that the gravitational difference between galaxies in the expansion slows down and eventually make it stop. Then start close to each galaxy, the universe began to shrink. the first sort

In the second model (open space), the expansion of the universe was so fast that gravity make it slow although some never could make it stop. Nearby galaxies distance versus time. Distance to zero at the beginning of the last galaxies steady speed away from each other; In the second type is always expanded model, additional space is curved, like a saddle. Therefore, in this case space is infinite.

Finally, there is a third class of solutions, expansion of the universe is just fast enough to avoid collapsing. Distance galaxies started from zero, always increases. However, although the speed of the galaxy apart will never become zero, this speed is getting slower. In the third category Friedmann model just the critical rate of expansion, space is flat (it is unlimited).

Theoretical physicist noted, human or gradually decay into radiation, after its own collapse completely disappeared, or because the faster expansion of the universe to collapse. According to Big Rip theory, dark energy will make the structure of the universe distorted, leading to the first galaxies tear, followed by a smaller black holes, planets and stars. Expansion of the universe is growing drag force, once it reaches more than galaxies gather Another possible way to the end of the universe is called the "big contraction." If the substance within the universe declining over time, there will be a large contraction, resulting gravitational forces become dominant. Gravitational contraction of the universe leads to the result that stars, galaxies and planets collide with each other, the universe collapse occurred. Theoretical physicist, said some areas within the universe has begun to collapse, the collapse of the universe will eventually devour its According to Higgs theory, the phase change in ten billion of a second after the Big Bang occurred, resulting in changes in the structure of space-time. Newtonian cosmology: 1 was observed at any point in the universe, the center of the universe were symmetrical 2 the same time measuring the universe points, density are equal 3 little universe in any other conduct particle measurements relations About the structure of the universe are: Gaitian said: day round as cover sheets, places such as chess game. Ancient Greek and Roman doctrine of original universe Water is the origin of the universe - Thales The outermost layer of the universe is never extinguished Skyfire said - Pythagoras Multilayer crystal ball says - Aristotle Earth is the center - Ptolemy Western medieval universe theory After the Middle Ages, cosmology was included in the scholastic system, know the late Renaissance Copernicus based on astronomical observations long write "heavenly bodies" presented heliocentric. Bruno is further believed that the sun is not the center of the universe, the universe is infinite, there is no center.

The classic model of the universe Newton's first classical mechanics and Euclidean geometry concepts to establish a system of absolute infinite universe. Relativistic cosmological model Einstein November 1915 published a general theory of relativity, space and time can not be pointed out substance alone, they established a limited boundless four-dimensional model of the universe. Big Bang Theory Model The expansion 20 years later, due to the cosmic microwave background radiation was confirmed, together with the further development of nuclear physics, the Big Bang model shine, to be recognized by the standard model of the universe. String theory models of the universe Gradually developed in the last century, superstring theory, at another point to establish a more esoteric string theory models of the universe, we proposed the concept model of the universe of 11 dimensions.

1, on a closed space model of the universe, we need to understand a closed space. A closed space from any point of view, do not turn to it, all will return to the same place, the same as rotate about a point. 2, a closed space model of the universe Closed space universe model rule is half closed space of all symmetric point directional movement at the same rate, the move does not coincide with any two points, and keep symmetry.

Now is the "big bang model of the universe" is called the standard model of the universe. In addition are non-standard cosmological model of the universe model. Such as: steady state model of the universe, the universe cycle model, film universe, the mirror universe. . . and many more.

A theory, also known as the Big Bang cosmology. Compared with other models of the universe, it could indicate more observational facts. Its main point is that we think the universe had a period from hot to cold in the course of evolution. Einstein field equations: R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv = κ * T_uv (Rμν- (1/2) gμνR = 8GπTμν / (c * c * c * c) -gμν) Description: g_uv to metric, κ is a coefficient, can be slow to determine the Newtonian theory. "_" After the letter subscript "^" after the letter as superscript. Meaning: matter energy space - momentum (T_uv) = distribution bends space (R_uv) Form solution is: ds ^ 2 = Adt ^ 2 + Bdr ^ 2 + Cdθ ^ 2 + Ddφ ^ 2 Wherein A, B, C, D for the metric g_uv components. Consider the energy - momentum tensor T_uv solution is more complex. The easiest is to make T_uv equal to 0, 2. The field equations contain the cosmological constant term: R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv + Λ * g_uv = κ * T_uv Here Λ is the cosmological constant, which is the physical meaning of the universe vacuum field. Λ * g_uv the cosmological term. If from ds ^ 2 = Adt ^ 2 + Bdr ^ 2 + Cdθ ^ 2 + Ddφ ^ 2 [1] Wherein A, B, C, D for the metric g_uv components. Here ds is the expression of the degree of bending of space a short distance. If understood in the physical sense, then, the universe items to the right-hand side, it is: R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv = κ * T_uv-Λ * g_uv

In 1929, American astronomer Hubble Hubble's law is proposed from the galaxy redshift galaxies and proportional, In the expansion of the universe away from each other, he said. State when the distribution of matter in the universe imbalance, the local structure of matter will continue to expand and contract changes, but the relative balance between the overall structure of the universe will not change. In 1994, the Carnegie Institute of Friedman et al., With an estimated age of the universe when calculating the rate of expansion of the universe approach, the calculated values ​​obtained the age of 80 to 12 billion a year. However, according to the analysis of stellar spectra, the oldest stars in the universe age of 140 to 160 million years. Wonderful spiral is the nature of the most common and most basic form of exercise substances. This spiral shape phenomenon for the understanding of the universe has an important role in enlightening, to a large spiral galaxy, small DNA molecules are produced in such a spiral line. Nature does not recognize straight form nature all the basic structure of matter are annular shape of the curve of movement. From atoms and molecules to planets, galaxies until galaxies, superclusters, without exception, no doubt, the vastness of the universe is a big whirlpool. Therefore, the establishment of a "spiral movement patterns of the universe model" Origin of the universe About whether the universe and how to initiate the debate throughout the history of the entire record. Basically there are two schools of thought. Many early traditions, as well as Judaism, Christianity and Islam that the universe is fairly recent creation of the past. Two schools of thought believe that the universe is fundamentally unchanged over time. Because human life - the whole of recorded history is so short, the universe was never significantly changed during this period. In the framework of a stable and unchanging universe, and if it has existed forever or is limited in the long past birth problems. Wormhole eruption, he said that: in a time and space to open the door of the origin of the universe we now live. In many parallel universe, there is a very ordinary parallel universe, in this universe, the largest mass of a black hole is constantly engulfed other celestial bodies in the universe, its quality is increasing, large enough to destroy all of its gravitational physical form when the energy released completely after the eruption stopped wormhole, time and space the door is closed. And emitted by high-energy particles, after a long evolution, the formation of the universe we are now living; the eruption of the wormhole into a parallel universe that previously an ordinary objects, which is why we can not find the center of the universe the reason.

According to the Big Bang theory, many scientists for decades has consistently supported our universe was born about 140 million years ago. Accordance with the interpretation of this theory, the universe formed in a very small volume and density of great explosive substances 140 million years ago, ejected material particles and energy, it is also since then began after the explosion had time and space mass and energy. Before the big bang happened, neither matter nor energy, of course, no life. Solar System The solar system is a system of celestial bodies bound by the gravitational force of the sun's composition, its maximum range can be extended to about 1 light-years away. The main members of the solar system are: solar (star), the eight planets (including Earth), and countless asteroids, many satellite

Astronomers object by analyzing light atomic absorption or release of an object is measured or far away from close to the earth, the light in a unique color or frequency of occurrence. When the object away from the Earth, these frequencies will move on the red spectrum.

Standard Big Bang model shows that the universe erupted from a singularity of infinite density. But I do not know what triggered this outbreak. Simultaneously. For most cosmologists, the most reasonable explanation of consistency, in the universe shortly after, some unknown form of energy so that the young universe expanded more than the speed of light. In this model, the universe is a three-dimensional film

Chaos in the celestial explosion, the birth of the Universe, at a certain time or never newborn newborn state, between its internal explosive remnants of interaction, while forming planet has gradually formed galaxies, in which galaxies are in the formation process gradually formed a multi-N Milky Way, the galaxy in which there is a there is a solar system, the solar system has eight planets, one of which is the Earth we humans live now. Earth is not life long ago, when the Earth's relatively far from the sun, in the Ice Age. When getting closer as the planet from the sun, in the solar system most suitable for life in the initiation position, and constitute the material elements of the earth in line with the initiation of life, we received after joining from foreign matter in the universe, the earth began appeared in the primordial seas, pristine ocean began to Earth this hotbed after a long time gave birth to the primitive life, initially the growth of plants, plant evolution to a certain extent, there has been a simple primitive life, primitive life began the evolution of life, which including the gradual evolution of the formation of prehistoric humans. Prehistoric modern humans than many larger head, looks also differ a lot, IQ is not high, can only be regarded as an animal. At that time the Earth has a primitive atmosphere, creating a long evolution of the planet's largest living things -

<Summary of the above, the relevant causes of the Universe, the model - the structure, the initial state of the universe and the universe final outcome, so a variety of cosmological theories and hypotheses, research and forecasting all kinds, have their own achievements, strengths and weaknesses to the decision to choose, locate one, it is difficult. achievements Natural scientific exploration, research is needed to support a variety of research and theory theory, not in the case failed to confirm, then under the broken language, non-judgment, especially cosmology, astronomy and probing depth study would be distant and long process. various theories and doctrines must be analyzed and gain the most valuable scientific certainty. after all, is an advanced human wisdom of primates, in front of the great deep natural universe, it is still very small childish. even then successful scientific discovery, scientific theorem, it is not absolutely perfect, especially humans triumphantly landed on the moon, Mars, Jupiter, etc. after that, there will be more great brilliant discoveries and achievements on Earth - some of the human race on Earth Research will be rewritten or remodeling. this is the correct understanding of their humanity, understand nature, meeting new milestone in the universe. for example, gravity come from, why stars spiral spin structure, the particles are present when the universe was formed it, universe, whether single or multi-dimensional universe whether the same state, different state, the initial state of the God particle of how the state of the big Bang before the universe, the destruction of the universe is matter thoroughly mound did it, human life or other advanced life in the planet and viability of the universe, and so forth. The critical issue is not resolved, other theories and doctrines, it is difficult to justify. Even the greatest scientist is difficult to make their theories impeccable. The final outcome of the universe, or whether the continuation of the collapse, and whether humans can survive the extinction or destruction, the key point is that the universe is still two major problems: 1. The explosion destroyed the universe collapse disposable destruction or periodic repeat? 2. Distribution of the universe with the state, different state of the universe at the beginning and final states, as well as the planet and human synchronous, asynchronous. ? Whole or in part, the evolution of the evolution of this is the essence of the problem, this is the universe - life theory by far the most important issue. Maybe not solve the big problem, it is difficult to achieve a breakthrough progress. Hypothesis no matter how powerful is also inseparable from experimental simulation studies must, otherwise, it will become airborne hug Court. Natural Sciences stressed empirical observation observation verification testing, the loss of these fans will astray. Heliocentric - geocentric debate lasted for hundreds of years, the theory of evolution is carried out hundreds of years of debate, it is proof. Around at 10:00 on June 30th, 1860, the President of the Conference of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, please Wilberforce Bishop stage presentation. He said: "God and the Church is not against science, but can not tolerate blasphemy, insulting human pseudo-science, Mr. Darwin's theory of evolution is the pseudo-science, it is the lack of conclusive scientific proof powerful, entirely hypothetical style, not registered humble hypothesis to support the entire thesis, therefore, religious insight, and the scientific community will not support this absurd theory, "he stressed:." boundaries between human beings and things in the world is clear, a only radish efforts no matter how impossible the evolution of adult "suddenly, Huxley Wilberforce hand pointing to the audience and asks:"! here even Mr. Huxley says he is a descendant of apes, then I would like to ask this gentleman:? ape ancestors that one of your grandfather, your grandmother or that side of it, "Wilberforce rostrum in the midst of applause and laughter, and many people cheered his speech. Next, people set their sights Huxley, at this time, Huxley even smiling sitting next to the President of the Royal Society Brody said softly:. "God has handed him my hand." Please Henslow announced Huxley took the floor, Huxley said slowly: "If I have to choose my ancestors in the following two: one side is the ape, one side is an influential figure, and this figure but confusion in serious scientific discussions in black and white, sensational, then I will not hesitate to do what I choose simian ancestors!. "revisit the issues, over a hundred years. modern science does not refute the theory of evolution came when criticism sound, visible, for scientific discovery and understanding of the theory has always been controversy throughout human society. for a modern human evolution, scientists made a number of new research and discovery, also made a number of evolutionary hypothesis, but I believe that the theory of evolution is essentially established, though not perfect, is basically in line with the facts, the author has worked on a lot of comparative animal anatomy animal study human anatomy, but also include genes, cells and other biological engineering research experiments, such as the theory of evolution is not established, where and how humans to? provability basis and where is it? intelligent design Tenable? creationism. extraterrestrial theory, scientists have turned into a religionist. " <[See History of Life Sciences (US) Loews · N · Magna. Biological basis of philosophical systems ((Netherlands) Bujie De (Boogerd]>. Combining history, teams face reality, we should adhere to the facts speak for scientific spirit, both to rational thinking, but also scientific proof to verify the facts, the truth can only verify in practice and the fact that inside, and not the opposite. Natural History history of the universe yet thus, the history of development of human society, the human history of the world should be even more so. rooted and noted, with facts to prove the practice of human society. simple inference inference prediction is important, but more important still is the fact that more iron, iron the chain of evidence, iron Scientific tests to verify data and so on. Only the latter have completely invincible overriding powerful destructive force. For example, human studies of the moon, Mars, Jupiter, various inferences inference Hypothesis academic endless variety of research experiments, also a lot of simulation, although there are quite significant scientific value, but only humans can personally board the Mars moon of Jupiter's moons, after and use scientific and technological means to obtain direct and indirect information data, etc., in order to obtain real results. huge intelligent robot power, but not absolute, and replace all of humanity itself practice and research. Therefore, only humans entirely social practice, in order to create the history of mankind. Should AI and completely separate human beings, that means the total collapse or collapse of the biological human world. Without the human organism, even more full of intelligent robots on Mars, which human society this is pointless and world history is not a simple science ethics, people - serious ethical problem machine or the like, but very naive absurd another example, intelligent robot wars world chess master, and indeed the man-machine war, intelligent robots. indeed extraordinary, Supreme Cou, however, no human presence, the great intelligent robot naturally lost his powerful meaning.

Taking the theme of world history, of course, is the existence of human society is the basis and premise, mainly to discuss the life of the world, taking into account the natural history of the universe's history, the purpose is to combine the two study analysis, it is necessary to prioritize, we can not categorically separated, complement each other bears. Thus, the entire history of the more clear image clearer. Today, many scientists and the world that the future outcome of the universe and human destruction is difficult to avoid and escape. in fact, this need not panicky, first of all, these from the modern human society is still very far away so-called "doomsday" "global explosion", etc., is not groundless, alarmist, is not optimistic; however, as the book, at least in the tens of millions of years later according to new research possible Earth, moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter's age can still maintain tens of millions of years. momentary or short-term changes will not disappear, so that the survival of mankind can continue tens of hundreds of thousands in millions of years. after thousands of years millions of years, should the survival of mankind, the planet had evolved into people, the Galaxy, Pegasus people, the universe of people. unless the entire universe collapse once and for all destroyed, otherwise, the universe of human offspring entirely possible to continue to continue to survive and multiply, this is not science fiction, but most real exciting chapter in world history. of course, the whole, human beings can not be controlling the whole of nature and the universe, can only passively adapt and obedience, otherwise, it will be swallowed by a black hole or tear strength. However, in a very limited space, still a corner of the security presence. this is one of humanity without excessive pessimism of reason of it, scared, anxiety. that is why now humanity to the moon, Mars, Jupiter and other celestial bodies courageously embarked on satellite reasons. this is exactly the main point of this paper. Firstly scientific discovery scientific truth requires research scientists to explore, and finally need strong arguments to verify the fact that revised and improved. after normalization hypothesis hypothesis, theory after theory go, after all, owned by empirical evidence, after all, owned by reasoning reasoning. the universe is a great testing ground, everything needed him harsh and fine honey detection test.

"The history of human life, only forward, but there is no inversion, even if the natural majesty of the universe how powerful, how gentle and affectionate, how ruthless, highly intelligent creatures attack humans only and must not flinch escape without which the human world - the world of Life inevitable collapse or extinction. ". Evolution of the universe, structure of the universe, the universe's history, , by its very nature is concerned, are the natural historical process. Various theories, doctrines, Research on human eye-opener, benefited, worth celebrating, especially modern humans have begun to Mars, Jupiter and other more distant stars marching, remarkable achievements. As the history of the universe will continue to debate and explore the vast depth way, we humans will and find greater success. Birth of the universe, evolution, extinction is cosmology, physics, aeronautics field extremely important research topic, important cosmic particles, gravity, gravitational field, gravitational waves, etc. as well as the Big Bang - the steady state, and should have [ [super spin of]], super Twist "vector", super spin domain, super swirling, super "roton" sports-related, resulting in the physical universe, motion, elementary particle generation, movement, polarization, cosmic gravitational generation, evolution of the universe, the big bang, steady state universe, and so to a large extent is closely related with this. << endless large and small, super spin >> to build the entire universe, the entire structure of the universe, from the past, now and in the future. super spin crucial role to play. {super spin, explanations of terms in the physical sense, pure mathematics and pure natural philosophy on the distinct, We refer the reader must be careful to avoid confusion or misunderstanding its specific rich profound connotation} natural sciences is important not only reasonable to fully explain the natural world, explain the natural world, but more importantly is the complete accuracy verification and in detail in it confirmed the truth hidden behind the bizarre and esoteric confusing its basic nature, primitive, nature. that is the most important to the most critical. thus started, a lot of other difficult and confusion will be solved In other words, the universe, the material before the birth, after birth, super spin are important. super spin particle, the universe, gravity, gravitational field, gravitational waves are inseparable. until now, are still closely linked. regardless of the big bang, and regardless of black holes, dark matter, in which the super-rotation play an important role. Therefore, Theorem {[super ultra-spin particle spin + + = cosmic gravitational ....}}, which is the basic representation. that is the standard expression super spin theorem. ultra-roton, the predecessor of the particles, but also its development and evolution trajectory. Admittedly, the standard model of the universe, before the universe, wishy-washy, a deserted, then the big explosion, the dust particles are aggregated to form a celestial planet universe was born in the big bang has, 140 million years old. everything from scratch. the existence of the big Bang, is no trivial matter, however, why the formation of the big Bang, the raw materials come from raw power, it is difficult to clarify. more difficult to understand is, prior to the big Bang, universe, matter = 0, unconvincing. these are research and analysis required to answer.

Written history of mankind, just before 5ooo years, even years not to 1oooo than geological time, astronomical time, is simply too small, and insignificant. That human is super super god, can badly, to turn things around, then not science, but myth .5ooo years compared to hundreds of billions of years, millions of years, how small cosmic history, natural history and human history of the world, a very long and lengthy, very mysterious and complicated, even clairvoyance, it is impossible to look at all children know everything, errors errors, misjudgment is inevitable misunderstandings, to really step into the temple of truth, you need to generations of pioneering research amended. only in this way, the universe's history, natural history, human history, world history and to describe show the greatest and most glorious chapter.

L'histoire naturelle de l'histoire de l'univers // // // de l'histoire humaine, l'histoire du monde --- Aperçu de la recherche

Chronologie de l'histoire mondiale (univers naturel, la terre, le monde humain, la vie) // Nouvelle nouvelle astronomique géologique - univers chronologique

Les documents historiques et de recherche selon le monde, l'histoire du monde, l'histoire de la civilisation mondiale, les événements chronique du monde, ainsi que l'histoire naturelle, l'histoire de la terre, l'histoire de l'univers, l'histoire géologique, histoire biologique et similaires. Histoire mondiale livres ont beaucoup d'autorité, les Etats-Unis, la Grande-Bretagne, la Russie, l'Europe, le pays du milieu ont même chef-d'œuvre de l'histoire universelle. Défiler quelques millions de mots, il est la lecture intensive vaut la peine. Shanfanjiujian cet article, une brève description de certains des problèmes, comme les échanges universitaires superficiels.

Chronologie de l'histoire mondiale Il y a environ 300.400 millions d'années: l'homme est apparu sur terre. Il y a environ 200.300 --1 millions d'années: les humains paléolithiques. Éclat de pierre populaire, a été l'utilisation du feu industrie de la Collection, la descente et la famille commune matriarcale produits.

BC 3 - il y a un million années: la religion primitive apparaît. A propos de 12.000 BC - 4000 BC: l'homme Stone Age. Invention et en utilisant un arc, belle pierre largement utilisés industrie de la chasse. De 8000 BC - Ancien 2000: l'humanité est entrée dans l'âge néolithique. pierre brunissage populaire, il y a eu l'agriculture primitive et l'élevage . Matriarcale prospérité commune. 6000 BC: Asie mineure est apparue en lin et en laine. Circa 6000 - 1000 BC: ancienne Mésopotamie, l'Asie Mineure, la Grèce, Rome, la Perse, l'Inde et d'autres endroits étaient les religions primitives et anciennes Enseignez répandue.

<Voir monographie: "Anthropologie structurale" (1958,1973) • Claude Lévi - Strauss avec Anthropologie Structual par Claude Lévi-Strauss «Anthropologie sociale» (1962) • Edward Evans - Pritchard avant Anthropologie sociale et autres essais par E. E. Evans-Pritchard "Pensée sauvage" (1962) • Claude Lévi - Strauss avec La Pensée sauvage de Claude Lévi-Strauss «Société tribale de politique, juridique et rituel» (1965) • Max Gluckman de Politique, droit et rituel dans la société Tribal par Max Gluckman "Niveau Man" (1966) avec Louis Dumont •>

BC 4000 - 3000 BC: Ancient Egypt, Asie du Sud, Europe du Sud, Europe centrale et la Chine et d'autres endroits ont commencé à utiliser le minerai de cuivre. 3500 BC - il y a 3100 ans: dans l'ancienne Mésopotamie période Uruk. Il semble poterie tour de potier et le renforcement des ziggourat, la création d'un cunéiforme. Gouy Et national (Nome) est formée. Il est apparu hiéroglyphique. 3500 BC - 3000 BC: résidents Mésopotamie antiques ont commencé à utiliser le transport sur roues. Les anciens Egyptiens utilisés dans l'agriculture charrue, herse Et la fécondation.

Il y a 3100 ans: les dirigeants de l'Egypte ancienne conquis la Basse-Egypte Menes, la formation initiale de l'unité nationale. L'Egypte a commencé la période Dynastique. 3000 BC: l'ancienne Mésopotamie sumérienne zone de ville-état est apparu l'esclavage. 3000 BC: égyptien antique semble paddle et bateaux à voile. Les anciens Egyptiens utilisaient des miroirs en bronze. Indiens anciens ont inventé les caractères de timbre.

Avant 2686 - avant le 2181: l'Ancien Empire égyptien. unité nationale complète, de construction à grande échelle de la pyramide. Avant le 27 e siècle: l'épopée héroïque de l'ancienne Mésopotamie ère sumérienne de la «épopée de Gilgamesh» est formé. 26ème siècle avant JC: le célèbre ancien Sphinx égyptien achevé.

Europe semble machine à tricoter.

Chronologie de l'histoire mondiale "Histoire du monde, l'histoire du monde." Longue histoire et compliquée du monde, certains faits historiques aura inévitablement des questions ou inexactes aussi, besoin de continuer à identifier et corriger ultérieurement modifiés pour restaurer l'apparence originale de l'histoire. Il y a environ 300.400 millions d'années: l'homme est apparu sur terre. Il y a environ 200.300 --1 millions d'années: les humains paléolithiques. pierre ébréchée populaire, il a été l'utilisation du feu, l'utilisation extensive fin de l'os, dispositif de corne. À la chasse. industrie de la Collection, la descente et la famille commune matriarcale produits. Il y a environ 170 millions années: Yuanmou Yuanmou Chinois vivant dans ce domaine, a été en mesure de fabriquer et à utiliser des outils de pierre. {[(Voir l'histoire du monde, encyclopédies Stavros raison Oceanus: "Global History" McNeil "Rise of the West - l'histoire de la communauté humaine» et «l'histoire du monde", ainsi que W · H .. "Histoire du monde" de McNeil ( 1967), Stavrianos "d'Histoire mondiale» et ainsi de suite.} 1 BC 3 - il y a un million années: la religion primitive apparaît. A propos de 12.000 BC - 4000 BC: l'homme Stone Age. Invention et en utilisant un arc, belle pierre largement utilisés industrie de la chasse. De 8000 BC - Ancien 2000: l'humanité est entrée dans l'âge néolithique. Brunissage pierre populaire, il y a eu l'agriculture primitive et l'élevage. . Matriarcale prospérité commune. 6000 BC: Asie mineure est apparue en lin et en laine. Circa 6000 - 1000 BC: ancienne Mésopotamie, l'Asie Mineure, la Grèce, Rome, la Perse, l'Inde et d'autres endroits étaient les religions primitives et anciennes Enseignez répandue. Circa 5000: Commencez par un procédé de forgeage à froid et le traitement du sud-ouest de cuivre naturel en Asie et en Asie centrale. Egypte ancienne a été utilisé et d'autres armes échelle de l'équilibre, le plus connu Pesée tôt. De 5000 BC - Ancien 4000: Dans l'Egypte ancienne, le soleil et la lune apparaissent comme calendrier régulier.

BC 4000 - 3000 BC: Ancient Egypt, Asie du Sud, Europe du Sud, Europe centrale et la Chine et d'autres endroits ont commencé à utiliser le minerai de cuivre. Il y a 3760 ans: la première année du calendrier juif antique. 3500 BC - il y a 3100 ans: dans l'ancienne Mésopotamie période Uruk. Il semble poterie tour de potier et le renforcement des ziggourat, la création d'un cunéiforme. Gouy Et national (Nome) est formée. Il est apparu hiéroglyphique. 3500 BC - 3000 BC: résidents Mésopotamie antiques ont commencé à utiliser le transport sur roues. Les anciens Egyptiens utilisés dans l'agriculture charrue, herse Et la fécondation. {5ooo BC avant} Avant 2686 - avant le 2181: l'Ancien Empire égyptien. unité nationale complète, la construction à grande échelle de la pyramide.

26ème siècle avant JC: le célèbre ancien Sphinx égyptien achevé. il y a 2500 ans: l'ancienne médecine sumérienne a constaté que l'eau minérale a des propriétés curatives, les anciens Sumériens utilisé des lampes à huile, apprendre à faire cuire du pain et brasser de la bière liqueur. Europe semble machine à tricoter. Circa 2500 - 1500 BC: Xiyaguya ladite période Avant le 25ème siècle - Avant le 23 siècle: dans l'ancienne invention Babyloniens de la poterie sculptée sur la carte. Avant 2378 - avant le 2371: l'ancien roi sumérien du règne de Lagash Urukagina, Avant 2371 - avant le 2154: l'ancienne mésopotamienne akkadien Uni. De 2300 BC - Ancien 1750: période de culture Ancient Indian Harappa. Avant 2181 - avant le 2040: Première Période Intermédiaire de l'Egypte ancienne.

Avant 2017 - avant 1595: l'ère de l'ancienne Mésopotamie ancienne Babylone Avant 2000: - la civilisation mycénienne Égée apparaît. Ancient Egypt semble bibliothèque, momification. Avant 1900-- avant 1600: l'ancien texte grec apparaît linéaire, bronze largement utilisé. 

Walsh (William H.Walsh, 1913-1986), philosophe britannique> Avant 1792 - avant 1750: la Mésopotamie Antique Babylone 6ème génération règne du roi Hammourabi, sera "Code de Hammurabi" Avant 1786 - avant 1567: la deuxième période intermédiaire de l'Egypte ancienne. Hyksos invasion de l'Egypte a jugé plus de cent ans. Avant le 18ème siècle: l'ancienne Babylone a eu lieu les agriculteurs almanach, y compris l'irrigation, la culture et la récolte, comme les premiers agriculteurs connus almanach.

Avant 1567 - avant le 1085: Nouvel Empire de l'Egypte ancienne.

Les anciens Babyloniens ont créé une mathématiques et l'astronomie bien développées. Chevaux commencent pour le transport de véhicules. zones UK Salisbury et Wiltshire construits Construire Stonehenge. Les anciens Egyptiens utilisaient le mercure. Il y a environ 14 siècles: Chinois Pan Geng déplacé à Yin de Om générer Oracle. Le premier 14 - Ancien 12ème siècle: l'ancien Empire hittite en Asie occidentale. Le milieu du 14ème siècle avant JC - il y a 11ème siècle: l'ancien Xiyaguya dit Empire. Il y a environ 13 siècles: Shang chinois bronzes apogée. Late Shang Si Mu Wu Ding est le plus grand bronze restant. Ancien 11-- 9ème siècle avant JC: le grec ancien homériques.

1000 avant JC - Les anciens 600 ans: L'ancienne période védique indien. formation de l'État aryenne, brahmanisme propagation. 10ème siècle - il y a 612 ans: l'ancien New Empire assyrien Ouest. Fer est apparu et largement utilisé. Top 10 - Top 5 siècle: indiens premiers écrits philosophiques antiques formation brahmanisme classique "Upanishads". Il y a 841 ans il y a 9 siècle: l'ancienne formation grecque Sparte de l'Etat. 8ème siècle: l'ancienne épopée grecque "Iliad", "Odyssey" est formé, transfert à Homer. Pergame a inventé les gens de parchemin dans le Moyen-Orient.

Grec ancien premiers Jeux Olympiques à Olympie.

BC 700 - il y a 600 ans: les anciens Phéniciens avec suif et de cendres de montagne en savon. Avant 8 - 6ème siècle avant JC: l'ère de la monarchie romaine. Avant 626 BC - 539 ans: l'ancienne Mésopotamie du néo-babylonienne Uni. Avant 624 BC - 547 ans: l'ancien philosophe grec Thalès vivant, la création de l'école de Milet.

Avant 610 BC - 546 ans: l'ancien philosophe grec Anaximandre vivant. Il y a environ 7 siècles: les Babyloniens ont trouvé éclipses Saros récurrentes. Avant 604 BC - 561 ans: l'ancienne Mésopotamie du roi néo-babylonien Nabuchodonosor II règne, la construction des jardins suspendus, détruire l'Etat juif. Il y a 594 ans: le grec ancien athénien Solon mettre en œuvre la réforme politique et économique, publié le «Code de l'Attique." D'environ 580 BC - il y a 500 ans: l'ancien mathématicien et philosophe grec Pythagore était vivant, la création des pythagoriciens.

Il y a environ 563 années - il y a 483 ans: Sakyamuni, fondateur du bouddhisme vivant. Avant 558 BC - 330 ans: l'ancien Empire perse et l'Asie occidentale. 551 BC - 479 BC: Confucius vivant, la création de l'école confucéenne de la pensée, la première école privée, a présidé la compilation de l'ancienne finition de culture. Existants "Les Analectes " . A propos de la première 500-- il y a 449 ans: Guerre perse. Avant 485 BC - 425 ans: l'ancien historien grec Hérodote vivant.

Avant 469 BC - 399 ans: l'ancien philosophe grec Socrate vivant. Avant environ 460 BC - 401 ans: l'ancien historien grec Thucydide vivant, auteur de "Histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse." A propos il y a les 460-- 370 premières années: l'ancien philosophe grec Démocrite vivant. il y a 432 ans: le grec ancien Parthénon, construit par le sculpteur Phidias design décoratif. Il y a anciens 431-- 404 années: l'apparition de la guerre du Péloponnèse. histoire militaire mondiale. Avant 427 BC - 348 ans / il y a 347 ans: l'ancien philosophe grec Platon vivant.

Avant 334 avant JC - 324 ans: le roi macédonien Alexandre le Grand a mené ses conquêtes de l'armée de Perse, d'Asie centrale et de l'Inde, des milliers de miles de voyage, l'histoire ancienne du monde La célèbre expédition militaire. . Avant 330 avant JC - 275 ans: l'ancien mathématicien grec Euclide vivant, la «géométrie». 323 BC - il y a 187 ans: l'ancien royaume indien de la période Magadha Maurya.

4ème siècle avant JC - AD 3,4 siècle: l'ancienne épopée indienne "Mahabharata" est formé.

Avant 287 BC - 212 ans: l'ancien mathématicien grec et physicien Archimède vivant. Il y a environ 280 ans: l'ancienne ville portuaire d'Alexandrie, en Egypte construit le phare de Pharos, l'une des sept merveilles du monde antique. Il y a environ 269 ans - il y a 232 ans: l'ancien royaume indien de Magadha Maurya roi Ashoka règne du Maurya entré dans sa phase de pointe.

il y a 7 ans ou il y a quatre ans: Selon la légende, le fondateur de la naissance de Jésus-Christ. 1er siècle: sculpteur grec Ndiaye Sandra Ross, Nuoduoluosi, 波利佐罗斯 trois sculpté statue de marbre de «Laocoon». 1er siècle après JC l'Empire romain a commencé 395 ans de christianisme 476 ans de la scission Empire romain

Début 7ème siècle franque royaume établi 622 années de la montée de l'Islam

676 Les réformes Taika japonaises commencent 8 milieu du siècle Silla unifié la péninsule coréenne la plus Au début du 9ème siècle empire arabe devenir 843 formé le Royaume des Anglais. Charlie est pas la division du 12ème siècle de l'empire, la France, l'Allemagne et l'Italie produisent prototype Le Japon est entré dans le 14-16 siècle sous le règne du shogunat 1453 Renaissance en Europe 1453 Empire byzantin 1492 Dias voyage le long de la côte sud de l'Afrique 1497--1498, Columbus a atteint l'Amérique / Christophe Colomb a découvert le Nouveau Monde 1519-1522 Voyage Vasco da Gama en Inde 1640 Magellan a navigué autour de la flotte mondiale 1688 Anglais révolution bourgeoise a commencé 1760 coup d'Etat britannique, la nouvelle bourgeoisie et la mise en place de la règle du Guizhou 1775--1783 révolution industrielle britannique a commencé 4 juillet 1776 Guerre du Nord de l'Indépendance américaine Amérique du Nord Congrès Continental a publié une «Déclaration d'indépendance», les États-Unis ont déclaré l'indépendance Puissance 1785 Watt a amélioré la machine à vapeur est faite pour démarrer une machine textile utilisé / révolution technologique, industrielle

1848--1849 révolution européenne 1861 réforme du servage russe 1861 --1865 guerre civile américaine Meiji Restauration du Japon a commencé en 1868 Finaliser l'unification de l'Italie en 1870 1871 achevé l'unification de l'Allemagne, l'Empire allemand a été créé

1939,9 Seconde Guerre mondiale a éclaté 1 01/12/1943, les États-Unis, la Grande-Bretagne a publié la Déclaration du Caire << >>

L'Organisation des Nations Unies a créé 1.945,10

L'ex-Union soviétique.

1993 instituant l'Union européenne <Stavrianos chef-d'œuvre de l'histoire du monde, l'histoire de la civilisation mondiale, l'Encyclopédie mondiale, Encyclopedia Britannica, Wikipedia et d'autres ex-Académie soviétique des sciences Editor: Histoire du monde, "l'histoire du monde" est Publishing société publié des livres pour 2000 personnes, l'auteur est Cui Lianzhong. "Histoire du monde" sous l'Antiquité, le Moyen Age, les temps modernes, sous modernes, modernes, six volumes contemporains, l'histoire a commencé dans la société primitive et se termine au début de 1996. Nous avons la valeur de la recherche universitaire et historique.>

événements Histoire mondiale Créer civilisation égyptienne antique

Ancien royaume babylonien

"Code d'Hammourabi" développement

Guerre de Troie

Solon

Darius bataille

Bataille de Marathon

La naissance de l'ancienne philosophie grecque / histoire de l'humanité, le patrimoine culturel, la civilisation européenne /

Jeux Olympiques / Monde Événements sportifs

[De nombreux événements majeurs dans l'histoire du monde, des gens importants, il est difficile de comprendre avec précision tous. Il existe différentes versions de l'Histoire générale du monde, il est difficile de consensus.]

Grandeur et décadence de l'Empire romain

Création et diffusion du christianisme

"Code Justinien" rendu

la migration des peuples germaniques

Création et disparition de la civilisation maya

Collisions de la civilisation européenne

L'effondrement de l'Empire byzantin

La montée de l'Empire ottoman

Guerre de Cent Ans

Renaissance

Shakespeare Drame Création

Ouverture de nouvelles routes

La Réforme européenne

Copernic a présenté héliocentrique

Newton a découvert la gravité

Anglais révolution bourgeoise

Moteur invention Faraday

Éclaircissement

La réforme de Peter I / Russie

La première révolution industrielle

révolutionnaire américaine

La révolution française

La montée et la chute de Napoléon

Guerre latino-américaine de l'Indépendance

Révolution de 1848 européenne

Théorie de l'évolution de Darwin

la réforme Meiji

La mise en place de la première internationale

deuxième révolution industrielle

Téléphone et de la technologie radio invention

frères Wright et la naissance de l'avion

voiture de naissance

Krstic invention train

Première Guerre mondiale

Mise en place d'une coalition internationale

théorie d'Einstein de la relativité

Deuxième Guerre mondiale L'ancienne Union soviétique / la fin de la guerre froide. La création de l'Organisation des Nations Unies

Nouveaux changements dans la troisième révolution technologique du nouveau modèle politique et économique international des nouvelles tendances

économie moderne de la société / monde et monde politique / Monde Militaire / Monde Culture / Religion du Monde / World Population, etc. La mondialisation - de nouvelles opportunités, de nouveaux défis, nouveau monde et évolution

L'homme sur la lune / révolution cosmique, la planète révolutionnaire, la planète a commencé à la société

Apparaît le clonage / la technologie biologique moderne

Créer civilisation égyptienne antique

Ancien royaume babylonien

Guerre de Troie

Solon

Darius bataille

Bataille de Marathon

Création et diffusion du christianisme

"Code Justinien" rendu

la migration des peuples germaniques

Création et disparition de la civilisation maya

L'effondrement de l'Empire byzantin

La montée de l'Empire ottoman

Guerre de Cent Ans

Renaissance

Ouverture de nouvelles routes

La Réforme européenne

Copernic a présenté héliocentrique

Newton a découvert la gravité

Anglais révolution bourgeoise

NYSE développement / capitaliste

Moteur invention Faraday

Réforme de Pierre I

La première révolution industrielle

révolutionnaire américaine

La révolution française

La montée et la chute de Napoléon

Révolution de 1848 européenne

Théorie de l'évolution de Darwin

Téléphone et de la technologie radio invention

.

Troisième révolution technologique

Après la guerre froide nouveau monde évolution. Les pays compétitifs dans le monde, le développement rapide de la science et de la technologie de la productivité moderne.

Le génie génétique, génie aérospatial, informatique et réseau d'information d'ingénierie, de l'ingénierie des matériaux, génie énergétique, mécatronique, génie biomédical, génie agricole, la robotique intelligente, la technologie marine, le génie militaire et de la technologie appliquées à la société humaine grandement.

La concurrence et les conflits dans divers nouveaux défis, de nouveaux conflits, la civilisation, la religion, la nationalité, la culture, etc. suivis, l'ordre du monde est confronté à des changements et de l'innovation, un sérieux défi pour la consolidation et le développement de la crise dans l'ordre du monde - il y a Transformation Rangée.

Humains - primates

Primates - caractéristiques physiologiques {évolutionnaire / biologique évolution des primates humains, étude comparative}

Primates crâne de primate Chez les primates habitent les arbres caractéristiques communes, il y a beaucoup de différences. Y compris la force de maintien de la clavicule nécessaire dans les côtes de la poitrine, sous tous les angles pour assurer la liberté de mouvement de l'épaule, en face des doigts, des ongles, toucher du doigt sensible (tep) fin, la dégradation de l'odeur de tendance, le nombre de dents est relativement dégradée, système visuel complexe (sensibilité visuelle et la couleur de sens), et le tronc cérébral disproportionnée, les paires cortex cérébral élargies de la glande mammaire, un enfant commun, une longue période de gestation et similaires.

Habituellement, les primates très sociaux, et il y a hiérarchie. Pliocène a commencé primates monogames, et forment une société patriarcale stable.

tête Primate a deux yeux vers l'avant: Ce binoculaire peut fournir une idée précise de la distance. Il y domine le front orbital.

Il y a un énorme dôme sur le crâne de primate - crâne, ce qui était inhabituel dans sa catégorie. Crâne protège le cerveau en suivant la même différence. le volume humain crânienne de la cavité (espace intérieur du crâne) que les primates non humains devrait être trois fois la plus grande cavité crânienne, qui montrent que les humains ont un cerveau plus gros. Le volume du crâne humain moyen est de 1201 centimètres cubes, tandis que les gorilles sont 469 cm3, 400 cm3 chimpanzés, orangs-outans est de 397 centimètres cubes. La direction principale de l'évolution des primates est le cerveau, en particulier le néocortex. Selon les anthropologues et généticiens ont conclu que l'évolution et la mutation du cerveau humain en quelques dizaines de milliers d'années après <quelques centaines de mille ans après le cerveau est plus grand volume crânien et le cortex cérébral, le cervelet et sulcus central arrière et d'autres parties fonction > partie de l'évolution, une partie peut être dégradée. à la variation génétique, une mutation, des cellules, des enzymes, des protéines et analogues.

Primates ont généralement cinq doigts à chaque patte avant (doigt), la fin de chaque orteil a ongles cornée. La main, le pied et les orteils de la peau très sensible, constituent un sens des systèmes tactiles bien développé. La plupart des primates sont appropriés pour les objets du pouce de préhension (thumbs opposables), qui se caractérise par des primates emblématiques, mais pas unique. Par exemple Opossum là pour les doigts. Pour les primates, tels que les ongles des doigts est accompagné par quelques minutes de marche entre les anciens arbres du produit. De nombreuses méthodes ont ainsi développé un membre supérieur sortant. Primat d'cou sternum en forme d'anneau très évident primates Museau (la mâchoire inférieure) ont montré rétrécissement tendance. Techniquement parlant, l'Ancien Monde et le Nouveau Monde des singes, la distinction réside dans la structure du nez, et la différence entre les singes de l'Ancien Monde et les singes dans l'arrangement des dents. Nouveaux singes du monde narines face à côté, et cercopithécidés sont vers la narine inférieure. Primate avec une série de dents disposées de manière. pointe molaire Hominid (la dernière pointe) est dans l'histoire des débuts de primates évolué, ce qui correspond à la pointe inférieure d'origine des molaires (pointe inférieure avant) disparaîtra. Prosimiens a sa lèvre supérieure unique, fixe, le nez humide et les dents inférieures avant vers l'intérieur.

l'évolution des primates et la vision par rapport à la plupart des mammifères était inhabituel. ancêtres primates développés vision trichrome (peut voir la fonction trois couleurs), et les animaux nocturnes, les animaux à sang chaud et d'autres mammifères dans les ancêtres de dinosaures de la période se perd dans un tiers des cônes rétiniens.

Mouvement primates armes variées et utiles, les pieds, sauter, arboricole, et marcher à quatre pattes sur la terre, les jointures et autres reptiles. Bon nombre des singes d'origine suborder animaux saut vertical et attaché aux arbres, arbustes, dont de nombreux singes, tous les indri. Les humains sont les seuls primates à tout droit.

System Migration Femme - nés femelles quittent le groupe. Homme est resté dans la population d'origine, tandis que les femmes et le collectif ne sont pas étroitement liés.

système d'échange Homme - les femelles restent dans le groupe d'origine et les mâles à l'âge adulte de déménager. Permettre à la société de la polygamie va tomber dans cette catégorie. Ces groupes sociaux généralement un peu plus grands, communs dans les lémurs à queue, des singes capucins.

Monogamie - un mâle et une structure stable féminine, parfois accompagnée d'héritiers. soins de la famille et les services sociaux (tels que la défense territoriale) le travail est divisé en deux parties. Les parents vont quitter le territoire après les enfants adultes. Une telle société est des groupes de gibbons plus typiques. Toutefois, lorsque la monogamie est pas une représentation fidèle de la vie.

Type solitaire (pour femmes) - en même temps que le mâle va protéger leur territoire, et qui comprendra plusieurs domaines d'activité des femmes. Ces structures se trouvent chez les singes.

Primates

Primate croissance plus lente que les autres mammifères. Outre les humains, les primates louveteaux reposent toutes sur le transfert de l'allaitement maternel de nutriments par la mère pour protéger, guider et de soutien. Certaines espèces sont des hommes aussi, en particulier son père, en charge des activités et de la sécurité des enfants. D'autres membres de la famille. <[Histoire du monde / Introduction à l'histoire de l'univers (Kant)> site de l'encyclopédie Wikipedia, encyclopédie Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana et d'autres sites d'information.]>

mammifères primates que la même taille a une plus petite enfance (du sevrage à la maturité sexuelle). Ceux-ci sont habituellement jouent dans les connaissances acquises. amené plus tard à maturité avec la même taille mammifère primate par rapport à une vie plus longue. Et l'espérance de vie moyenne des femmes est plus longue que les hommes.

source de nourriture Primate est très vaste. La plupart des primates mangent des fruits, afin d'absorber les glucides et les graisses digestibles pour l'énergie. Cependant, d'autres primates ont également besoin de nourriture, tels que les feuilles ou les insectes, pour les acides aminés, vitamines et minéraux (oligo-éléments).

Baboon est les seuls grands primates herbivores. Tarsiers sont les primates les plus carnivores - se nourrit d'insectes, de reptiles et d'autres animaux. {Vie intelligente avancée dans les connaissances scientifiques actuelles chez l'homme avec seulement d'autres microbes similaires dans des environnements extrêmes - Extreme Life peut trouver d'autres planètes ou grande dans l'univers, cependant, les mammifères primates similaires dans la Terre visible, la lune. Jupiter, Mars peut-être pas même dans le cadre de ceux-ci et d'autres organismes supérieurs. même s'il y avait probablement déjà éteinte. Quant à savoir si dans un univers plus vaste, bien sûr, ne peut pas tous négatifs, cependant, il est possible, mais pas trop. extrêmophiles ou autre vie extrême ont alors la possibilité d'un univers un peu plus grande dans le développement du changement, la vie biologique extrême extrême va produire et périr. tout se développe et changer l'univers, l'astrophysique, particule, exprimant différentes formes d'expression des formes de vie est aussi plein de développement et de changement.}.

Cosmic tableau récapitulatif de l'histoire:

Température (K) Energie (eV) Temps (s) au cours de temps physiques 1032102810-44 ère Planck 1028102410-35 grande époque unifiée 10-35, -33 flambée processus de stade de l'inflation ère 101310910-6 hadronique 101110710-2 lepton ère <génération de particules, les particules en jeu>. 10101061 neutrino neutrino découplage découplant 5 × 109 5 × 105 5 annihilation électron de paires électron-positron 1,091,053 points d'époque nucléosynthèse de nucléides lumière générée 400 millions d'années de la formation des premières étoiles, réionisation Galaxies, à grande échelle la formation des structures 2,725 3 × 10-4 137 milliards d'années moderne <[Voir chef connexe »Sur le système de l'univers," Laplace. "Une brève histoire de l'Univers" (Une brève histoire de l'Univers) est un physicien britannique Stephen Hawking (Stephen Hawking). Une brève histoire de l'auteur Galaxy (US) Timo · West Ferris (Timothy Ferris). Une brève histoire de presque tout (Bill Bryson]>. Une brève histoire de la géologie de la Terre: à titre indicatif, peut être trouvé dans la monographie de la recherche pertinente, l'Encyclopédie mondiale, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Wikipedia, Wikipedia et autres sites au nom des strates, des représentants des années géologiques International. il y a environ 4,567 milliards à 25 milliards d'années: Archéen (AR, Archéen) il y a environ 4,567 milliards à 36 milliards d'années: Éoarchéen (aR0, Éoarchéen Era) Paléoarchéen (Ar1, Paléoarchéen Era): il y a environ 3.6-32 billion années Le Archéen (Ar2, mésoarchéen Era): il y a environ 32 milliards à 2,8 milliards d'années Néoarchéen (Ar3, Néoarchéen Era): il y a environ 28 milliards à 2,5 milliards d'années Protérozoïque (PT, Protérozoïque Eon): il y a environ 25000000000-543000000 années il y a environ 2,5 milliards à 18 milliards d'années: Paléoprotérozoïque (Pt1, Paléoprotérozoïque Era) Avant Hutuo discipline: il y a environ 2.5-23 billion années Hutuo Ji (Ht): il y a environ 23 milliards à 1,8 milliards d'années <Se reporter aux «Principes de géologie" Lyell, etc.> il y a environ 1,8 milliards à 10 milliards d'années: mésoprotérozoïque (Pt2, mésoprotérozoïque Era) il y a environ 1,8 milliards à 14 milliards d'années: Great Wall siècle (Ch) Early Great World mur (Ch1): Late Great World mur (Ch2): il y a environ 1,4 milliards à 10 milliards d'années: Jixianian (Jx) Early Jixian mondiale (JX1): Late Jixian mondiale (JX2): Néoprotérozoïque (Pt3, Era Neoproterozoic): il y a environ 10000000000-543000000 années Qingbaikou (Qb): il y a environ 10000000-800000000 ans / Hamiltonien (période Tonian): il y a environ 10 milliards à 850 millions d'années Early Qingbaikou mondiale (Qb1): Late Qingbaikou mondiale (Qb2): il y a environ 850 millions à 6,3 milliards d'années: Nanhua (Nh): il y a environ 800 millions à 6,8 milliards d'années / Cryogénien (période Cryogénien) Early Nanhua mondiale (RN1): Nanhua Night World (NH2): Sinian (Z): il y a environ 6800000000-543000000 ans / Ediacaran [Période Ediacaran, également connu sous le record Neoproterozoic Ⅲ (Néoprotérozoïque)]: il y a environ 635 millions ~ 542.000.000 années Early Sinian (Z1): Late Sinian (Z2): Phanérozoïque (PH, phanérozoïque): il y a environ 543.000.000 années - l'avenir Paléozoïque (Pz, Paléozoïque ère): il y a environ 543 millions à 2,5 milliards d'années Paléozoïque précoce: il y a environ 542 millions ~ 416.000.000 années il y a environ 543 millions à 4,9 milliards d'années: Cambrian (de ∈, de période cambrienne) Cambrien The Cambrian Cambrien tardif Ordovicien (O, Ordovicien): il y a environ 4900000000 à 438000000 années (disons environ 488 300 000 - il y a 443 700 000 ans) Ordovicien précoce (O1): Ordovicien moyen (O2): Ordovicien (O3): il y a environ 438 millions à 4,1 milliards d'années: Silurien (S, Période Silurien) Silurien précoce (S1): Silurien moyen (S2): Silurien (S3): Top Silurien (S4): Paléozoïque tardif: il y a environ 416 millions ~ 251.000.000 années il y a 4,1 milliards à 354 millions d'années: Dévonien (D, Période Dévonien) Dévonien précoce Dévonien moyen Dévonien Carbonifère (C, Carbonifère): il y a environ 354 millions à 2,95 millions d'années Carbonifère (C1): Carbonifère (C2): il y a environ 295 millions à 2,5 milliards d'années: Permien (P, Période Permien) Au début du Permien (P1): Permien moyen (P2): Permien (P3): Mésozoïque (Mz, Mésozoïque): il y a environ 2,5 millions à 65,95 millions d'années Trias (T, Trias): il y a environ 2500-205 million années Au début du Trias (T1): Trias moyen (T2): Trias (T3): géochronologie / division stratigraphique Jurassique (J, période jurassique): il y a environ 205 millions ~ 137.000.000 années Jurassique précoce (J1): Jurassique moyen (J2): Jurassique (J3): Crétacé (K, période crétacée): il y a environ 137.000.000 années ~ 65950000 Crétacé inférieur (K1): Crétacé tardif (K2): Cénozoïque (Cz, Cénozoïque): il y a environ 65.950.000 années - l'avenir Paléogène (E, Période Paléogène): environ 6.500 millions à 23,3 millions d'années Paléocène (E1): environ 65,95 millions - il y a 55.800.000 années Eocène (E2): environ 55,8 millions - il y a 33.900.000 années Oligocène (E3): environ 33900000 à 23300000 Néogène (N, période Néogène): il y a environ 23300000-260000000 ans. Miocène (N1): il y a environ 23300000-530000000 années il y a environ 530 millions à 2,6 millions d'années: Pliocène (N2) Quaternaire (Q): il y a environ 260 millions années - l'avenir il y a environ 2,6 millions à 1,15 millions d'années: Pléistocène (Qp) Holocène (Qb): il y a environ 1.150.000 années - 1808 Anthropocène (Anthropocène époque): environ 1808 - Future

Dans l'étude de l'histoire de l'évolution ou de processus géologiques sur Terre, et parfois ne pas besoin nécessairement de connaître l'heure exacte des événements géologiques, mais seulement besoin de connaître l'ordre entre eux, la seule méthode de détermination de la séquence des événements géologiques appelé géologique relatif temps âge géologique et est étroitement liée à l'évolution humaine.

Échelle des temps géologiques: << [Référence Reading >> années-lumière, une grande durée .1 trillions de trillions années à 1oo années égal à .1 billions d'années-lumière - cent années lumière distance parcourue. astronomique. <Géologique international> Encyclopédie des ressources du réseau. Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopédie de la vie, Wikipedia et autres géologiques]. ». Implicite Phanerozoic: Archéen (Ar): il y a 45 millions d'années, a duré 2,1 milliards d'années.

Yin Duan Ordre: il y a 2,5 millions à 245 millions d'années, pendant 5 trillions d'années. ordre: il y a 2,45 milliards à 242 millions d'années, pendant 3 trillions d'années.

<< Plus de référence géologique uniquement lire la géologie de l'étude et l'histoire des âges géologiques particulièrement importants et difficiles. Comme la recherche archéologique en géologie, histoire archéologique, anthropologie, archéologie, archéologique astronomie, complexe et difficile. Pour restaurer l'historique et réelle de l'étude de l'image de l'histoire naturelle, l'histoire des débuts de l'image de l'univers, l'image de l'évolution humaine, image de l'évolution biologique, est pas une mince affaire, la géologie ancienne géographie ancienne exploration paléontologique nécessite beaucoup de travail pour une longue le temps et les instructions de vérification empiriques. Par conséquent, les données ici est pour Thinking experts se réfèrent deviennent nécessairement concluante. stratigraphie, la paléontologie, la géologie, l'ancienne, l'anthropologie ancienne et d'autres disciplines en relation étroite avec d'autres disciplines, par exemple, l'astronomie, la cosmologie, la microbiologie, l'astrophysique, astrophysique géologie, la chimie céleste, astrophysique géologie, la géographie et les autres corps célestes, sinon, inévitablement biaisée. par exemple, la géologie de la lune, la recherche de la géologie de Mars et de découverte. Enfin, afin de comparer l'identification, contour arranger les choses pour Géologie Histoire devraient être divisés. >>.

Maintenant, l'humanité est entrée dans le 21e siècle, ainsi que le développement de la société humaine et de l'histoire du monde va continuer à ouvrir nouveau chapitre de l'histoire, en particulier le développement de la science moderne et de la technologie, des outils de production humains, la production, les ressources de production, les ressources naturelles, la sagesse humaine et de l'innovation intellectuelle et le changement transforment radicalement le monde entier, la structure et la configuration de l'ensemble de la société humaine, changeant ainsi la nature des êtres humains et l'environnement, l'environnement mondial et l'environnement spatial. par exemple, le high-tech moderne, de l'aérospatiale, de l'information, de l'informatique, le génie génétique, la robotique applications, l'énergie atomique, l'agriculture de haute technologie, l'ingénierie des matériaux, le génie biomédical, de la technologie micro-électronique, la technologie marine, et est donc de plus en plus utilisé dans la monde et la communauté humaine, en particulier pour développer les planètes célestes en dehors de la Terre, le nouveau monde de la révolution industrielle révolution technologique, la révolution conduira la sagesse du monde de l'humanité. Certes, l'histoire humaine, l'histoire du monde, l'histoire naturelle et l'histoire de l'univers sera une nouvelle grandes évolutions.

AD 2,050- année 2, 100 ans {en fonction du développement de la science moderne et de la technologie, l'économie mondiale moderne, la politique, militaire, la religion, la culture, l'éducation, les ressources, l'environnement, l'écologie, la population et tant de données, compter sur électronique modèle informatique, analyse sommaire des tendances historiques de développement dans le contexte, en se concentrant sur la société humaine et l'ensemble de l'évolution de l'histoire du monde et de développements, événements, etc., mais aussi une variété de progrès de la recherche scientifique et technologique selon l'étude généralement les changements dans l'environnement naturel, processus historique de l'univers et de la nature importante, et les mutations de l'univers, etc. la principale situation macro, à peu près la situation de l'évolution, pas la scène microscopique à partir des données de temps, les données de référence sont également grande, et le reste peut être utilisé comme complément d'information. Par conséquent, le laps de temps est très inégale.} [Les humains en Mars et retourner en toute sécurité sur la Terre. Lune de base, la base Mars a commencé le travail préliminaire.

percées technologiques rapides marines, le développement de la percée Polar.

Ralentissement de la croissance dans l'économie mondiale, les changements dans la situation change du monde.

<Le changement climatique, l'activité sismique active. changement Polar. L'utilisation des ressources.>

la croissance de la population humaine, les ressources et l'environnement se sont détériorées.

La réforme du représentant de l'Armée / Secrétaire général des Nations Unies / présences permanents et non permanents du Tribunal des Nations / United International des Nations Unies / Nations Unies spécial des Nations / Unies Nations Unies Unis intensification de la concurrence, la guerre se produisent de temps en temps. Divers motif de conflit sujettes monde de changement progressif, la nouvelle révolution industrielle, la révolution technologique prend de l'ampleur.

AD 21oo - AD 22oo ans

Le nouveau mode de production Croissance lente du monde économique, après la forte poussée Planète révolution, le développement de l'univers de plus en plus puissant, base lunaire, la base Mars progressivement mis en place.

développement Polar, le développement des océans, l'utilisation ou la modification du désert, l'utilisation de la montagne

De plus en plus puissant de développement technologique, l'extension de la vie humaine, de surmonter les maladies incurables

Lorsque la menace nucléaire du terrorisme nucléaire est encore enveloppé le monde dans certains domaines et les points chauds de conflit ont eu lieu, l'individu se battre fréquemment. La révolution industrielle, la révolution agricole des progrès substantiels, la concurrence nationale de lutte

L'intégration croissante du monde, le monde change ASDC moulage préliminaire

crise des ressources, la croissance démographique, les conflits, les guerres et les dangers locaux

rôle de l'ONU et des droits renforcée. Agrandir le rôle des organisations régionales de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour renforcer davantage le rôle de Les grandes questions de la paix et de la sécurité, le développement économique et les droits de l'homme.

AD 23oo - AD 25OO ans

Accélérer l'intégration de tous les aspects du monde / politique mondiale / économie mondiale / World Military / World Religions / mondiale de la science et de la culture / mondial de la technologie. la concurrence nationale et le développement inégal, différent, peuvent aller de pair, elle peut conduire, diriger le monde, ne peuvent pas être généralisées.

Nouveau monde, un nouvel ordre mondial / Etats-Unis., La Russie, l'Inde, l'Europe, le Japon, l'Argentine et d'autres pays en développement, apparaissant dans une sonde unipolaire unipolaire ou multipolaire multi-polaire pour garder à la main, comme une course d'athlétisme, course de longue distance, le sprint, sprint, comme runner-up ou à égalité, mais finalement il y aura encore un chef de file dans le peloton de tête, ce qui conduit le monde. cette hégémonie dans le sens traditionnel est sensiblement différent.

Revolution Universe

AD AD 2,500- 3000 ans {ère post-industrielle. industrie intelligente moderne, l'agriculture moderne, un grand pas en avant.

La situation dans le monde ont tendance à être stable, ce qui facilite la société humaine d'abord entré dans la planète. Lune homme, Mars et d'autres l'humanité interstellaire.

La nouvelle structure économique économie / économie - la sagesse, et l'augmentation de la productivité sociale économique, les outils de production, mode de production, les rapports de production, des moyens de production. Une concurrence accrue dans le monde. Il y a des conflits occasionnels et la guerre.

Lorsque des changements se produisent naturellement univers, la terre, la lune est évidente. les catastrophes naturelles de la Terre est plus fréquente.

Deux pôles d'exploitation.

Lune personne / Mars / Terre

Année 3000 AD 5000 ans {société humaine entrés dans l'ère de l'intelligence artificielle, les immigrants étrangers forme de transformation.

L'humanité entre dans les lunes de Jupiter et d'autres planètes. détecteurs humaines battant système solaire.

5, 2000 --- AD 8000 ans <humains dans une communauté de haute intelligence. Terre, Lune, Mars et d'autres planètes, célébreront la population de la Terre. la structure humaine économique, structure sociale, la structure politique, la structure culturelle, structures structure religieuse de la pensée, physique et structure mentale aura des changements importants, l'hérédité et de la variation.>

la société de la Terre sera également des changements et des transformations importantes.

AD 8, 2000 - 12, 2000 / symbole à partir de maintenant 2, ooo ans -1o, années ooo comme un symbole de la Terre {la révolution, la planète révolutionnaire, l'univers va complètement changer la révolution mondiale}

Super sagesse des âges, la communauté du renseignement de super est entré en être. AD 15, 000 - AD 20, 2000 <Humanité, la terre, l'évolution de la population de la planète.> Sagesse robots biologiques apparaissent. Univers et changer la planète. sonde de détection de l'activité humaine dans la Voie Lactée et d'autres galaxies. L'humanité dans d'autres corps célestes. Très vie intelligente se trouve, mais un semblable microbes extrêmes. Planète état tactile de modèle social.

[Changer la planète, le changement de système solaire. Planète Terre et de la survie humaine dans les défis et les risques intensifier graves.

AD 30, 000 - AD 50, 000 ans {.. Les êtres humains vivent sur la Terre, la Lune et Mars et les autres corps célestes, la société des planètes se forme progressivement} technologie de survie de la planète se développer progressivement et se développer, y compris la Terre, la Lune, Mars et la système solaire sont tous dans le changement, la planète du monde. la survie et le développement plus difficile et dangereuse. Les changements dans l'univers. Planètes et crise sociale face aux défis des temps de l'humanité de la Terre, la révolution de la Terre en évolution.

AD 100, 000 - AD ******* ans / 1oo, années ooo comme un signe de données macro-économiques sont utilisés pour les étudier, ce qui est plus en ligne plus près de l'histoire naturelle et humaine du monde réel et de l'évolution de l'évolution de trajectoire saut d'image. circuiter une conclusion, manifestement contraire à le vrai visage du développement historique, trompeur et déformé l'histoire et de l'histoire naturelle de l'histoire du monde de l'univers. AD 15o, années ooo 2oo, années ooo

AD 3oo, années ooo --1, ooo, histoire ooo ans {Annales, 1oo ans comme un point de repère important dans. AD 1,5oo, années ooo --- 2, ooo, années ooo

Nouveau Nouveau astronomique géologique - univers chronologique ........... ********** ********* - Autres omises des années année de 2ooo 2 ooo, ooo années, le laps de temps a été grande, trop grande astronomique, jusqu'à présent après le fait sans connexion, la longueur de l'histoire de l'histoire humaine de l'univers a assez nouveau géologique nouvelle astronomie - la chronologie de l'univers, abréviation: .. new new géologique astronomique - univers chronologique / NNACU. <Mutation nature de l'univers, la Terre et mettre en danger d'autres planètes. Les planètes et les autres parties de l'univers, une explosion.

Une partie de la destruction ou de l'extinction humaine, les risques célestes, extinction biologique dangers et les catastrophes inévitables menacent l'humanité.

Les humains de survivre et de continuer à continuer à survivre dans la planète et de l'univers. techniques Planète de survie développées.

<Univers changements et les risques naturels, la diversité, par rapport à une variété de catastrophes à des centaines de société humaine de millions de fois la société humaine plus forte peut survivre, si la planète ou périr désintégration, explosion, effondrement, ce sont des problèmes extrêmement importants. donc, la solution du problème histoire naturelle des modifications de l'univers, ou mutations, c'est la clé. même si l'humanité entre Mars, la lune, est également confronté à ces problèmes de vie et de mort. (1) Natural Yu Zhou si l'effondrement global et l'effondrement? (2) si les humains ont assez de sagesse et la capacité d'échapper à cette indemne (3) la destruction de l'univers est inévitable ou a ses chances, y compris (4) reste nécessairement les plus critiques sont les suivantes:?.? la destruction de l'univers dans son ensemble ou la destruction partielle, ce qui importe l'Ukraine a évolué en quoi? tout est vide. Si cette théorie a été établie, la disparition inévitable de l'humanité et de l'univers. En d'autres termes, l'histoire humaine se terminera naturellement, déclarera la disparition de l'univers. Si l'univers il n'y a pas de destruction et de l'effondrement général, la vie humaine ou d'une autre vie va il y a de chances de survivre. c'est l'article avec un accent particulier sur les deux propositions majeures. la recherche scientifique et le raisonnement scientifique est parfois très important, mais à la fin encore besoin de beaucoup de données vérifiables et similaires.

A. néant.

B. mort thermique de la théorie de l'univers: la théorie de la mort de chaleur et de la théorie de la contraction cosmique est opposée à, dans ce cas, la gravité est pas forte, vous ne pouvez pas aller au-delà de l'expansion de l'univers semble dilatation donc exponentielle, la chaleur uniformément répartie dans l'univers est froid, sombre TLC, la finale sera un all-star par un périsse fin.

C. événement Vacuum métastabilité: vide métastable événement existe dans l'univers est un état instable de base, l'univers que nous vivons dans un bord stable à balancer. Certains scientifiques disent que le raisonnement, les prochaines quelques milliards d'années, l'univers sera au bord de la subversion, puis à un moment l'univers de la bulle.

D. A la mort d'un trou noir dans l'univers la plupart des substances sont entourées par un trou noir, la galaxie est concerné, il contient une variété d'étoiles en son centre il y a un trou noir supermassif. Lorsque les étoiles tombent dans le trou noir ou la galaxie «événement frontière», ils seront désintégrés, dans un univers fini, les trous noirs finiront par engloutir la majeure partie de la matière, le résidu final d'un univers sombre.

E. cycle cosmique: la vision traditionnelle que l'univers est l'existence éternelle, dans la grande théorie bang singularité du modèle de l'univers de départ, l'univers est cyclique, il sera maintenu en permanence l'expansion et la contraction.

F. théorie de la contraction cosmique: La théorie la plus importante de la façon dont l'univers est la théorie du Big Bang du début, d'abord seules singularités toutes les substances présentes dans la forme, ce qui est un point infiniment dense, pour une raison quelconque après l'explosion, il est difficile à l'expansion de la vitesse de confiance vers l'extérieur, culminant dans l'univers d'aujourd'hui. Sur la grande contraction et la théorie du big-bang contraire, la gravité finira par ralentir l'expansion, la stagnation et la contraction de l'univers.

"La troisième loi de Kepler: T2 / R3 = K (= 4π2 / GM) {R: rayon de l'orbite, T: cycle K: constant (rien à voir avec la masse de la planète, en fonction de la qualité de l'objet central)} La loi de la gravité: F = GM1M2 / r2 (G = 6,67 × 10-11N • m2 / kg2, indications sur leur connexion) Gravité et accélération gravitationnelle corps célestes: GMm / R2 = mg; g = GM / R2 {R: rayon de corps céleste (m), M: masse de corps céleste (kg)} 4. satellites en orbite autour de la vitesse, vitesse angulaire, période: V = (GM / r) 1/2; ω = (GM / r3) 1/2; 1/2 {M T = 2¶ (r3 / GM): la masse corporelle centrale}. " 1. L'énergie sombre est trop grande, trop peu de matière noire, le taux d'expansion cosmique est trop grand, continuer à accélérer l'expansion et l'expansion éventuellement illimitée. 2 l'énergie noire et de la gravité de diverses substances dans l'univers était plat, l'univers va continuer à ralentir l'expansion, le taux d'expansion sera plus proche de zéro, mais ne peut jamais atteindre zéro. 3 moins d'énergie sombre, la gravité domine l'expansion de l'univers va continuer à ralentir, puis arrêter l'expansion, la contraction de direction, toute la matière dans l'univers, finalement reculer en un point, et tout recommencer.

Dans le premier modèle (ie, univers fermé), l'expansion de l'univers était suffisamment lentement pour que la différence de gravité entre les galaxies dans l'expansion ralentit et finit par faire cesser. Puis commencer à proximité de chaque galaxie, l'univers a commencé à se rétrécir. la première sorte

Dans le second modèle (espace ouvert), l'expansion de l'univers était si rapide que la gravité faire ralentir bien que certains ne pourraient le faire cesser. À proximité galaxies la distance en fonction du temps. Distance à zéro au début des dernières galaxies vitesse constante de distance les uns des autres; Dans le second type est toujours élargi modèle, l'espace supplémentaire est courbe, comme une selle. Par conséquent, dans ce cas, l'espace est infini.

Enfin, il existe une troisième catégorie de solutions, l'expansion de l'univers est juste assez rapide pour éviter l'effondrement. galaxies de distance ont commencé à partir de zéro, augmente toujours. Cependant, bien que la vitesse de la galaxie à part ne sera jamais nulle, cette vitesse devient plus lent. Dans la troisième catégorie modèle Friedmann juste le taux critique de l'expansion, l'espace est plat (il est illimité).

physicien théorique noté, humaine ou se désintégrer en rayonnement progressivement, après son effondrement a complètement disparu, ou parce que l'expansion rapide de l'univers de l'effondrement. Selon la théorie du Big Rip, l'énergie sombre fera la structure de l'univers déformé, conduisant à des premières galaxies lacrymogènes, suivis par un plus petit trous noirs, des planètes et des étoiles. Expansion de l'univers augmente la force de traînée, une fois qu'il atteint plus de galaxies se rassemblent Une autre façon possible de la fin de l'univers est appelé la "grande contraction." Si la substance dans l'univers en déclin au fil du temps, il y aura une forte contraction, ce qui entraîne les forces gravitationnelles deviennent dominantes. contraction gravitationnelle de l'univers conduit au résultat que les étoiles, les galaxies et les planètes entrent en collision les uns avec les autres, l'effondrement de l'univers a eu lieu. physicien théorique, a déclaré que certaines zones de l'univers a commencé à s'effondrer, l'effondrement de l'univers finira par dévorer son Selon la théorie de Higgs, le changement de phase dans dix milliards de seconde après le Big Bang a eu lieu, ce qui entraîne des changements dans la structure de l'espace-temps. cosmologie newtonienne: 1 a été observée à tout moment dans l'univers, le centre de l'univers étaient symétriques 2 en même temps de mesurer les points de l'univers, la densité sont égaux 3 petit univers dans toute autre conduite particule mesures relations A propos de la structure de l'univers sont: Gaitian dit: rond de jour comme feuilles de couverture place, comme jeu d'échecs. doctrine grecque et romaine antique d'univers original L'eau est l'origine de l'univers - Thales La couche la plus externe de l'univers est éteint jamais Skyfire dit - Pythagoras boule de cristal Multilayer dit - Aristote Terre est le centre - Ptolémée théorie occidentale de l'univers médiéval Après le Moyen Age, la cosmologie a été inclus dans le système scolaire, connaître la fin de la Renaissance Copernic basée sur des observations astronomiques à long écriture «corps célestes» de héliocentrique présenté. Bruno pense en outre que le soleil est pas le centre de l'univers, l'univers est infini, il n'y a pas de centre.

Le modèle classique de l'univers première mécanique classique de Newton et euclidiennes concepts de la géométrie d'établir un système d'univers infini absolu. modèle cosmologique relativiste Einstein Novembre 1915 a publié une théorie générale de la relativité, l'espace et le temps ne peut pas être souligné substance seule, ils ont établi un modèle à quatre dimensions illimitées limitée de l'univers. Big Bang Theory Modèle L'expansion 20 ans plus tard, en raison de la radiation cosmique de fond a été confirmée, ainsi que la poursuite du développement de la physique nucléaire, le modèle shine Big Bang, d'être reconnu par le modèle standard de l'univers. modèles de la théorie des cordes de l'univers Peu à peu développé au siècle dernier, théorie des supercordes, à un autre point d'établir une plus ésotériques modèles de la théorie des cordes de l'univers, nous avons proposé le modèle de conception de l'univers de 11 dimensions.

1, sur un modèle d'espace fermé de l'univers, nous avons besoin de comprendre un espace fermé. Un espace fermé de tout point de vue, ne pas se tourner vers elle, tout va revenir à la même place, la même que tourner autour d'un point. 2, un modèle d'espace fermé de l'univers Espace fermé modèle de l'Univers règle est demi-espace de tous les points symétriques mouvement directionnel fermé au même rythme, le mouvement ne coïncide pas avec deux points, et de garder la symétrie.

Maintenant est le «modèle du big bang de l'univers" est appelé le modèle standard de l'univers. En outre sont modèle cosmologique non-standard du modèle de l'univers. Tels que: le modèle d'état stable de l'univers, le modèle de cycle de l'univers, l'univers du film, l'univers miroir. . . et beaucoup plus.

Une théorie, également connu comme la cosmologie du Big Bang. Par rapport aux autres modèles de l'univers, cela pourrait indiquer plus de faits d'observation. Son point principal est que nous pensons que l'univers a eu une période du chaud au froid au cours de l'évolution. Einstein équations de champ: R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv = κ * T_uv (Rμν- (1/2) gμνR = 8GπTμν / (c * c * c * c) -gμν) Description: g_uv métrique, κ est un coefficient, peut être lent pour déterminer la théorie newtonienne. "_" Après la lettre indice "^" après la lettre en exposant. Signification: Matière espace d'énergie - impulsion (T_uv) = courbes de distribution espace (R_uv) solution de formulaire est: ds ^ 2 = Adt ^ 2 + Bdr ^ 2 + Cdθ ^ 2 + Ddφ ^ 2 Où A, B, C, D pour les composants g_uv métriques. Considérez l'énergie - solution T_uv dynamique de tenseur est plus complexe. Le plus simple est de faire T_uv égal à 0, 2. Les équations de champ contiennent le terme constante cosmologique: R_uv-1/2 * R * g_uv + Λ * g_uv = κ * T_uv Ici Λ est la constante cosmologique, qui est le sens physique du champ de vide de l'univers. Λ * g_uv le terme cosmologique. Si à partir de ds ^ 2 = Adt ^ 2 + Bdr ^ 2 + Cdθ ^ 2 + Ddφ ^ 2 [1] Où A, B, C, D pour les composants g_uv métriques. Ici ds est l'expression du degré de courbure de l'espace à une courte distance. Si compris dans le sens physique, alors, les éléments de l'univers à la droite, il est: R_uv-1/2 * R * = κ g_uv * T_uv-Λ * g_uv

En 1929, la loi de l'astronome américain Hubble Hubble est proposé à partir des galaxies galaxie redshift et proportionnelle, Dans l'expansion de l'univers loin de l'autre, dit-il. État lorsque la distribution de la matière dans le déséquilibre de l'univers, la structure locale de la matière continuera de se développer et de contrat des changements, mais l'équilibre relatif entre la structure globale de l'univers ne changera pas. En 1994, l'Institut Carnegie de Friedman et al., Avec un âge estimé de l'univers lors du calcul du taux d'expansion de l'approche de l'univers, les valeurs calculées obtenu l'âge de 80-12000000000 un an. Toutefois, selon l'analyse des spectres stellaires, les plus vieilles étoiles de l'âge de l'univers de 140 à 160 millions d'années. Magnifique spirale est la nature de la forme la plus courante et la plus fondamentale des substances d'exercice. Ce phénomène de forme en spirale pour la compréhension de l'univers a un rôle important à éclairer, à une grande galaxie spirale, de petites molécules d'ADN sont produites dans une telle ligne en spirale. La nature ne reconnaît pas forme droite nature tout la structure de base de la matière sont de forme annulaire de la courbe de mouvement. De atomes et des molécules aux planètes, galaxies jusqu'à galaxies, superamas, sans exception, sans aucun doute, l'immensité de l'univers est un grand bain à remous. Par conséquent, la mise en place d'un «modèles de mouvement en spirale du modèle de l'univers" Origine de l'univers A propos de savoir si l'univers et comment initier le débat tout au long de l'histoire de l'ensemble du dossier. Fondamentalement, il existe deux écoles de pensée. Beaucoup de traditions premières, ainsi que le judaïsme, le christianisme et l'islam que l'univers est assez récente création du passé. Deux écoles de pensée croient que l'univers est fondamentalement inchangé au fil du temps. Parce que la vie humaine - l'ensemble de l'histoire enregistrée est si courte, l'univers n'a jamais été changé de manière significative au cours de cette période. Dans le cadre d'un univers stable et immuable, et si elle a toujours existé ou est limitée dans les longs problèmes de naissance passées. éruption Wormhole, il a dit que: dans un temps et dans l'espace pour ouvrir la porte de l'origine de l'univers que nous vivons maintenant. Dans de nombreux univers parallèle, il existe un univers parallèle très ordinaire, dans cet univers, la plus grande masse d'un trou noir est constamment englouti les autres corps célestes dans l'univers, sa qualité est en augmentation, assez grand pour détruire la totalité de sa forme physique gravitationnelle lorsque l'énergie libérée complètement après l'éruption arrêté wormhole, le temps et l'espace de la porte est fermée. Et émis par des particules de haute énergie, après une longue évolution, la formation de l'univers que nous vivons maintenant; l'éruption du vortex dans un univers parallèle qui, auparavant, un des objets ordinaires, ce qui explique pourquoi nous ne pouvons pas trouver le centre de l'univers de la raison.

Selon la théorie du Big Bang, de nombreux scientifiques depuis des décennies a toujours soutenu notre univers est né il y a environ 140 millions d'années. Conformément à l'interprétation de cette théorie, l'univers formé dans un très petit volume et la densité des grandes substances explosives il y a 140 millions d'années, éjecté particules de matière et d'énergie, il est également depuis puis a commencé après l'explosion a eu le temps et la masse de l'espace et de l'énergie. Avant le big bang est arrivé, ni matière ni énergie, bien sûr, pas de vie. Système solaire Le système solaire est un système de corps célestes liés par la force gravitationnelle de la composition du soleil, sa portée maximale peut être étendue à environ 1 années-lumière. Les principaux membres du système solaire sont: solaire (étoile), les huit planètes (y compris la Terre), et d'innombrables astéroïdes, beaucoup satellite

Les astronomes objet en analysant l'absorption ou la libération d'un objet atomique lumière est mesurée ou loin de près de la terre, la lumière dans une couleur ou de la fréquence d'occurrence unique. Lorsque l'objet loin de la Terre, ces fréquences se déplacent sur le spectre rouge.

Modèle standard Big Bang montre que l'univers éclaté d'une singularité de densité infinie. Mais je ne sais pas ce qui a déclenché cette épidémie. En même temps. Pour la plupart des cosmologistes, l'explication la plus raisonnable de cohérence, dans l'univers peu après, une forme inconnue d'énergie de sorte que le jeune univers étendu de plus que la vitesse de la lumière. Dans ce modèle, l'univers est un film en trois dimensions

Chaos dans l'explosion céleste, la naissance de l'Univers, à un certain moment ou l'état du nouveau-né n'a jamais nouveau-né, entre ses restes explosifs internes d'interaction, tout en formant la planète a progressivement formé galaxies, où les galaxies sont dans le processus de formation progressivement formé un multi -N Milky Way, la galaxie dans laquelle il y a un il y a un système solaire, le système solaire a huit planètes, dont l'un est la Terre nous, les humains vivent maintenant. La Terre est pas la vie il y a longtemps, quand ce relativement loin du soleil de la Terre, à l'ère glaciaire. Lorsque se rapprocher de la planète à partir du soleil, dans le système solaire le plus adapté à la vie dans la position d'initiation, et constituent les éléments matériels de la terre en ligne avec l'initiation de la vie, nous avons reçu après avoir rejoint de matières étrangères dans l'univers, la terre a commencé est apparu dans les mers primordiales, océan immaculé a commencé à la terre ce foyer après une longue période a donné naissance à la vie primitive, d'abord la croissance des plantes, l'évolution des plantes dans une certaine mesure, il y a eu une vie primitive simple, la vie primitive a commencé l'évolution de la vie<tt><tt>text</tt><tt><tt>text</tt><tt> Big text </tt></tt></tt>, qui, y compris l'évolution progressive de la formation de l'homme préhistorique. les humains modernes préhistoriques que beaucoup plus grande tête, se penche également diffèrent beaucoup, le QI est pas élevé, ne peuvent être considérés comme un animal. A cette époque, la Terre a une atmosphère primitive, créant une longue évolution des plus grands êtres vivants de la planète -
 * text

<Résumé de ce qui précède, les causes pertinentes de l'Univers, le modèle - la structure, l'état initial de l'univers et le résultat final de l'univers, donc une variété de théories et hypothèses cosmologiques, la recherche et la prévision de toutes sortes, ont leurs propres réalisations, les forces et les faiblesses de la décision de choisir, de localiser un, il est difficile. réalisations exploration scientifique naturel, la recherche est nécessaire pour soutenir une variété de la théorie de la recherche et de la théorie, et non pas dans le cas échoué à confirmer, puis sous la langue brisée, non-jugement, en particulier la cosmologie, l'astronomie et sonder une étude approfondie serait processus lointain et long. diverses théories et doctrines doivent être analysées et d'acquérir la certitude scientifique le plus précieux. après tout, est une sagesse humaine avancée des primates, en face du grand univers naturel profond, il est encore très petit enfant. découverte scientifique, même alors, avec succès, le théorème scientifique, il est absolument parfait, en particulier les humains triomphalement atterri sur la Lune, Mars, Jupiter, etc. après cela, il y aura plus de grandes découvertes et brillantes réalisations sur Terre - une partie de la race humaine sur La recherche de la Terre sera réécrite ou de remodelage. c'est la compréhension correcte de leur humanité, de comprendre la nature, rencontrant nouveau jalon dans l'univers. par exemple, la gravité viennent, pourquoi les étoiles structure de rotation spirale, les particules sont présentes lorsque l'univers a été formé il, univers, si l'univers unique ou multi-dimensionnelle si le même état, état différent, l'état initial de la particule de Dieu de la façon dont l'état du Big Bang devant l'univers, la destruction de l'univers est la matière à fond monticule l'a fait, la vie humaine ou d'une autre vie avancée de la planète et de la viabilité de l'univers, et ainsi de suite. La question cruciale est pas résolu, d'autres théories et doctrines, il est difficile à justifier. Même le plus grand scientifique est difficile de faire leurs théories impeccable. Le résultat final de l'univers, ou si la poursuite de l'effondrement, et si les humains peuvent survivre à l'extinction ou la destruction, le point clé est que l'univers est encore deux problèmes majeurs: 1. L'explosion détruit l'univers effondrement destruction jetable ou périodique répéter? 2. Répartition de l'univers avec l'état, état différent de l'univers au début et états finaux, ainsi que la planète et synchrone humaine, asynchrone. ? Tout ou en partie, l'évolution de l'évolution de c'est l'essence du problème, cela est l'univers - la théorie de la vie de loin la question la plus importante. Peut-être pas à résoudre le gros problème, il est difficile de parvenir à un progrès révolutionnaire. Hypothèse peu importe la puissance est également indissociable des études de simulation expérimentales doit, sinon, il va devenir aéroportée Cour étreinte. Sciences naturelles a souligné les tests de vérification de l'observation de l'observation empirique, la perte de ces fans seront égarés. Heliocentric - débat géocentrique a duré des centaines d'années, la théorie de l'évolution est réalisée sur des centaines d'années de débat, il est la preuve. Autour à 10h00 le 30 Juin 1860, le Président de la Conférence de l'Association britannique pour l'avancement des sciences, s'il vous plaît la présentation de la scène Wilberforce Bishop. Il a dit: "Dieu et l'Eglise ne sont pas contre la science, mais ne peut pas tolérer le blasphème, la pseudo-science humaine insultant, la théorie de M. Darwin sur l'évolution est la pseudo-science, il est le manque de preuves scientifiques concluantes puissante de style, tout à fait hypothétique, pas enregistré humble hypothèse pour soutenir l'ensemble de la thèse, par conséquent, la perspicacité religieuse, et la communauté scientifique ne soutiendra pas cette théorie absurde, "at-il souligné :." frontières entre les êtres humains et les choses dans le monde est clair, a seulement des efforts de radis ne importe comment impossible l'évolution de l'adulte "soudainement, Huxley Wilberforce main pointant vers le public et demande:« ici même M. Huxley dit qu'il est un descendant des grands singes, alors je voudrais demander à ce monsieur :? ancêtres singes que l'un des votre grand-père, votre grand-mère ou de ce côté de celui-ci, "Wilberforce tribune au milieu des applaudissements et des rires, et beaucoup de gens ont applaudi son discours. Ensuite, les gens jettent leur dévolu Huxley, à ce moment, Huxley même souriant assis à côté du président de la Royal Society Brody dit doucement :. "Dieu lui a remis ma main." Please Henslow a annoncé Huxley a pris la parole, Huxley dit lentement: «Si je dois choisir mes ancêtres dans les deux suivants: un côté est le singe, un côté est une figure influente, et ce chiffre, mais la confusion dans les discussions scientifiques sérieuses en noir et "

Fangruida                    Selected quotes
Fangruida famous classic 100 New

fangruida有名な古典的な100新しいです

fangruida célèbre classique 100 Nouveau https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS_Sjp-HzYg

https://archive.org/details/FangruidaIsm

'''

Bold text
''' fangruida famoso clásico 100 Nueva World things can last forever, is a great natural, it is a great language. 世界上可以永存的东西，一个是伟大的自然，一个是伟大的语言. Les choses du monde peuvent durer pour toujours, est un grand naturel, il est une grande langue. Мировые вещи могут длиться вечно, является отличным естественным, это великий язык.

Cosas del mundo pueden durar para siempre, es un buen natural, es un gran lenguaje. 谁都想征服世界，殊不知，只有首先征服人性的劣质和世界的疾苦才能步入世界的天堂. Каждый хочет, чтобы завоевать весь мир, все знают, только первый, чтобы завоевать мир человечества уступает и страдания в мир в рай.

Todo el mundo quiere conquistar el mundo, todo el mundo sabe, sólo el primero en conquistar el mundo de la humanidad inferior y el sufrimiento en el mundo al paraíso.

Tout le monde veut conquérir le monde, tout le monde sait, seul le premier à conquérir le monde de l'humanité inférieure et de la souffrance dans le monde au paradis.

Everyone wants to conquer the world, everyone knows, only the first to conquer the world of humanity inferior and suffering into the world to paradise.

誰もが劣ると楽園に世界に苦しむ人類の世界を征服するためにのみ、最初、誰もが知っている、世界を征服しようとしています.

fangruida знаменитый классический 100 Новый 大自然如此美丽多彩，一会儿百鸟飞荧，一会儿又落英缤纷. . . . . . 自然，自然界和人类社会莫不如此，既美丽又玄妙，美在无穷玄妙之中，玄在无限美丽之内. 虽然人们不时看到十分鲜艳夺目的花卉花魁之类，散落在田园四处，但是，真正映入人们眼帘的确是平淡无奇的花朵野草，而且簇簇团团，漫山遍野在奔放.

Nature is so beautiful and colorful, while one hundred bird flew Ying, while another fallen flowers. . . . . . Nature, nature and human society has been true, beautiful and mysterious, mysterious beauty in the infinite being, infinite mysterious beauty within. Although people often see very colorful flowers courtesan like, scattered in four rural, but the real thing that catches people's eye is really bland grass flowers and clusters of clouds, mountains and plains in bold.

La nature est si belle et colorée, tandis que cent oiseau volait Ying, tandis qu'un autre des fleurs tombées. . . . . . Nature, la nature et la société humaine a été vrai, beau et mystérieux, beauté mystérieuse dans l'être infini, infinie beauté mystérieuse au sein. Bien que les gens voient souvent des fleurs très colorées comme courtisan, dispersés dans quatre zones rurales, mais la vraie chose qui attire l'attention des gens est des fleurs d'herbe vraiment fade et amas de nuages, les montagnes et les plaines en gras.

Природа настолько красиво и красочно, в то время как сто птица полетела Ин, а другой упал цветы. ,, , , , Природа, природа и человеческое общество было верно, красивая и загадочная, таинственная красота в бесконечном существе, бесконечная таинственная красота изнутри. Хотя люди часто видят очень яркие цветы куртизанкой, как, разбросанные в четырех сельских, но реальная вещь, которая бросается в глаза людей действительно мягкий травы цветы и скопления облаков, горы и равнины выделены полужирным шрифтом.

Die Natur ist so schön und bunt, während hundert Vogel Ying flog, während eine andere Blumen gefallen. . . . . . Natur, die Natur und die menschliche Gesellschaft war wahr, schön und geheimnisvoll, geheimnisvolle Schönheit in der unendlichen Wesen, unendlich geheimnisvolle Schönheit im Inneren. Obwohl Menschen sehen oft sehr bunten Blumen Kurtisane wie, in vier ländlichen verstreut, aber die eigentliche Sache, die Menschen Auge fällt, ist wirklich fad Gras Blumen und Cluster von Wolken, Berge und Ebenen fett gedruckt.

La naturaleza es tan hermoso y colorido, mientras que un centenar de pájaro voló Ying, mientras que otro flores caídas. . . . . . La naturaleza, la naturaleza y la sociedad humana ha sido verdadero, bello y misterioso, belleza misteriosa en el ser infinito, infinito misteriosa belleza dentro. Aunque la gente suele ver flores muy coloridas como cortesana, dispersos en cuatro rurales, pero la cosa real que llama la atención de la gente es hierba flores muy sosa y cúmulos de nubes, las montañas y llanuras en negrita.

百鳥が別落ち花ながら、英飛んながら自然は、とても美しいとカラフルです. . . . . . 自然、自然と人間社会は無限の神秘的な美しさの中に、無限であることに、真の美しさと神秘的な、神秘的な美しされています. 人々はしばしば4農村に散在非常にカラフルな花の遊女などを参照して、人々の目をキャッチ実物は草の花と太字の雲、山と平野のクラスタ本当に味気ないです. が、

Happiness is the greatest and most beautiful words, even though it is very far away and long. For individuals, families, come and go; but for the whole mankind, and happiness can be sustained at a constant, is still confused things. Fantasy mankind has entered heaven, or at best is an avid self-mockery of it.

幸福は、それは非常に遠く離れて長い場合であっても、最大かつ最も美しい言葉です. 個人、家族のために、行ったり来たり、しかし全体の人類のため、と幸福を一定に維持することができますが、まだ物事を混同されています. ファンタジー人類は天に入った、または最高の状態でそれの熱心な自己嘲笑です.

Счастье это самые большие и самые красивые слова, несмотря на то, что это очень далеко и долго. Для физических лиц, семей, приходят и уходят, но и для всего человечества, и счастье может быть устойчивым при постоянной, до сих пор путают вещи. Фантазия человечество вступило небо, или в лучшем случае является заядлым собственной издевательство него.

Le bonheur est les mots les plus grands et les plus beaux, même si elle est très loin et longtemps. Pour les particuliers, les familles, aller et venir, mais pour toute l'humanité, et le bonheur peuvent être maintenus à une température constante, est encore des choses confuses. Fantastique humanité est entrée dans le ciel, ou au mieux est une auto-dérision avide de lui.

La felicidad es el mayor y más bellas palabras, a pesar de que está muy lejos y largo. Para los individuos, familias, van y vienen, sino para toda la humanidad, y la felicidad se pueden mantener a una temperatura constante, es todavía cosas confusas. La humanidad de la fantasía ha entrado en el cielo, o en el mejor es un ávido auto-burla de ella.

Glück ist die größten und schönsten Worte, auch wenn sie sehr weit weg und lang ist. Für Einzelpersonen, Familien, kommen und gehen, sondern für die ganze Menschheit, und das Glück auf einem konstanten aufrechterhalten werden, ist immer noch verwirrt Dinge. Fantasie hat die Menschheit eingetragen Himmel, oder bestenfalls ist ein begeisterter Selbstironie davon.

幸福是个最伟大最艳丽的字眼，尽管它十分遥远而且漫长. 对于个人，家庭来说，来去匆匆；而对于整个人类来说，获得幸福并能持久以恒，仍然是迷茫之物. 幻想人类已经进入天堂，充其量是狂热或者自我解嘲而已.

Die Welt ist immer brillant duftenden Gras. Flatternde Schmetterlinge, Vögel haben lange überfällig, und der Wind heult Sandsturm Abdeckung, desto mehr Kälte blizzard Angriff von Zeit zu Zeit. . . . . Wenn Sie in der großen Natur frönen, werden Sie durch das Bewußtsein begleitet und kam mit der Natur, dass die menschliche Gesellschaft als solche zu erkennen. Verstehen Sie das nicht, wird es verwirrt, erschöpft, und damit zu einem Verlust, Bremsfedern und gehen.

Le monde est toujours herbe parfumée brillante. Flottement papillons, les oiseaux ont depuis longtemps, et le couvercle de la tempête de vent hurlant, l'attaque blizzard plus froid de temps en temps. . . . . Lorsque vous vous livrez dans le grand monde naturel, vous serez accompagné par la conscience et est venu se rendre compte que la société humaine en tant que telle avec la nature. Ne pas comprendre cela, il sera confus, épuisé, et donc à une perte, le frein de plumes et aller.

El mundo es siempre brillante hierba fragante. Aleteo de las mariposas, las aves tienen desde hace mucho tiempo, y la cubierta de la tormenta de arena aullido del viento, el ataque tormenta de nieve más fría de vez en cuando. . . . . Cuando se cae en el gran mundo natural, será acompañado por la conciencia y se dieron cuenta de que la sociedad humana como tal con la naturaleza. No entiendo esto, será confundido, exhausto, y por lo tanto en una pérdida, de la pluma de freno y listo.

Мир всегда блестящие ароматные травы. Порхающими бабочками, птицы уже давно назрела, и ветер выл песчаная покров, тем более холодная метель атаки время от времени. ,, , , Когда вы предались в большом естественном мире, вы будете сопровождаться сознанием и пришел к выводу, что человеческое общество как таковое с природой. Не понимаю этого, он будет смущен, исчерпаны, и, следовательно, в недоумении, тормоза перо и идти.

世界は常に華麗な香りの草です. 蝶ひらひら、鳥は長年の懸案があり、風ハウリング砂嵐カバー、随時、より冷たい吹雪の攻撃. . . . . あなたは素晴らしい自然界にふけるとき、あなたは意識が伴うと自然とのようなその人間社会を実現するために来たことになります. このことを理解していない、それは、混乱使い果たし、したがって損失、ブレーキ羽でとなります.

世界是永远灿烂芬芳的芳草地. 有蝴蝶翩翩飞舞，有鸟雀姗姗来迟，还有狂风怒号的风沙盖地，更有寒流暴雪不时侵袭. . . . . 当你沉醉在伟大的自然世界里，你一定会意识和感悟到人类社会伴同自然界一样如此. 不理解这些，就会陷入迷茫，困顿，因而不知所措，刹羽而归.

The world is always brilliant fragrant Grass. Fluttering butterflies, birds have long overdue, and the wind howling sandstorm cover, the more cold blizzard attack from time to time. . . . . When you indulge in the great natural world, you will be accompanied by consciousness and came to realize that the human society as such with nature. Do not understand this, it will confused, exhausted, and therefore at a loss, brake feather and go.

The natural world is very chaotic, human society is only in the past and all existing historical and a natural history of the universe great imaging only. Of course, this does not mean that human history and natural history of the universe is just a wonderful tortuous history of coincidence or coupling. On the contrary, human society and the whole of human history precisely as possible to adapt and adjust to reflect the natural history of the universe is essential to human life gradually spun off from the natural world and make a difference. But this does not mean that human nature can be completely separated from the society.

Естественный мир очень хаотично, человеческое общество только в прошлом, и все существующие исторические и естественной истории Вселенной большой только визуализации. Конечно, это не означает, что человеческая история и естественная история вселенной просто замечательный извилистый история совпадения или сочетания. Напротив, человеческого общества и всей человеческой истории как можно более точно адаптировать и корректировать с учетом естественной истории Вселенной имеет важное значение для человеческой жизни постепенно отделилась от мира природы и сделать разницу. Но это вовсе не означает, что человеческая природа может быть полностью отделена от общества.

自然界では非常に混沌としている、人間社会は過去にあり、唯一の宇宙の偉大なイメージングのすべての既存の歴史と自然の歴史. もちろん、これは人間の歴史と宇宙の自然史が偶然またはカップリングのちょうど素晴らしい曲がりくねった歴史であることを意味するものではありません. 逆に、人間社会と人類の歴史の全体的に可能な限り正確宇宙の自然史を反映するように適応し、調整して徐々に自然界から分社し、その差を作る人間の生活に不可欠です. しかし、これは人間の本性を完全に社会から分離することができるという意味ではありません.

The natural world is very chaotic, human society is only in the past and all existing historical and a natural history of the universe great imaging only. Of course, this does not mean that human history and natural history of the universe is just a wonderful tortuous history of coincidence or coupling. On the contrary, human society and the whole of human history precisely as possible to adapt and adjust to reflect the natural history of the universe is essential to human life gradually spun off from the natural world and make a difference. But this does not mean that human nature can be completely separated from the society.

El mundo natural es muy caótico, la sociedad humana es única en el pasado y toda la historia natural existente histórica y una de sólo el gran universo de imágenes. Por supuesto, esto no significa que la historia humana y la historia natural del universo es sólo una tortuosa historia maravillosa de coincidencia o de acoplamiento. Por el contrario, la sociedad humana y la totalidad de la historia humana, precisamente como sea posible para adaptarse y ajustarse para reflejar la historia natural del universo es esencial para la vida humana hilado progresivamente del resto del mundo natural y hacer una diferencia. Pero esto no quiere decir que la naturaleza humana puede separarse completamente de la sociedad.

Die natürliche Welt ist sehr chaotisch, die menschliche Gesellschaft ist nur in der Vergangenheit und alle vorhandenen historischen und eine natürliche Geschichte des Universums große Bildgebung nur. Natürlich bedeutet dies nicht, dass die menschliche Geschichte und Naturgeschichte des Universums nur eine wunderbare verschlungenen Geschichte der Zufall oder Kupplung ist. Im Gegenteil, die menschliche Gesellschaft und die gesamte Geschichte der Menschheit genau wie möglich anzupassen und passen die Naturgeschichte des Universums zu reflektieren, um das menschliche Leben wesentlich ist, nach und nach aus der natürlichen Welt und machen einen Unterschied ausgegliedert. Aber dies bedeutet nicht, dass die menschliche Natur kann vollständig von der Gesellschaft getrennt werden.

自然世界十分混沌，人类社会只不过是以往和现存的一切自然历史和宇宙历史的一种伟大的显像而已. 当然，这并不等于说，人类历史和自然历史宇宙历史仅仅是一种美妙曲折的巧合或耦合. 相反，人类社会和整个人类历史恰恰适应并且尽可能适应反映自然宇宙历史的本质性才能逐步把生命人类从自然界剥离出来而有所作为. 但这决不意味着人类可以彻底游离于自然社会.

Je mehr Menschen dem Himmel näher, Weisheit und menschliche Erkenntnis, die anfälliger für menschliche Intuition. So bringt Menschen in ein neues Reich, zu all dem veralteten Konzept des Denkens und veraltet verlassen Traditionen. Natürliche Revolution, die Revolution des Universums, die genetische Revolution, subversive der menschlichen Veränderung.

Los seres humanos más cerca del cielo, la sabiduría y la cognición humana, más propenso a la intuición humana. Por lo tanto llevar seres humanos a un nuevo reino, a todo el concepto anticuado de pensar y tradiciones obsoletas abandonados. Revolución natural, la revolución del universo, la revolución genética, subversivo de cambio humano.

The more humans closer to heaven, wisdom and human cognition, the more prone to human intuition. Thus bringing human beings to a new realm, to all the outdated concept of thinking and outdated traditions abandoned. Natural revolution, the revolution of the universe, the genetic revolution, subversive of human change. Чем больше людей ближе к небу, мудрости и человеческого познания, тем более склонны к человеческой интуиции. Таким образом, в результате чего людей к новой области, ко всем устаревшей концепции мышления и устаревших традиций заброшенных. Естественная революция, революция Вселенной, генетическая революция, подрывная человеческого изменения.

より多くの人間は、天、知恵と人間の認知に近い人間の直感になりやすいです. このような思考と放棄された古い伝統のすべての時代遅れの概念に、新しい領域に人間をもたらします. 人間の変化の破壊ナチュラル革命、宇宙の革命、遺伝的革命、.

人类越接近天国，人类的智慧和人类的认知越易产生直觉. 从而把人类自身提升到新的境界，把一切陈旧思维观念和过时的传统抛弃. 自然革命，宇宙革命，基因革命，颠覆性的人类变革. Youth burning like a flame, like love, like flowers in full bloom, like the wealth of the sea pearls shine, and determined to struggle like Pegasus gallop gallop across the vast land. Молодежь горит, как пламя, как и любовь, как цветы в полном расцвете, как богатство морского жемчуга блеск, и решил бороться как Pegasus галоп галоп через обширные земли.

Jóvenes ardiendo como una llama, como el amor, como las flores en plena floración, al igual que la riqueza de las perlas del mar brilla, y decidido a luchar como Pegasus galope galope a través de la vasta tierra.

Jeunesse brûlant comme une flamme, comme l'amour, comme des fleurs en pleine floraison, comme la richesse des perles de mer briller, et déterminé à lutter comme Pegasus galop au galop à travers le vaste territoire.

青少年海の真珠の輝きの富のように、満開の花のように、愛のように、炎のよう燃える、そして広大な土地を横断ペガサスギャロップギャロップのように苦労することに決定.

青春像火焰一样燃烧，爱情像鲜花一样怒放，财富像大海珍珠一样闪耀，立志和奋斗像飞马奔腾驰骋在辽阔的大地上.

La vida y la sabiduría es la percepción y la cognición de la naturaleza, la naturaleza...

Жизнь и мудрость восприятие и познание природы, природа никогда не будет человеческого восприятия и познания.

生命和智慧可以感知和认知自然界，自然界永远不会感知和认知人类.

La vie et la sagesse est la perception et la connaissance de la nature, la nature ne sera jamais la perception humaine et de la cognition.

Life and wisdom is perception and cognition of nature, nature will never be human perception and cognition.

生活と知恵は、自然の知覚と認知、自然は人間の知覚と認知されることはありませんです.

The universe is so enormous, so that everything in nature is full of magical transformation, and for humans, is not so much a great tragedy might as well say it is God's good fortune.

宇宙如此变化无穷，使得自然界中的一切都富有变换魔力，而对于人类来说，与其说是莫大的悲哀倒不如说是上帝的造化而已.

自然の中ですべてが魔法の変換に満ちている、と人間のため、あまり大きな悲劇は同様にそれは神の幸運であると言うかもしれないように、宇宙は、とても巨大です.

L'univers est si énorme, de sorte que tout dans la nature est pleine de transformation magique, et pour l'homme, ne sont pas tellement une grande tragédie pourrait aussi bien dire qu'il est la bonne fortune de Dieu.

El universo es tan enorme, de modo que todo en la naturaleza está llena de transformación mágica, y para los seres humanos, no es tanto una gran tragedia puede ser que también dicen que es buena suerte de Dios.

Вселенная настолько огромна, так что все в природе полна магической трансформации, и для людей, не столько большая трагедия, возможно, также говорят, что это Божья благодать.

Incluso en un pequeño planeta de los dioses humanos, es difícil crear y representar el paraíso eterno más perfecto; sólo en la vasta extensión de edificios vacíos y la libertad para estirar sobre las alas.

Même dans une petite planète des dieux humains, il est difficile de créer et de représenter le paradis éternel la plus parfaite, mais seulement dans la vaste étendue des bâtiments vides et la liberté d'étirer sur les ailes. Даже в маленькой планете богов человека, то трудно создать и изобразить самый совершенный вечный рай, только в обширное пространство пустых зданий и свободы, чтобы растянуть над крыльями.

でも人間の神々の小さな惑星で、最も完璧な永遠の楽園を作成し、表現することは困難であり、唯一の空の建物や自由の広大で翼の上にストレッチします.

Even in a small planet of human gods, it is difficult to create and portray the most perfect eternal paradise; only in the vast expanse of empty buildings and freedom to stretch over the wings.

Selbst in einem kleinen Planeten von menschlichen Götter, ist es schwierig, die perfekte ewige Paradies zu schaffen und darzustellen, nur in die Weite von leer stehenden Gebäuden und Freiheit über die Flügel zu strecken.

人类在狭小的星球即使鬼斧神工，也难以造就和刻画出最完美的万世天堂；只有在广阔无垠的宇空才能舒展自由和理想的翅膀.

Only human beings can be free in the real universe, space-time in nature, freedom. Freedom is the liberation of bondage, bondage to freedom of betrayal.

Sólo los seres humanos pueden ser libres en el universo real, el espacio-tiempo en la naturaleza, la libertad. La libertad es la liberación de la esclavitud, la servidumbre a la libertad de traición.

Nur der Mensch kann in der realen Welt, Raum-Zeit in der Natur, Freiheit frei sein. Freiheit ist die Befreiung von der Knechtschaft, Knechtschaft in die Freiheit des Verrats.

Seuls les êtres humains peuvent être libres dans l'univers réel, l'espace-temps dans la nature, la liberté. La liberté est la libération de l'esclavage, la servitude à la liberté de la trahison.

Только человеческие существа могут быть свободными в реальной Вселенной, пространства-времени в природе, свобода. Свобода есть освобождение от рабства, рабства на свободу предательства.

唯一の人間は自由、自然の中で本物の宇宙、時空間で自由にすることができます. 自由とは、裏切りの自由への束縛束縛の解放です.

人类只有在宇宙时空中获得自由才能真正在自然界自由. 自由是对束缚的解放，束缚是对自由的背叛.

世界は常に様々な副素晴らしいをカバーするのにカラフルますが困難であったが. 世界の前にはその反対であることが多い様々な醜いと奇妙なの登場です、壮大で美しいです.

世界虽然五彩缤纷但始终难以掩盖它的各种副精彩. 在世界的正面是瑰丽美好，在它的反面往往出现各种丑陋和离奇.

Alors que le monde a toujours été coloré mais difficile à couvrir ses différents merveilleux adjoint. En face du monde est magnifique et belle, dans son contraire est souvent l'émergence de divers laid et bizarre.

В то время как мир всегда был красочным, но трудно охватить его различные заместитель замечательно. В передней части мира великолепный и красивый в его противоположность часто появление различных некрасиво и странно.

While the world has always been colorful but difficult to cover its various deputy wonderful. In front of the world is magnificent and beautiful, in its opposite is often the emergence of various ugly and bizarre.

Während die Welt war schon immer bunt, aber schwierig zu seinen verschiedenen Stellvertreter wunderbar decken. Vor der Welt ist großartig und schön, in ihr Gegenteil oft die Entstehung der verschiedenen hässlich und bizarr ist.

Mientras que el mundo ha sido siempre colorido pero difícil de cubrir sus diversas adjunto maravillosa. Delante del mundo es magnífico y hermoso, en su opuesto es a menudo la aparición de diferentes feo y extraño.

La historia humana es muy largo, siempre y cuando los méritos de la historia natural. Mundo de fantasía es en realidad un carril directamente a ellos y los demás colocado en el mundo de fantasía ingenua.

人类历史是十分漫长的，犹如自然历史一样漫长曲直. 幻想世界是直车道实际上是将自己和他人摆放在天真的童话世界里.

Die Geschichte der Menschheit ist sehr lang, so lange wie wenn die Verdienste der Naturgeschichte. Fantasy-Welt ist eigentlich eine gerade Spur zu sich selbst und in der naiven Märchenwelt platziert andere.

Human history is very long, as long as if the merits of Natural History. Fantasy world is actually a straight lane to themselves and others placed in the naive fairy tale world.

人類の歴史は、長い自然史のメリットかのように、非常に長いです. ファンタジーの世界は実際にナイーブなおとぎ話の世界に配置された自分自身と他人にまっすぐレーンです.

Человеческая история очень долго, до тех пор, как будто достоинствах естественной истории. Мир фантазий на самом деле прямая дорожка к себе и другим помещены в наивном мире сказки.

对于自然界来说，人类生命的存在与否根本无关紧要；而对于生命动物人类来说，自然界和宇宙的一举一动都直接关联到人类的生死存亡. 宙斯和上帝，自然与生命，妙趣横生. 生生死死，死死生生，世代繁衍，延续者生命人类的历史.

For nature, the presence or absence of human life not matter; and animal life for humans, nature and the universe movements are directly linked to human survival. Zeus and God, nature and life and fun. Life and death, life and life and death, generation reproduction, for continuation of the life history of mankind.

自然は、人間の生命の有無は関係ありませ;および動物の生命人間のため、自然や宇宙の動きは、直接人間の生存にリンクされています. ゼウス神、自然と生活と楽しいです. 人類の生活史の継続のための生と死、生活や人生と死、世代繁殖、.

Для природы, наличие или отсутствие человеческой жизни не имеет значения, и жизнь животных для человека, природы и движений вселенной напрямую связаны с человеческого выживания. Зевс и Бог, природа и жизнь и веселье. Жизнь и смерть, жизнь и жизнь и смерть, воспроизводство поколения, для продолжения истории жизни всего человечества.

Car la nature, la présence ou l'absence de la vie humaine pas d'importance, et la vie des animaux pour les humains, la nature et les mouvements de l'univers sont directement liés à la survie humaine. Zeus et Dieu, la nature et de la vie et de plaisir. La vie et la mort, la vie et la vie et la mort, la reproduction de génération, pour la continuation de l'histoire de la vie de l'humanité.

Por naturaleza, la presencia o ausencia de la vida humana no importa, la vida animal y para el ser humano, la naturaleza y los movimientos del universo están directamente vinculadas a la supervivencia humana. Zeus y Dios, la naturaleza y la vida y la diversión. La vida y la muerte, la vida y la vida y la muerte, la reproducción generación, para la continuación de la historia de vida de la humanidad.

脚踩着大地，头顶着蓝天，一手抚摩者地球，又一只手抚摩着月球或火星，这大概就是新世纪神话巨人.

Los pies en la tierra, el cielo azul de sobrecarga, un roce mano en la Tierra, y una mano acarició la Luna o Marte, que es probablemente el nuevo siglo, el mito de los Gigantes.

Ноги на земле, голубое небо над головой, с одной стороны, потертости на Земле, и рука гладила на Луну или Марс, который, вероятно, новый век, миф гигантов.

Pied sur la terre, le ciel au-dessus bleu, un frottement de la main sur la Terre, et une main caressa la lune ou Mars, qui est probablement le nouveau siècle, le mythe des Giants.

Foot on the earth, the blue sky overhead, one hand rubbing on Earth, and a hand stroked the moon or Mars, which is probably the new century, the myth of the Giants.

地球上の足は、青空のオーバーヘッド、地球上の1つの手の擦れ、および手はおそらく新しい世紀、巨人の神話である、月や火星を、撫で.

Mars and Mars landing technology research focused on a major breakthrough/Fangruida
Fangruida-Mars and Mars landing technology research focused on a major breakthrough

Fangruida: human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology

[Fangruida- human landing on Mars 10 innovative and sophisticated technologies] https://archive.org/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeULfiG-3Rs

blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/national-archives-library Aerospace Science and space science and technology major innovation of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D project -- - Aerospace Science Space Science and Technology on behalf of the world's most cutting-edge leader in high technology, materials, mechatronics, information and communication, energy, biomedical, marine, aviation aerospace, microelectronics, computer, automation, intelligent biochips, use of nuclear energy, light mechanical and electrical integration, astrophysics, celestial chemistry, astrophysics and so a series of geological science and technology. Especially after the moon landing, the further development of mankind to Mars and other planets into the powerful offensive, the world's major powers eager to Daxian hand of God, increase investment, vigorously develop new sophisticated technology projects for space to space. Satellite, space station, the new spacecraft, the new space suits, the new radiation protection materials, intelligent materials, new manufacturing technology, communications technology, computer technology, detector technology, rover, rover technology, biomedical technology, and so one after another, is expected to greater breakthroughs and leaps. For example, rocket technology, spacecraft design, large power spacecraft, spacesuits design improvements, radiation multifunctional composite materials, life health care technology and space medicine, prevention against microgravity microgravity applicable drugs, tracking control technology, landing and return technology. Mars lander and returned safely to Earth as a top priority. Secondly, Mars, the Moon base and the use of transforming Mars, the Moon and other development will follow. Whether the former or the latter, are the modern aerospace science, space science basic research, applied basic research and applied research in the major cutting-edge technology. These major cutting-edge technology research and innovation, not only for human landing on Mars and the safe return of great significance, but for the entire space science, impact immeasurable universe sciences, earth sciences and human life. Here the most critical of the most important research projects of several sophisticated technology research and development as well as its core technology brief. Limit non-scientific techniques include non-technical limits of technology, the key lies in technology research and development of technology maturity, advanced technology, innovative, practical, reliable, practical application, business value and investment costs, and not simply like the idea mature technology achievements, difficult to put into things. This is the high-tech research and development, testing, prototype, test application testing, until the outcome of industrialization. Especially in aerospace technology, advanced, novelty, practicality, reliability, economy, maturity, commercial value and so on. For technical and research purely science fiction and the like may be irrelevant depth, but not as aerospace engineering and technology practice. Otherwise, Mars will become a dream fantasy, and even into settling crashed out of danger.

Regardless of the moon or Mars, many technical difficulties, especially a human landing on Mars and return safely to Earth, technical difficulties mainly in the following aspects. (Transformation of Mars and the Moon and other planets and detect other livable technology more complex and difficult, at this stage it is difficult to achieve and therefore not discussed in detail in this study). In fact, Mars will be the safe return of a full set of technology, space science, aerospace crucial scientific research development, its significance is not confined to Mars simply a return to scientific value, great commercial value, can not be measure. 1. Powered rocket, the spacecraft overall structural design not be too complex large, otherwise, the safety factor to reduce the risk of failure accidents. Fusion rocket engine main problem to be solved is the high-temperature materials and fuel ignition chamber (reaction chamber temperatures of up to tens of millions of supreme billion degrees), fissile class rocket engine whose essence is the miniaturization of nuclear reactors, and placed on the rocket. Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. This engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues unresolved. Electrothermal rocket engine utilizing heat energy (resistance heating or electric arc heating) working medium (hydrogen, amines, hydrazine ), vaporized; nozzle expansion accelerated after discharged from the spout to generate thrust. Static rocket engine working fluid (mercury, cesium, hydrogen, etc.) from the tank enter the ionization chamber is formed thrust ionized into a plasma jet. Electric rocket engines with a high specific impulse (700-2500 sec), extremely long life (can be repeated thousands of times a starter, a total of up to thousands of hours of work). But the thrust of less than 100N. This engine is only available for spacecraft attitude control, station-keeping and the like. One nuclear - power rocket design is as follows: Firstly, the reactor heats water to make it into steam, and then the high-speed steam ejected, push the rocket. Nuclear rocket using hydrogen as working substance may be a better solution, it is one of the most commonly used liquid hydrogen rocket fuel rocket carrying liquid hydrogen virtually no technical difficulties. Heating hydrogen nuclear reactor, as long as it eventually reaches or exceeds current jet velocity hydrogen rocket engine jet speed, the same weight of the rocket will be able to work longer, it can accelerate the Rockets faster. Here there are only two problems: First, the final weight includes the weight of the rocket in nuclear reactors, so it must be as light as possible. Ultra-small nuclear reactor has been able to achieve. Furthermore, if used in outer space, we can not consider the problem of radioactive residues, simply to just one proton hydrogen nuclei are less likely to produce induced radioactivity, thus shielding layer can be made thinner, injected hydrogen gas can flow directly through the reactor core, it is not easy to solve, and that is how to get back at high speed heated gas is ejected.

Rocket engine with a nuclear fission reactor, based on the heating liquid hydrogen propellant, rather than igniting flammable propellant High-speed heavy rocket is a major cutting-edge technology. After all, space flight and aircraft carriers, submarines, nuclear reactors differ greatly from the one hand, the use of traditional fuels, on the one hand can be nuclear reactor technology. From the control, for security reasons, the use of nuclear power rocket technology, safe and reliable overriding indicators. Nuclear atomic energy in line with the norms and rules of outer space. For the immature fetal abdominal hatchery technology, and resolutely reject use. This is the most significant development of nuclear-powered rocket principle. Nuclear-powered spaceship for Use of nuclear power are three kinds: The first method: no water or air space such media can not be used propeller must use jet approach. Reactor nuclear fission or fusion to produce a lot of heat, we will propellant (such as liquid hydrogen) injection, the rapid expansion of the propellant will be heated and then discharged from the engine speed tail thrust. This method is most readily available. The second method: nuclear reactor will have a lot of fast-moving ions, these energetic particles moving very fast, so you can use a magnetic field to control their ejection direction. This principle ion rocket similar to the tail of the rocket ejected from the high-speed mobile ions, so that the recoil movement of a rocket. The advantage of this approach is to promote the unusually large ratio, without carrying any medium, continued strong. Ion engine, which is commonly referred to as "electric rocket", the principle is not complicated, the propellant is ionized particles, Plasma Engine Electromagnetic acceleration, high-speed spray. From the development trend, the US research scope covers almost all types of electric thrusters, but mainly to the development of ion engines, NASA in which to play the most active intake technology and preparedness plans. " The third method: the use of nuclear explosions. It is a bold and crazy way, no longer is the use of a controlled nuclear reaction, but to use nuclear explosions to drive the ship, this is not an engine, and it is called a nuclear pulse rocket. This spacecraft will carry a lot of low-yield atomic bombs out one behind, and then detonated, followed by a spacecraft propulsion installation disk, absorbing the blast pushing the spacecraft forward. This was in 1955 to Orion (Project Orion) name of the project, originally planned to bring two thousand atomic bombs, Orion later fetal nuclear thermal rocket. Its principle is mounted on a small rocket reactor, the reactor utilizing thermal energy generated by the propellant is heated to a high temperature, high pressure and high temperature of the propellant from the high-speed spray nozzle, a tremendous impetus.

Common nuclear fission technologies, including nuclear pulse rocket engines, nuclear rockets, nuclear thermal rocket and nuclear stamping rockets to nuclear thermal rocket, for example, the size of its land-based nuclear power plant reactor structure than the much smaller, more uranium-235 purity requirements high, reaching more than 90%, at the request of the high specific impulse engine core temperature will reach about 3000K, require excellent high temperature properties of materials.

Research and test new IT technologies and new products and new technology and new materials, new equipment, things are difficult, design is the most important part, especially in the overall design, technical solutions, technical route, technical process, technical and economic particularly significant. The overall design is defective, technology there are loopholes in the program, will be a major technical route deviation, but also directly related to the success of research trials. so, any time, under any circumstances, a good grasp of the overall control of design, technical design, is essential. otherwise, a done deal, it is difficult save. aerospace technology research and product development is true.

3, high-performance nuclear rocket Nuclear rocket nuclear fission and fusion energy can rocket rocket two categories. Nuclear fission and fusion produce heat, radiation and shock waves and other large amounts of energy, but here they are contemplated for use as a thermal energy rocket. Uranium and other heavy elements, under certain conditions, will split their nuclei, called nuclear fission reaction. The atomic bomb is the result of nuclear fission reactions. Nuclear fission reaction to release energy, is a million times more chemical rocket propellant combustion energy. Therefore, nuclear fission energy is a high-performance rocket rockets. Since it requires much less propellant than chemical rockets can, so to its own weight is much lighter than chemical rockets energy. For the same quality of the rocket, the rocket payload of nuclear fission energy is much greater than the chemical energy of the rocket. Just nuclear fission energy rocket is still in the works.  Use of nuclear fission energy as the energy of the rocket, called the atomic rockets. It is to make hydrogen or other inert gas working fluid through the reactor, the hydrogen after the heating temperature quickly rose to 2000 ℃, and then into the nozzle, high-speed spray to produce thrust.  A vision plan is to use liquid hydrogen working fluid, in operation, the liquid hydrogen tank in the liquid hydrogen pump is withdrawn through the catheter and the engine cooling jacket and liquid hydrogen into hydrogen gas, hydrogen gas turbine-driven, locally expansion. Then by nuclear fission reactors, nuclear fission reactions absorb heat released, a sharp rise in temperature, and finally into the nozzle, the rapid expansion of high-speed spray. Calculations show that the amount of atomic payload rockets, rocket high chemical energy than 5-8 times. Hydrogen and other light elements, under certain conditions, their nuclei convergent synthesis of new heavy nuclei, and release a lot of energy, called nuclear fusion reaction, also called thermonuclear reaction.  Using energy generated by the fusion reaction for energy rocket, called fusion energy rocket or nuclear thermal rockets. But it is also not only take advantage of controlled nuclear fusion reaction to manufacture hydrogen bombs, rockets and controlled nuclear fusion reaction needs still studying it. Of course there are various research and development of rocket technology and technical solutions to try. It is envisaged that the rocket deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen with deuterium nuclear fusion reaction of helium nuclei, protons and neutrons, and release huge amounts of energy, just polymerized ionized helium to temperatures up to 100 million degrees the plasma, and then nozzle expansion, high-speed ejection, the exhaust speed of up to 15,000 km / sec, atomic energy is 1800 times the rocket, the rocket is the chemical energy of 3700 times.

Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. In a nuclear reactor, nuclear energy into heat to heat the working fluid, the working fluid is heated after expansion nozzle to accelerate to the speed of 6500 ~ 11,000 m / sec from the discharge orifice to produce thrust. Nuclear rocket engine specific impulse (250 to 1000 seconds) long life, but the technology is complex, apply only to long-term spacecraft. This engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues not resolved, is still in the midst of trials. Nuclear rocket technology is cutting-edge aerospace science technology, centralized many professional and technical sciences and aerospace, nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, materials science, the long term future ___-- wide width. The United States, Russia and Europe, China, India, Japan, Britain, Brazil and other countries in this regard have studies, in particular the United States and Russia led the way, impressive. Of course, at this stage of nuclear rocket technology, technology development there are still many difficulties. Fully formed, still to be. But humanity marching to the universe, nuclear reactor applications is essential.

Outer Space Treaty (International Convention on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space) **** Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space Principle 15 General Assembly, Having considered the report of its thirty-fifth session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the Commission of 16 nuclear It can be attached in principle on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space of the text of its report, 17 Recognize that nuclear power sources due to small size, long life and other characteristics, especially suitable for use even necessary For some missions in outer space, Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources in outer space should focus on the possible use of nuclear power sources Those uses, Recognizing also that the use of nuclear power sources should include or probabilistic risk analysis is complete security in outer space Full evaluation is based, in particular, the public should focus on reducing accidental exposure to harmful radiation or radioactive material risk risk, Recognizing the need to a set of principles containing goals and guidelines in this regard to ensure the safety of outer space makes With nuclear power sources, Affirming that this set principles apply exclusively on space objects for non-power generation, which is generally characteristic Mission systems and implementation of nuclear power sources in outer space on similar principles and used by, Recognizing this need to refer to a new set of principles for future nuclear power applications and internationally for radiological protection The new proposal will be revised By the following principles on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space. Principle 1. Applicability of international law Involving the use of nuclear power sources in outer space activities should be carried out in accordance with international law, especially the "UN Principles of the Charter "and" States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Activities Treaty "3 . 2. The principle terms 1. For the purpose of these principles, "launching State" and "launching State ......" two words mean, in related Principles related to a time of nuclear power sources in space objects exercises jurisdiction and control of the country. 2. For the purpose of principle 9, wherein the definition of the term "launching State" as contained in that principle. 3. For the purposes of principle 3, the terms "foreseeable" and "all possible" two words are used to describe the actual hair The overall likelihood of students that it is considered for safety analysis is credible possibilities for a class of things Member or circumstances. "General concept of defense in depth" when the term applies to nuclear power sources in outer space refers to various settings Count form and space operations replace or supplement the operation of the system in order to prevent system failures or mitigate thereafter "Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 20" 16 (A / 47/20). 17 Ibid., Annex. 38 fruit. To achieve this purpose is not necessarily required for each individual member has redundant safety systems. Given space Use and special requirements of various space missions, impossible to any particular set of systems or features can be specified as Necessary to achieve this purpose. For the purpose of Principle 3 (d) of paragraph 2, "made critical" does not include Including such as zero-power testing which are fundamental to ensuring system safety required. Principle 3. Guidelines and criteria for safe use To minimize the risk of radioactive material in space and the number involved, nuclear power sources in outer space Use should be limited to non-nuclear power sources in space missions can not reasonably be performed 1. General goals for radiation protection and nuclear safety (A) States launching space objects with nuclear power sources on board shall endeavor to protect individuals, populations and the biosphere From radiation hazards. The design and use of space objects with nuclear power sources on board shall ensure that risk with confidence Harm in the foreseeable operational or accidental circumstances, paragraph 1 (b) and (c) to define acceptable water level. Such design and use shall also ensure that radioactive material does not reliably significant contamination of outer space. (B) the normal operation of nuclear power sources in space objects, including from paragraph 2 (b) as defined in foot High enough to return to the track, shall be subject to appropriate anti-radiation recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection of the public Protection goals. During such normal operation there shall be no significant radiation exposure; (C) To limit exposure in accidents, the design and construction of nuclear power source systems shall take into account the international Relevant and generally accepted radiological protection guidelines. In addition to the probability of accidents with potentially serious radiological consequences is extremely low, the nuclear power source Design systems shall be safely irradiated limited limited geographical area, for the individual radiation dose should be Limited to no more than a year 1mSv primary dose limits. Allows the use of irradiation year for some years 5mSv deputy agent Quantity limit, but the average over a lifetime effective dose equivalent annual dose not exceed the principal limit 1mSv degree. Should make these conditions occur with potentially serious radiological consequences of the probability of the system design is very small. Criteria mentioned in this paragraph Future modifications should be applied as soon as possible; (D) general concept of defense in depth should be based on the design, construction and operation of systems important for safety. root According to this concept, foreseeable safety-related failures or malfunctions must be capable of automatic action may be Or procedures to correct or offset. It should ensure that essential safety system reliability, inter alia, to make way for these systems Component redundancy, physical separation, functional isolation and adequate independence. It should also take other measures to increase the level of safety. 2. The nuclear reactor (A) nuclear reactor can be used to: 39 (I) On interplanetary missions; (Ii) the second high enough orbit paragraph (b) as defined; (Iii) low-Earth orbit, with the proviso that after their mission is complete enough to be kept in a nuclear reactor High on the track; (B) sufficiently high orbit the orbital lifetime is long enough to make the decay of fission products to approximately actinides Element active track. The sufficiently high orbit must be such that existing and future outer space missions of crisis Risk and danger of collision with other space objects to a minimum. In determining the height of the sufficiently high orbit when It should also take into account the destroyed reactor components before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere have to go through the required decay time between. (C) only 235 nuclear reactors with highly enriched uranium fuel. The design shall take into account the fission and Activation of radioactive decay products. (D) nuclear reactors have reached their operating orbit or interplanetary trajectory can not be made critical state state. (E) nuclear reactor design and construction shall ensure that, before reaching the operating orbit during all possible events Can not become critical state, including rocket explosion, re-entry, impact on ground or water, submersion In water or water intruding into the core. (F) a significant reduction in satellites with nuclear reactors to operate on a lifetime less than in the sufficiently high orbit orbit For the period (including during operation into the sufficiently high orbit) the possibility of failure, there should be a very Reliable operating system, in order to ensure an effective and controlled disposal of the reactor. 3. Radioisotope generators (A) interplanetary missions and other spacecraft out of Earth's gravitational field tasks using radioactive isotopes Su generator. As they are stored after completion of their mission in high orbit, the Earth can also be used track. We are required to make the final treatment under any circumstances. (B) Radioisotope generators shall be protected closed systems, design and construction of the system should Ensure that in the foreseeable conditions of the track to withstand the heat and aerodynamic forces of re-entry in the upper atmosphere, orbit Conditions including highly elliptical or hyperbolic orbits when relevant. Upon impact, the containment system and the occurrence of parity Physical morpheme shall ensure that no radioactive material is scattered into the environment so you can complete a recovery operation Clear all radioactive impact area. Principle 4. Safety Assessment 1. When launching State emission consistent with the principles defined in paragraphs 1, prior to the launch in applicable under the Designed, constructed or manufactured the nuclear power sources, or will operate the space object person, or from whose territory or facility Transmits the object will be to ensure a thorough and comprehensive safety assessment. This assessment shall cover All relevant stages of space mission and shall deal with all systems involved, including the means of launching, the space level Taiwan, nuclear power source and its equipment and the means of control and communication between ground and space. 2. This assessment shall respect the principle of 3 contained in the guidelines and criteria for safe use. 40 3. The principle of States in the Exploration and Use, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities Article Results of about 11, this safety assessment should be published prior to each transmit simultaneously to the extent feasible Note by the approximate intended time of launch, and shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, how to be issued This safety assessment before the shot to get the results as soon as possible. Principle 5. Notification of re-entry 1. Any State launching a space object with nuclear power sources in space objects that failed to produce discharge When radioactive substances dangerous to return to the earth, it shall promptly notify the country concerned. Notice shall be in the following format: (A) System parameters: (I) Name of launching State, including which may be contacted in the event of an accident to Request Information or assistance to obtain the relevant authorities address; (Ii) International title; (Iii) Date and territory or location of launch; (Iv) the information needed to make the best prediction of orbit lifetime, trajectory and impact region; (V) General function of spacecraft; (B) information on the radiological risk of nuclear power source: (I) the type of power source: radioisotopes / reactor; (Ii) the fuel could fall into the ground and may be affected by the physical state of contaminated and / or activated components, the number of The amount and general radiological characteristics. The term "fuel" refers to as a source of heat or power of nuclear material. This information shall also be sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. 2. Once you know the failure, the launching State shall provide information on the compliance with the above format. Information should as far as possible To be updated frequently, and in the dense layers of the Earth's atmosphere is expected to return to a time when close to the best increase Frequency of new data, so that the international community understand the situation and will have sufficient time to plan for any deemed necessary National contingency measures. 3. It should also be at the same frequency of the latest information available to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Principle 6. consultation 5 According to the national principles provide information shall, as far as reasonably practicable, other countries Requirements to obtain further information or consultations promptly reply. Principle 7. Assistance to States 1. Upon receipt of expected with nuclear power sources on space objects and their components will return through the Earth's atmosphere After know that all countries possessing space monitoring and tracking facilities, in the spirit of international cooperation, as soon as possible to The Secretary-General of the United Nations and the countries they may have made space objects carrying nuclear power sources A fault related information, so that the States may be affected to assess the situation and take any It is considered to be the necessary precautions. 41 2. In carrying space objects with nuclear power sources back to the Earth's atmosphere after its components: (A) launching State shall be requested by the affected countries to quickly provide the necessary assistance to eliminate actual And possible effects, including nuclear power sources to assist in identifying locations hit the Earth's surface, to detect the re substance Quality and recovery or cleanup activities. (B) All countries with relevant technical capabilities other than the launching State, and with such technical capabilities International organizations shall, where possible, in accordance with the requirements of the affected countries to provide the necessary co help. When according to the above (a) and subparagraph (b) to provide assistance, should take into account the special needs of developing countries. Principle 8. Responsibility In accordance with the States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies activities, including the principles of Article About Article, States shall bear international responsibility for their use of nuclear power sources in outer space relates to the activities Whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or non-governmental entities, and shall bear international responsibility to ensure that this Such activities undertaken by the country in line with the principles of the Treaty and the recommendations contained therein. If it involves the use of nuclear power sources Activities in outer space by an international organization, should be done by the international organizations and States to participate in the organization Undertakes to comply with the principles of the Treaty and the recommendations contained in these responsibilities. Principle 9. Liability and Compensation 1. In accordance with the principle of States in the Exploration and Use, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Outer Space Activities Article And the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects covenant of Article 7 Provisions, which launches or on behalf of the State Each State launching a space object and each State from which territory or facility a space object is launched Kinds of space object or damage caused by components shall bear international liability. This fully applies to this Kind of space object carrying a nuclear power source case. Two or more States jointly launch a space object, Each launching State shall in accordance with the above Article of the Convention for any damages jointly and severally liable. 2. Such countries under the aforesaid Convention shall bear the damages shall be in accordance with international law and fair and reasonable The principles set out in order to provide for damages to make a claim on behalf of its natural or juridical persons, national or International organizations to restore to the state before the occurrence of the damage. 3. For the purposes of this principle, compensation should be made to include reimbursement of the duly substantiated expenses for search, recovery and clean Cost management work, including the cost of providing assistance to third parties. 10. The principle of dispute settlement Since the implementation of these principles will lead to any dispute in accordance with the provisions of the UN Charter, by negotiation or Other established procedures to resolve the peaceful settlement of disputes.

Here quoted the important provisions of the United Nations concerning the use of outer space for peaceful nuclear research and international conventions, the main emphasis on the Peaceful Uses of provisions related constraints .2 the use of nuclear rockets in outer space nuclear studies, etc., can cause greater attention in nuclear power nuclear rocket ship nuclear research, manufacture, use and other aspects of the mandatory hard indicators. this scientists, engineering and technical experts are also important constraints and requirements. as IAEA supervision and management as very important.

2. radiation. Space radiation is one of the greatest threats to the safety of the astronauts, including X-rays, γ-rays, cosmic rays and high-speed solar particles. Better than aluminum protective effect of high polymer composite materials. 3. Air. Perhaps the oxygen needed to rely on oxidation-reduction reaction of hydrogen and ilmenite production of water, followed by water electrolysis to generate oxygen. Mars oxygen necessary for survival but also from the decomposition of water, electrolytically separating water molecules of oxygen and hydrogen, this oxygen equipment has been successfully used in the International Space Station. Oxygen is released into the air to sustain life, the hydrogen system into the water system. 4. The issue of food waste recycling. At present, the International Space Station on the use of dehumidifiers, sucked moisture in the air to be purified, and then changed back to drinkable water. The astronauts' urine and sweat recycling. 5. water. The spacecraft and the space station on purification system also makes urine and other liquids can be purified utilization. 6. microgravity. In microgravity or weightlessness long-term space travel, if protective measures shall not be treated, the astronauts will be muscle atrophy, bone softening health. 7. contact. 8. Insulation, 9 energy. Any space exploration are inseparable from the energy battery is a new super hybrid energy storage device, the asymmetric lead-acid batteries and supercapacitors in the same compound within the system - and the so-called inside, no additional separate electronic control unit, this is an optimal combination. The traditional lead-acid battery PbO2 monomer is a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate spongy Pb composition, not a super cell. : Silicon solar cells, multi-compound thin film solar cells, multi-layer polymer-modified electrode solar cells, nano-crystalline solar cells, batteries and super class. For example, the solar aircraft .10. To protect the health and life safety and security systems. Lysophosphatidic acid LPA is a growth factor-like lipid mediators, the researchers found that this substance can on apoptosis after radiation injury and animal cells was inhibited. Stable lysophosphatidic acid analogs having the hematopoietic system and gastrointestinal tract caused by acute radiation sickness protection, knockout experiments show that lysophosphatidic acid receptors is an important foundation for the protection of radiation injury. In addition to work under high pressure, the astronauts face a number of health threats, including motion sickness, bacterial infections, blindness space, as well as psychological problems, including toxic dust. In the weightless environment of space, the astronaut's body will be like in preadolescents, as the emergence of various changes. Plantar molt After the environment to adapt to zero gravity, the astronaut's body will be some strange changes. Weightlessness cause fluid flow around the main flow torso and head, causing the astronauts facial swelling and inflammation, such as nasal congestion. During long-term stay in space

Bone and muscle loss Most people weightlessness caused by the impact may be known bone and muscle degeneration. In addition, the calcium bones become very fragile and prone to fracture, which is why some of the astronauts after landing need on a stretcher. Space Blindness Space Blindness refers astronaut decreased vision. Solar storms and radiation is one of the biggest challenges facing the long-term space flight. Since losing the protection of Earth's magnetic field, astronauts suffer far more than normal levels of radiation. The cumulative amount of radiation exposure in low earth orbit them exceeded by workers close to nuclear reactors, thereby increasing the risk of cancer. Prolonged space flight can cause a series of psychological problems, including depression or mood swings, vulnerability, anxiety and fear, as well as other sequelae. We are familiar with the biology of the Earth, the Earth biochemistry, biophysics, after all, the Earth is very different astrophysics, celestial chemistry, biophysics and astrophysics, biochemistry and other celestial bodies. Therefore, you must be familiar with and adapt to these differences and changes.

Osteoporosis and its complications ranked first in the space of disease risk.

Long-term health risks associated with flying Topics

The degree of influence long-term biological effects of radiation in human flight can withstand the radiation and the maximum limit of accumulated radiation on physiology, pathology and genetics.

Physiological effects of weightlessness including: long-term bone loss and a return flight after the maximum extent and severity of the continued deterioration of other pathological problems induced by the; maximum flexibility and severity of possible long-term Flight Center in vascular function.

Long-term risk of disease due to the high risk of flight stress, microbial variation, decreased immune function, leading to infections

Radiation hazards and protection

1) radiation medicine, biology and pathway effects Features

Radiation protection for interplanetary flight, since the lack of protective effect of Earth's magnetic field, and by the irradiation time is longer, the possibility of increased radiation hazard.

Analysis of space flight medical problems that may occur, loss of appetite topped the list, sleep disorders, fatigue and insomnia, in addition, space sickness, musculoskeletal system problems, eye problems, infections problems, skin problems and cardiovascular problems

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Development of diagnostic techniques in orbit, the development of the volume of power consumption, features a wide range of diagnostic techniques, such as applied research of ultrasound diagnostic techniques in the abdominal thoracic trauma, bone, ligament damage, dental / sinus infections and other complications and integrated;

Actively explore in orbit disposal of medical technology, weightlessness surgical methods, development of special surgical instruments, the role of narcotic drugs and the like.

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However, space technology itself is integrated with the use of the most advanced technology, its challenging technical reserves and periodic demanding

With the continuous development of science and technology, space agencies plan a manned landing on the moon and Mars, space exploration emergency medicine current concern. Space sickness

In the weightless environment of space, in the weightless environment of space, surgery may be extremely difficult and risky.

Robot surgeons

Space disease in three days after entering the space started to ease, although individual astronauts might subsequently relapse. January 2015 NASA declared working on a fast, anti-nausea and nasal sprays. In addition, due to the zero-gravity environment, and anti-nausea drugs can only be administered by injection or transdermal patches manner.

Manned spaceflight in the 21st century is the era of interplanetary flight, aerospace medicine is closely watched era is the era of China's manned space flourish. Only the central issue, and grasp the opportunity to open up a new world of human survival and development.

Various emergency contingency measures in special circumstances. Invisible accident risk prevention. Enhancing drugs and other screening methods immunity aerospace medicine and tissue engineering a microgravity environment. Drug mixture of APS, ginseng polysaccharides, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, polysaccharides and Lentinan, from other compounds. Drug development space syndrome drug, chemical structure modification will be an important part. These issues are very sensitive, cutting-edge technology is a major difficulty landing on Mars. Countries in the world, especially the world's major space powers in the country strategies and technical research, the results of all kinds continue to emerge. United States, Russia, China, Europe, India, Japan and other countries is different. United States, Russia extraordinary strength. Many patented technology and health, and most belong to the top-secret technology. Especially in aerospace engineering and technological achievements is different from the general scientific literature, practical, commercial, industrial great, especially the performance of patents, know-how, technical drawings, engineering design and other aspects. Present Mars and return safely to Earth, the first manned, significance, everything is hard in the beginning, especially the first person to land on Mars This Mars for Human Sciences Research Mars, the moon, the earth, the solar system and the universe, life and other significant. Its far greater than the value of direct investments and business interests.

In addition, it is the development of new materials, suitable for deep space operations universe, life, and other detection, wider field. Many aerospace materials, continuous research and development of materials are key areas of aerospace development, including material rocket, the spacecraft materials, the suit materials, radiation materials, materials and equipment, instruments, materials and so on biochemistry. Temperature metal-based compound with a metal matrix composite body with a more primordial higher temperature strength, creep resistance, impact resistance, thermal fatigue and other excellent high temperature performance. In B, C, SiC fiber reinforced Ti3Al, TiAl, Ni3Al intermetallic matrix composites, etc. W Fiber Reinforced with nickel-based, iron-based alloys as well as SiC, TiB2, Si3N4 and BN particle reinforced metal matrix composites High temperature service conditions require the development of ceramic and carbon-based composite materials, etc., not in this eleven Cheung said.

Fuel storage

In order to survive in space, people need many things: food, oxygen, shelter, and, perhaps most importantly, fuel. The initial quality Mars mission somewhere around 80 percent of the space launch humans will be propellant. The fuel amount of storage space is very difficult.

This difference in low Earth orbit cause liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen - rocket fuel - vaporization. Hydrogen is particularly likely to leak out, resulting in a loss of about 4% per month.

When you want to get people to Mars speed to minimize exposure to weightlessness and space radiation hazards

Mars

Landings on the Martian surface, they realized that they reached the limit. The rapid expansion of the thin Martian atmosphere can not be very large parachute, such as those that will need to be large enough to slow down, carry human spacecraft. Therefore, the parachute strong mass ratio, high temperature resistance, Bing shot performance and other aspects of textile materials used have special requirements, in order to make a parachute can be used in rockets, missiles, Yu arrows spacecraft and other spacecraft recovery, it is necessary to improve the canopy heat resistance, a high melting point polymeric fiber fabric used, the metal fabric, ceramic fiber fabrics, and other devices.

Super rigid parachute to help slow the landing vehicle. Spacecraft entered the Martian atmosphere at 24,000 km / h. Even after slowing parachute or inflatable, it will be very

Once we have the protection of the Earth magnetic field, the solar radiation will accumulate in the body, a huge explosion threw the spacecraft may potentially lethal doses of radiation astronauts.

In addition to radiation, the biggest challenge is manned trip to Mars microgravity, as previously described.

The moon is sterile. Mars is another case entirely.

With dust treatment measures.

Arid Martian environment to create a super-tiny dust particles flying around the Earth for billions of years.

Apollo moon dust encountered. Ultra-sharp and abrasive lunar dust was named something that can clog the basic functions of mechanical damage. High chloride salt, which can cause thyroid problems in people.

Mars internal situation only rely on its surface condition of large amounts of data and related information inferred. It is generally believed that the core radius of 1700 km of high-density material composition; outsourcing a layer of lava, it is denser than the Earth's mantle some; outermost layer is a thin crust. Compared to other terrestrial planets, the lower the density of Mars, which indicates that the Martian core of iron (magnesium and iron sulfide) with may contain more sulfur. Like Mercury and the Moon, Mars and lack active plate movement; there is no indication that the crust of Mars occurred can cause translational events like the Earth like so many of folded mountains. Since there is no lateral movement in the earth's crust under the giant hot zone relative to the ground in a stationary state. Slight stress coupled with the ground, resulting in Tharis bumps and huge volcano. For the geological structure of Mars is very important, which is why repeated explorations and studies of Martian geological reasons.
 * Mars geological structure and geological structure of the moon, water on Mars geology, geology of the Moon is very important, because he, like the Earth's geology is related to many important issues. Water, the first element of life, air, temperature, and complex geological formations are geological structure. Cosmic geology research methods, mainly through a variety of detection equipment equipped with a space probe, celestial observations of atmospheric composition, composition and distribution of temperature, pressure, wind speed, vertical structure, composition of the solar wind, the water, the surface topography and Zoning, topsoil the composition and characteristics of the component surface of the rock, type and distribution, stratigraphic sequence, structural system and the internal shell structure.

Earth's surface

Each detector component landing site soil analysis:

Element weight percent Viking 1 Oxygen 40-45 Si 18-25 Iron 12-15 K 8 Calcium 3-5 Magnesium 3-6 S 2-5 Aluminum 2-5 Cesium 0.1-0.5 Core Mars is about half the radius of the core radius, in addition to the primary iron further comprises 15 to 17% of the sulfur content of lighter elements is also twice the Earth, so the low melting point, so that the core portion of a liquid, such as outside the Earth nuclear.

Mantle Nuclear outer coating silicate mantle.

Crust The outermost layer of the crust. Crustal thickness obtained, the original thickness of the low north 40 km south plateau 70 kilometers thick, an average of 50 kilometers, at least 80 km Tharsis plateau and the Antarctic Plateau, and in the impact basin is thin, as only about 10 kilometers Greece plains.

Canyon of Mars there are two categories: outflow channels (outflow channel) and tree valley (valley network). The former is very large, it can be 100 km wide, over 2000 km long, streamlined, mainly in the younger Northern Hemisphere, such as the plain around Tyre Chris Canyon and Canyon jam.

In addition, the volcanic activity sometimes lava formation lava channels (lava channel); crustal stress generated by fissures, faults, forming numerous parallel extending grooves (fossa), such as around the huge Tharsis volcanic plateau radially distributed numerous grooves, which can again lead to volcanic activity.

Presumably, Mars has an iron as the main component of the nucleus, and contains sulfur, magnesium and other light elements, the nuclear share of Mars, the Earth should be relatively small. The outer core is covered with a thick layer of magnesium-rich silicate mantle, the surface of rocky crust. The density of Earth-like planets Mars is the lowest, only 3.93g / cc. Hierarchy

The crust

Lunar core The average density of the Moon is 3.3464 g / cc, the solar system satellites second highest (after Aiou). However, there are few clues mean lunar core is small, only about 350 km radius or less [2]. The core of the moon is only about 20% the size of the moon, the moon's interior has a solid, iron-rich core diameter of about 240 kilometers (150 miles); in addition there is a liquid core, mainly composed of iron outer core, about 330 km in diameter (205 miles), and for the first time compared with the core of the Earth, considered as the earth's outer core, like sulfur and oxygen may have lighter elements [4].

Chemical elements on the lunar surface constituted in accordance with its abundance as follows: oxygen (O), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), titanium ( Ti). The most abundant is oxygen, silicon and iron. The oxygen content is estimated to be 42% (by weight). Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) only traces seem to exist only in trace amounts deposited in the solar wind brings.

Lunar Prospector from the measured neutron spectra, the hydrogen (H) mainly in the lunar poles [2].

Element content (%) Oxygen 42% Silicon 21% Iron 13% Calcium 8% Aluminum 7% Magnesium 6% Other 3%

Lunar surface relative content of each element (% by weight)

Moon geological history is an important event in recent global magma ocean crystallization. The specific depth is not clear, but some studies have shown that at least a depth of about 500 kilometers or more.

Lunar landscape Lunar landscape can be described as impact craters and ejecta, some volcanoes, hills, lava-filled depressions.

Regolith TABLE bear the asteroid and comets billions of years of bombardment. Over time, the impact of these processes have already broken into fine-grained surface rock debris, called regolith. Young mare area, regolith thickness of about 2 meters, while the oldest dated land, regolith thickness of up to 20 meters. Through the analysis of lunar soil components, in particular the isotopic composition changes can determine the period of solar activity. Solar wind gases possible future lunar base is useful because oxygen, hydrogen (water), carbon and nitrogen is not only essential to life, but also may be useful for fuel production. Lunar soil constituents may also be as a future source of energy. Here, repeatedly stressed that the geological structure and geological structure of celestial bodies, the Earth, Moon, Mars, or that this human existence and development of biological life forms is very important, especially in a series of data Martian geological structure geological structure is directly related to human landing Mars and the successful transformation of Mars or not. for example, water, liquid water, water, oxygen, synthesis, must not be taken lightly.

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Mars landing 10 Technology

Aerospace Science and space science and technology major innovation of the most critical of sophisticated technology R & D project

[ "1" rocket propulsion technology ion fusion nuclear pulse propulsion rocket powered high-speed heavy rocket technology, space nuclear reactors spacecraft] brought big problems reflected in the nuclear reaction, nuclear radiation on spacecraft launch, control, brakes and other impact. In particular, for the future of nuclear power spacecraft, the need to solve the nuclear reactor design, manufacture, control, cooling, radiation shielding, exhaust pollution, high thermoelectric conversion efficiency and a series of technical problems. In particular, nuclear reactors produce radiation on astronauts' health will pose a great threat, which requires the spacecraft to be nuclear radiation shielding to ensure astronaut and ship the goods from radiation and heat from the reactor influence, but this will greatly increase the weight of the detector. Space nuclear process applications, nuclear reaction decay is not a problem, but in a vacuum, ultra-low temperature environment, the nuclear reaction materials, energy transport materials have very high demands. Space facing the reality of a nuclear reactor cooling cooling problems. To prevent problems with the reactor, "Washington" aircraft carrier to take four heavy protective measures for the radiation enclosed in the warship. These four measures are: the fuel itself, fuel storage pressure vessel, reactor shell and the hull. US Navy fuel all metal fuel, designed to take the impact resistance of the war, does not release fission product can withstand more than 50 times the gravity of the impact load; product of nuclear fission reactor fuel will never enter loop cooling water. The third layer of protection is specially designed and manufactured the reactor shell. The fourth layer is a very strong anti-impact combat ship, the reactor is arranged in the center of the ship, very safe. Engage in a reactor can only be loaded up to the aircraft, so as to drive the motor, and then drive the propeller. That is the core advantage of the heat generated by the heated gas flow, high temperature high pressure gas discharge backward, thereby generating thrust.

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After installation AMPS1000 type nuclear power plant, a nuclear fuel assembly: He is a core member of the nuclear fuel chain reaction. Usually made into uranium dioxide, of which only a few percent uranium-235, and most of it is not directly involved in the nuclear fission of uranium 238. The uranium dioxide sintered into cylindrical pieces, into a stainless steel or a zirconium alloy do metal tubes called fuel rods or the original, then the number of fuel rods loaded metal cylinder in an orderly composition of the fuel assembly, and finally put a lot of vertical distribution of fuel assemblies in the reactor.

Nuclear reactor pressure vessel is a housing for containing nuclear fuel and reactor internals, for producing high-quality high-strength steel is made to withstand the pressure of dozens MPa. Import and export of the coolant in the pressure vessel.

The top of the pressure vessel closure, and can be used to accommodate the fixed control rod drive mechanism, pressure vessel head has a semi-circular, flat-topped.

Roof bolt: used to connect the locking pressure vessel head, so that the cylinder to form a completely sealed container.

Neutron Source: Plug in nuclear reactors can provide sufficient neutron, nuclear fuel ignition, to start to enhance the role of nuclear reactors and nuclear power. Neutron source generally composed of radium, polonium, beryllium, antimony production. Neutron source and neutron fission reactors are fast neutron, can not cause fission of uranium 235, in order to slow down, we need to moderator full of pure water in a nuclear reactor. Aircraft carriers, submarines use nuclear reactor control has proven more successful.

Rod: has a strong ability to absorb neutrons, driven by the control rod drive mechanism, can move up and down in a nuclear reactor control rods within the nuclear fuel used to start, shut down the nuclear reactor, and maintain, regulate reactor power. Hafnium control rods in general, silver, indium, cadmium and other metals production.

Control rod drive mechanism: He is the executive body of nuclear reactors operating system and security protection systems, in strict accordance with requirements of the system or its operator control rod drives do move up and down in a nuclear reactor, nuclear reactor for power control. In a crisis situation, you also can quickly control rods fully inserted into the reactor in order to achieve the purpose of the emergency shutdown

Upper and lower support plate: used to secure the fuel assembly. High temperature and pressure inside the reactor is filled with pure water (so called pressurized water reactors), on the one hand he was passing through a nuclear reactor core, cooling the nuclear fuel, to act as a coolant, on the other hand it accumulates in the pressure vessel in play moderated neutrons role, acting as moderator.

Water quality monitoring sampling system: Adding chemical system: under normal circumstances, for adding hydrazine, hydrogen, pH control agents to the primary coolant system, the main purpose is to remove and reduce coolant oxygen, high oxygen water suppression equipment wall corrosion (usually at a high temperature oxygen with hydrogen, especially at low temperatures during startup of a nuclear reactor with added hydrazine oxygen); when the nuclear reactor control rods stuck for some reason can not shutdown time by the the system can inject the nuclear reactor neutron absorber (such as boric acid solution), emergency shutdown, in order to ensure the safety of nuclear submarines.

Water system: a loop inside the water will be reduced at work, such as water sampling and analysis, equipment leaks, because the shutdown process cooling water and reduction of thermal expansion and contraction.

Equipment cooling water system: Pressure safety systems: pressure reactor primary coolant system may change rapidly for some reason, the need for effective control. And in severe burn nuclear fuel rods, resulting in a core melt accident, it is necessary to promptly increase the pressure. Turn the regulator measures the electric, heating and cooling water. If necessary, also temporary startup booster pump.

Residual Heat Removal System: reactor scram may be due to an accident, such as when the primary coolant system of the steam generator heat exchanger tube is damaged, it must be urgently closed reactors.

Safety Injection System: The main components of this system is the high-pressure injection pump.

Radioactive waste treatment systems:

Decontamination Systems: for the removal of radioactive deposits equipment, valves, pipes and accessories, and other surfaces.

Europe, the United States and Russia and other countries related to aircraft carriers, submarines, icebreakers, nuclear-powered research aircraft, there are lots of achievements use of nuclear energy, it is worth analysis. However, nuclear reactor technology, rocket ships and the former are very different, therefore, requires special attention and innovative research. Must adopt a new new design techniques, otherwise, fall into the stereotype, it will avail, nothing even cause harm Aerospace.

[ "2" spacecraft structure]

[ "3"] radiation technology is the use of deep-sea sedimentation fabric fabrics deepwater technology development precipitated silver metal fibers or fiber lint and other materials and micronaire value between 4.1 to 4.3 fibers made from blends. For radiation protection field, it greatly enhances the effects of radiation and service life of clothing. Radiation resistant fiber) radiation resistant fiber - fiber polyimide polyimide fibers 60 years the United States has successfully developed polyimide fibers, it has highlighted the high temperature, radiation-resistant, fire-retardant properties.

[ "4" cosmic radiation resistant clothing design multifunctional anti-aging, wear underwear] ① comfort layer: astronauts can not wash clothes in a long flight, a lot of sebum, perspiration, etc. will contaminate underwear, so use soft, absorbent and breathable cotton knitwear making.

② warm layer: at ambient temperature range is not the case, warm layer to maintain a comfortable temperature environment. Choose warm and good thermal resistance large, soft, lightweight material, such as synthetic fibers, flakes, wool and silk and so on.

③ ventilation and cooling clothes clothes Spacesuit In astronaut body heat is too high, water-cooled ventilation clothing and clothing to a different way of heat. If the body heat production more than 350 kcal / h (ventilated clothes can not meet the cooling requirements, then that is cooled by a water-cooled suit. Ventilating clothing and water-cooled multi-use compression clothing, durable, flexible plastic tubing, such as polyvinyl chloride pipe or nylon film.

④ airtight limiting layer:

⑤ insulation: astronaut during extravehicular activities, from hot or cold insulation protection. It multilayer aluminized polyester film or a polyimide film and sandwiched between layers of nonwoven fabric to be made.

⑥ protective cover layer: the outermost layer of the suit is to require fire, heat and anti-space radiation on various factors (micrometeorites, cosmic rays, etc.) on the human body. Most of this layer with aluminized fabric. New space suits using a special radiation shielding material, double design. And also supporting spacesuit helmet, gloves, boots and so on.

[ "5" space - Aerospace biomedical technology, space, special use of rescue medication Space mental health care systems in space without damage restful sleep positions - drugs, simple space emergency medical system ]      [ "6" landing control technology, alternate control technology, high-performance multi-purpose landing deceleration device (parachute)]

[ "7" Mars truck, unitary Mars spacecraft solar energy battery super multi-legged (rounds) intelligent robot] multifunction remote sensing instruments on Mars, Mars and more intelligent giant telescope

[8 << >> Mars warehouse activities, automatic Mars lander - Automatic start off cabin ]        [ "9" Mars - spacecraft docking control system, return to the system design]

Space flight secondary emergency life - support system

Spacecraft automatic, manual, semi-automatic operation control, remote control switch system

Automatic return spacecraft systems, backup design, the spacecraft automatic control operating system modular blocks of]

[10 lunar tracking control system

Martian dust storms, pollution prevention, anti-corrosion and other special conditions thereof

Electric light aircraft, Mars lander, Mars, living spaces, living spaces Mars, Mars entry capsule, compatible utilization technology, plant cultivation techniques, nutrition space - space soil]

Aerospace technology, space technology a lot, a lot of cutting-edge technology. Human landing on Mars technology bear the brunt. The main merge the human landing on Mars 10 cutting-edge technology, in fact, these 10 cutting-edge technology, covering a wide range, focused, and is the key to key technologies. They actually shows overall trends and technology Aerospace Science and Technology space technology. Human triumph Mars and safe return of 10 cutting-edge technology is bound to innovation. Moreover, in order to explore the human Venus, Jupiter satellites and the solar system, the Milky Way and other future development of science and laid the foundation guarantee. But also for the transformation of human to Mars, the Moon and other planets livable provides strong technical support. Aerospace Science and Technology which is a major support system.

Preparation of oxygen, water, synthesis, temperature, radiation, critical force confrontation. Regardless of the moon or Mars, survive three elements bear the brunt.

Chemical formula: H₂O

Formula: H-O-H (OH bond between two angle 104.5 °).

Molecular Weight: 18.016

Chemical Experiment: water electrolysis. Formula: 2H₂O = energized = 2H₂ ↑ + O₂ ↑ (decomposition)

Molecules: a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom.

Ionization of water: the presence of pure water ionization equilibrium following: H₂O == == H⁺ + OH⁻ reversible or irreversible H₂O + H₂O = = H₃O⁺ + OH⁻.

NOTE: "H₃O⁺" hydronium ions, for simplicity, often abbreviated as H⁺, more accurate to say the H9O4⁺, the amount of hydrogen ion concentration in pure water material is 10⁻⁷mol / L.

Electrolysis of water:

Water at DC, decomposition to produce hydrogen and oxygen, this method is industrially prepared pure hydrogen and oxygen 2H₂O = 2H₂ ↑ + O₂ ↑.

. Hydration Reaction:

Water with an alkaline active metal oxides, as well as some of the most acidic oxide hydration reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Na₂O + H₂O = 2NaOH

CaO + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂

SO₃ + H₂O = H₂SO₄

P₂O₅ + 3H₂O = 2H₃PO₄ molecular structure

CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂O ← → C₂H₅OH

6. The diameter of the order of magnitude of 10 water molecules negative power of ten, the water is generally believed that a diameter of 2 to 3 this organization. water

7. Water ionization:

In the water, almost no water molecules ionized to generate ions.

H₂O ← → H⁺ + OH⁻

Heating potassium chlorate or potassium permanganate preparation of oxygen

Pressurized at low temperatures, the air into a liquid, and then evaporated, since the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is -196 deg.] C, lower than the boiling point of liquid oxygen (-183 ℃), so the liquid nitrogen evaporated from the first air, remaining the main liquid oxygen. Of course, the development of research in space there is a great difference, even more special preparation harsh environments on Earth and synthetic water and oxygen, over the need for more technological breakthroughs. The main component of air oxygen and nitrogen. The use of oxygen and nitrogen with different boiling points, said air separation production of oxygen from the air. First, the pre-cooled air, purification (removal of a small amount of moisture in the air, carbon dioxide, acetylene, hydrocarbons and other gases and dust and other impurities), is then compressed and cooled to become liquid air. Then, the oxygen and nitrogen boiling point difference in the liquid air distillation column repeatedly evaporation and condensation, oxygen and nitrogen separated to give pure oxygen (99.6% purity) and nitrogen (up to 99.9% purity). If you add some additional devices, also.

Electrolysis does not apply to a lot of oxygen. Further hydrogen while producing if not properly collected, gathered up in the air, such as mixing with oxygen, prone to extremely violent explosion.

Water is the source of life, there is a fuel cell on board the spacecraft, which use hydrogen and oxygen as fuel to generate electricity. Hydrogen and oxygen were originally stored in the hydrogen tank and oxygen tank. In use, the cylinder valve open, allowing two gases catalytic combustion to produce heat and electricity, but also produce a by-product - water. These are all very familiar with the technology. Mars said the focus of R & D focused on several aspects. Terraforming of Mars, Mars broader transformation of a larger, more telling is not in this. Too complex, cost more large, the risk is greater. From single from Earth to Mars, and safe return to Earth from Mars. These items and technologies directly related to the success and security of Mars, very important and difficult. Therefore, innovative design, manufacturing innovation and R & D testing has become a key to success. Core technology, key technology determines the human landing on Mars successes and failures, we must not be the slightest careless, and ultimately lead to disaster. Core technology, cutting-edge technology, aerospace engineering is not merely technical, actually contains a lot of basic research and applied research. R & D testing, reliability, security, maturity, advanced, economy, practicality, versatility is the key. Reliable technology, mature and practical, rather than paper like a simple concept like conjecture hypothesis and the like, but also remain at these levels, is clearly very successful technology.

In theory, the unmanned spacecraft and manned spacecraft landed on Mars, landing on Mars is not absolutely trenches, both impassable; in fact, the principle - theory basically no different. The difference is the absolute reliability of manned flight security tighter, more stringent norms rigorous, research and development need more accurate and reliable test to ensure the safety of aerospace and from security personnel to prevent or eliminate any malfunction endanger astronauts life, especially in accident accidents and so on. Therefore, the overall design and security design, design and other aspects of emergency aid increased the number of important design and structure. Unmanned probe, Mars unmanned vehicles and manned landing on Mars after all, is not the same, the safety factor, reliability, preventing the risk of accidents is indeed the focus of research and development. Of course, space mission, demanding high risk is inevitable, but it must not lead to relaxation of attention to this study. Otherwise, even to Mars, casualties, can not be said to be successful. This is the core technology of the point. Technical design from the drawing to the overall design, the design division, from the manufacturing process, from the millions of parts to the whole assembly, quite complex. Special test detection and identification, a lot of work needs to be done and procedures. In short, technology to rigorous fine, sure, that makes a successful landing and safe return of the key, of course, Mars and return victory, it is not insurmountable days off, existing experience and technical conditions of human wisdom has begun to take shape, non special unexpected happens, Mars is still hopeful, happy to see, of course, we have a high degree of vigilance the occurrence of various risks of major accidents.

Space flight is a high-risk technology, the number of humans in manned space activities of dozens of people killed. Outside major accident, small accidents have also occurred.

January 27, 1967: The United States, "Apollo 1" spacecraft launch failure when the simulation in Florida Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center, Astronaut Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Charles Philippines killed. April 24, 1967: Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov driving "Union" spacecraft at the time of return to the ground due to the reduced pressure failed to open the umbrella, causing the spacecraft crashed astronauts were killed.

June 29, 1971: 24 days to complete the test track in space, Soviet cosmonaut Georgy Komarov, Vladimir Volkov and Viktor Pasha Aliyev return to the ground, landing in a predetermined distance there are errors due to reduced operating time and killed 30 minutes.

January 28, 1986: The United States, "Challenger" space shuttle launch 73 seconds after the explosion, killing all seven astronauts.

February 1, 2003: "Columbia" space shuttle in 16 minutes before scheduled landing time control center lost contact with the ground, and then disintegrated over central Texas, seven astronauts were no survivors.

United States launching a Grissom Colonel MR4 Mercury spacecraft, the 2nd suborbital flight, which lasted 15 minutes and 37 seconds. On return capsule splashed down in the Atlantic sea. Due to a short circuit, the cockpit door suddenly opened, when the astronauts to open the emergency exit, water has entered the cabin. After the astronauts forced out of the door, because the oxygen inlet valve is not closed on the space suit and water, so that the astronauts sinking into the sea, drink a lot of water. Five minutes later, he was only an emergency rescue helicopter to the ship.

Soviet launching a Colonel Titov Vostok 2 spacecraft, flying into space one day, and travel 700,000 kilometers. Flight to the first five laps, Titov space sickness occurred. US ready to launch Gemini 6 spacecraft, launch ignition 1.2 seconds, the rocket program fails to take off. Urgency of the situation, the spacecraft Neixi La lieutenant colonel and captain Stewart Stanford Jizhongshengzhi emergency manual shut off the engine and take off the other measures in order to keep the rocket and the spacecraft to avoid a disaster accident. US Apollo spacecraft on the launch pad 4A conduct ground tests the landing-craft. Suddenly, full of pure oxygen cabin caught fire and exploded, three astronauts burned to death immediately. Cause of the accident is a short circuit inside the vehicle with wire spark, igniting the cabin air in the normal non-flammable plastics. Since the cabin filled with pure oxygen, thus burning fiercely, with design flaws, in a short time from the cabin extravehicular are unable to quickly open the door. And other rescue workers opened the door, three astronauts had been burned alive.

The Soviet Union is willing to launch the third generation of spacecraft Soyuz 1 with a Soyuz carrier rocket. April 24 spacecraft to return, because of the attitude control system failure, the first 18 laps, the astronauts Komarov Colonel manual control of the spacecraft attitude, then start braking rockets, only to return the spacecraft to enter orbit. After entering the atmosphere, nine kilometers away from the ground when the height of the main parachute does not open, reserve parachute also failed. Airship to more than 100 meters per second high speed, crashed near the Ural Oren Polk. Komarov died. Historical experience worthy of attention. 1970 April 11 the United States launching a Lovell, Hayes and Swaziland Stuttgart Apollo 13 spacecraft third lunar landing. Flight 56 ​​hours later, the spacecraft 330,000 kilometers from Earth, almost close to the moon, because the two large buttons thermostat switch failure, so that the combustion wave service module oxygen storage tank explosion, many cabin equipment damaged, oxygen and water are also lost more than half, the astronauts Lovell, Hayes and Swaziland Stuttgart faces buried disaster into space. But their courage, according to ground the scientists to accurately calculate the orbit and the ground commander's command, manually operated spacecraft, lunar module using oxygen and power, on April 17 successfully returned to Earth, creating aerospace history survived miracle. Apollo 13 escape, 1970.

Above aerospace major incidents, we should take this commandment. Drawn from a number of aerospace accident lessons, constantly improve and perfect the preventive measures and technology, which greatly reduce the occurrence of accidents, ensure the safety of aerospace flight. So, Mars is the top priority of the safety design, ensure the safe return of the astronauts and the successful landing.

Currently, the only type of rocket United States has spectral range, and the technology is a world leader. Its fleet of Delta launch vehicle models include -2, Delta -4, -5 Atlas, etc., can meet all kinds of large, medium and small payloads and launch rapid mobility needs.

Development of near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 105 tons of Block1A rocket, the third phase is to develop near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 130 tons of Block2 rocket. Wherein, SLS basic rocket first flight is expected in 2018, the final type first flew in 2021.

Russian carrier rocket Proton nuclear spaceship

Currently, the Russian fleet of launch vehicles and improved models including Proton M, Soyuz FG / 2, Molniya M, Zenit series, Cosmos, etc., and by the improvement of the missile from the rumble number Dnepr No., flight number. Its preliminary design of the program consists of five models, tied two to six boosters, near-Earth orbit carrying capacity from 16.6 tons to 130 tons. European Ariane 5 rocket

In addition, the ESA in 2013 proposed Ariane rocket -6 designs, one, two rockets are powered by four nearly identical boosters, and the third level is using the SAFRAN Group is for the development of the rocket Ariane -5ME Vinci engine. Arian -6 can be no more than 6.5 tons of payload into geostationary transfer orbit, the follow-up program will be further improved and optimized.

Epps Dragon Japan solid rocket Japan, as one of Asia's space technology development earlier, through decades of development, the rockets have formed, including K, L, M, J, N, H and other six series of 12 models, these rocket in, H-2A and H-2B assumed the task of launching most of Japan's current military and civilian satellites and probes.

Large fleet of H2B rocket carrying capacity in Japan is currently the largest, most technologically advanced rocket, Earth Near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of up to 16.5 tons. Rocket core primary and two children are using liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen propellants which liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine performance in the world leading level.

India's GSLV rocket

After decades of unremitting efforts, the overall level of India's aerospace technology developed rapidly, and its launch vehicle on the road of independent development has made great success, developed to meet the needs of the domestic launch of SLV-3 series, ASLV series, PSLV series and GSLV rockets. Wherein, PSLV series, GSLV series is currently India's main launch vehicle.

Heavy launch vehicle are valued and developed again.

Quick launch vehicle will be actively developed.

Mars surface area equivalent to 28.4% of the Earth's surface area, slightly smaller than the Earth's land area (29.2% of the Earth surface area). Mars is only half the radius of the Earth, so the smaller, Mars has atmosphere, but very thin, equivalent to only 0.7 per cent of the Earth's atmosphere, so that part of Mars can only withstand solar radiation and cosmic rays. However, spacecraft, we can take advantage of the atmosphere of Mars atmospheric braking (Aerobraking). Most plants and animals can not survive in extreme environments on Mars, only some microorganisms and lichens can do it. Mars surface gravity (Surface gravity) only 38% of Earth's gravity The average temperature of Mars in between 186 and 268 K (minus 87 ° C and minus 5 ° C), compared to the Earth, to much colder Mars is farther from the sun, only about half of the Earth's atmosphere which received the received solar energy (solar constant). However, Mars is not a strong atmosphere and magnetosphere blocking solar radiation.

Currently atmospheric pressure on Mars is only about 7.5 mbar, well below the limit of 61.8 mbar Armstrong, enough for humans Among the Martian atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon and other trace gases, including a total of less than 0.4% oxygen. Martian air, carbon dioxide partial pressure 7.1 mbar, compared to the earth is .31 mbar. Human carbon monoxide poisoning start at about 1 mbar.

Mars did not complete a magnetic field. At the same time, there is no strong Mars atmosphere. Therefore, Mars will receive a large amount of ionizing radiation.

During the flight the astronauts need to be protected, because the ionizing radiation and the solar wind will damage human DNA, increase the risk of cancer. [ Lighter Martian gravity is 0.38 times that of Earth's gravity, but the atmosphere is very thin, only 1% of the Earth's atmosphere. Only the pusher landing craft landed on Mars sad moon landing. Thin Martian atmosphere is difficult to carry out air brake, slowing the rate of decline. Manned landing craft must be designed and unmanned landing craft design different. ]

One-way communication delay time between Mars and Earth, the shortest three minutes, the longest 22 minutes.

Unmanned spacecraft can store the fuel, oxidizer, water, building materials and so on consumables, lay the foundation for future missions.

Space Transportation System

A large space station

In the weightless environment of space and other space environment effects, the manufacture of semiconductor materials, special alloys, pharmaceuticals, optical materials and plant breeding, the quality of its performance is much better than the surface production, high value, it will be for future space applications new areas, and now the countries concerned are active in research work. Deep space exploration

[Public system: structural systems, propulsion systems, power systems, attitude control system, Thermal control system, rail track measuring systems, remote sensing and control systems, data Management system fully automatic, semi-automatic, manual flight control system in the control processing system] [Dedicated system: life-support systems, instrumentation lighting system, return to the system, Emergency and rescue systems, occupant system exception handling system] [Special System Living Planet spacecraft system exception handling system planet survival emergency relief system ] Mars surface area equivalent to 28.4% of the Earth's surface area, slightly smaller than the Earth's land area (29.2% of the Earth surface area). Mars is only half the radius of the Earth, so the smaller, Mars has atmosphere, but very thin, equivalent to only 0.7 per cent of the Earth's atmosphere, so that part of Mars can only withstand solar radiation and cosmic rays. However, spacecraft, we can take advantage of the atmosphere of Mars atmospheric braking (Aerobraking). Most plants and animals can not survive in extreme environments on Mars, only some microorganisms and lichens can do it. Mars surface gravity (Surface gravity) only 38% of Earth's gravity The average temperature of Mars in between 186 and 268 K (minus 87 ° C and minus 5 ° C), compared to the Earth, to much colder Mars is farther from the sun, only about half of the Earth's atmosphere which received the received solar energy (solar constant). However, Mars is not a strong atmosphere and magnetosphere blocking solar radiation.

Currently atmospheric pressure on Mars is only about 7.5 mbar.

Mars did not complete a magnetic field. At the same time, there is no strong Mars atmosphere. Therefore, Mars will receive a large amount of ionizing radiation.

During the flight the astronauts need to be protected, because the ionizing radiation and the solar wind will damage human DNA, increase the risk of cancer.

Mars Lighter Martian gravity is 0.38 times that of Earth's gravity, but the atmosphere is very thin, only 1% of the Earth's atmosphere. Only the pusher landing craft landed on Mars sad moon landing. Thin Martian atmosphere is difficult to carry out air brake, slowing the rate of decline.

communication Mars and Earth at noon when communication is relatively simple, because the earth was above the horizon of Mars.

As Mars and return safely to Earth, Mars is possible to set up a small base, in order to save investment. Furthermore, there are several options for landing program .A. Disposable landing, the spacecraft directly to Mars landers landing. Large high-speed airship .B freight and passenger, respectively, flew into the twin ship, in order to reduce the amount of the load, do not have large spacecraft carrying .C. multibody linked more. spaceships were marching after landing on Mars late flight plan. early Mars AB scheme good. The maximum size to reduce risk, lower landed cost, preferably A or B program .D. other options.

Heavy launch vehicle development program steadily, the new launch vehicle technology are highly valued

Space science brewing a new discovery, exploration of deep space technology breakthrough

Promoting international cooperation in manned space technology research and development activities and to play an active role academic and technological exchanges and cooperation International Astronautical Congress, the International Astronomical Union and other countries as well, but due to the cutting-edge aerospace technology confidential technology, the development of great commercial value value, exchange of country there are considerable limits, key technical design, drawings, processes, materials, technology, technical parameters, test data and other matters. In summary, Mars and return safely to mankind since the birth of the greatest and most difficult feat of creation, because this is not just a simple round-trip Earth - Mars, more importantly, to the infinite universe is the greatest and most important step the most successful pace, far beyond the first human landing on the moon. Once victory is successful, it will after Mars, the Moon and other planets landing probe modification and utilization of open the door, in a sense, will be completely rewritten to change the history of mankind and natural history of the universe. So, 10 cutting-edge technology high-speed heavy rockets, water - preparation of oxygen, radiation and microgravity confrontation, space syndrome drugs, and other technology research and overcome, the success or failure here. ____________________________- -- --- References major bibliography references, scientific literature, aerospace network resources, the World Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Great Britain right book, American Encyclopedia, Wikipedia, the universe Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, other encyclopedia Web site, AIAA, the US Department of Defense report AD, United States NASA reports the national Aeronautics and Space Administration, the US Department of Energy reports DE publication reports.

Deep space probes - to protect the planet and humanity to eternal probe beyond the outer solar system - (2nd Edition)

Author: Matt Love SRAM-based FPGA fault tolerance Brazil Fernanda Lima Ka Sternberg Smith OF: (Brazil) Fernanda Lima Carsten Smith was (Brazil) Luigi Carlo (Brazil) Ricardo Rice

From now to 2020, advanced propulsion systems and technologies Bruno Spacecraft Systems Engineering - (the book)

Author: Fortescue

Health Management System and Its Application in aerospace

Author: Johnson

Series of spacecraft flight - dynamics control and navigation

Author: Alfred Lind

Aircraft Advanced Control spacecraft and rockets

Author: Tewa Rui

Spacecraft Power System Author: Patel

Aerospace Corrosion Control

Author: Benavides

Perception and evading UAV System - Research and Application

Author: Angelov Thermodynamics of hypersonic aerodynamic design problem Featured

Author: (Germany) Xi Sheer, (Germany) with Weiland

Space systems engineering

Author: (US) Larsen Space systems failures and countermeasures

Tethered satellite system dynamics

Author: Aspen Mascherano

Author: (US) Harlan (United States) with Lorenz

US space shuttle Big Secret

Author: [United States] with David Baker

Spacecraft institutions and their reliability - (Second Edition) Study: Liu whole

NASA Systems Engineering Handbook Zhu Yifan with Reference and extended reading websites and e-journals and other readers interested for research and inquiry information. Patent literature search can own inquiries, not detailed retrieval. Geneva International Exhibition of Inventions www.nasa.gov


 * Федеральное космическое агентство России Russian Federal Space Agency

www.cnsa.gov.cn The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space European Space Agency Indian Space Research Organisation Japan's space agency UK Space Agency International Academy of Astronautics

a Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB) http://phys.org

http://www.gizmag.com/ The Advisory Committee for Space Data Systems

International Committee on Space Research http://www.realclearscience.com

http://www.aiaa.org/content. http://www.sciencedaily.com/ ttp: //info.emeraldinsight.com http://www.space.com/ http://www.sciencedirect.com http://www.springerlink.com http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/ http://www.pubs.asce.org

http://www.aiaa.org/

JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS

JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT TECHNOL /

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART G-JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING PROGRESS IN AEROSPACE SCIENCES http://www.sciencedirect.com http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp http://journals.pepublishing.com/ http://www.aiaa.org http://www.aerospaceamerica.org/Pages

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal

Flight Performance of a Small Diameter Munition with a Rotating Wing Actuator Frank Fresconi, James DeSpirito, Ilmars Celmins

Radius of Curvature Effects on Throat Thermochemical Erosion in Solid Rocket Motors Daniele Bianchi, Francesco Nasuti, Marcello Onofri

Prediction of In-Flight Radio Frequency Attenuation by a Rocket Plume Kiyoshi Kinefuchi, Koichi Okita, Ikkoh Funaki, Takashi Abe

Study on Acoustic Prediction and Reduction of Epsilon Launch Vehicle at Liftoff S. Tsutsumi, T. Ishii, K. Ui, S. Tokudome, K. Wada

Approach for Modeling Rocket Plume Impingement and Dust Dispersal on the Moon Aaron B. Morris, David B. Goldstein, Philip L. Varghese, Laurence M. Trafton

Study of Capsule Geometry for Dust Sample Acquisition During Mars Atmospheric Entry

Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties for Integrated Spacecraft Systems Models Thomas K. WestIV, Serhat Hosder, Tyler Winter - == <tt>Heading text</tt> ==
 * 1) Numbered list item

Overloaded rockets and rocket overweight humans into Mars and the universe's most powerful first pusher (Fangruida)
Overloaded rockets and rocket overweight humans into Mars and the universe's most powerful first pusher (Fangruida)

www.academia.edu/25528069/Mars_technology_transfer_Fangruida Academia.edu

Frontier Rockets design cutting-edge technology --- overweight high-speed rocket technology and space radiation technology(FangRuida)

https://www.flickr.com/photos/

Summary Development of heavy or super heavy rocket is a revolution in aerospace science and aerospace technology. To human landing on Mars, Mercury, Jupiter's moons, the traditional rocket has considerable limitations and difficult nature. To the depths of the universe, marching, does not override overweight large rocket as a means of transport, the goal is difficult to achieve. Rocket design and development is not as big and large aerospace competition is not for the heavy weight. Otherwise, this wood upside down, meaningless. Voyage in the universe, only reload or overweight Rocket to undertake this important task. Mars, only it can be achieved. Therefore, the development of heavy-duty rocket rocket overweight imminent. Traditional rockets, miniature nuclear reactors, set-crystalline solar complementary, main mix, undoubtedly --- Human Revolution Universe depths of the universe and to enter Mars, the most powerful thrusters - reload rockets and overweight high-speed rocket. Without which it is difficult to succeed. Traditional chemical rockets and rocket compared to the advantages of new heavy-duty, mature technology, tremendous thrust, whether liquid solid rocket has great prospects to develop. However, the chemical fuel storage is a great question, blindly heightening bold rocket structure size, and preferably not the best solution. Moreover, the human landing on Mars hundreds of millions of kilometers to come and go back and forth, the huge consumption of fuel storage, chemical rockets is difficult to achieve, but also risky, long continuous flight interstellar space, face enormous difficulties. The reality may be the only effective and is overweight rockets and heavy rocket, only this one, no other way. Overloaded rockets and rocket overweight, the preferred fuel in addition to traditional chemical-oxygen engines, is nuclear - miniature nuclear reactors as well as solar energy, electricity and so on. The new rocket design and development of revolution is a revolution in the universe of space technology, the rocket can be polylactic structure - conventional engines and nuclear engines simultaneously, or a main one, the traditional main engine, auxiliary engines, nuclear power; nuclear power or engine etc, chemical auxiliary engines, more practical, safe, reliable, technology is relatively sophisticated, cost is not high. A. design. B. Design C. design. According to calculations simulation, pure chemical fuel rockets heavy rocket fuel needed hundreds of tons of nearly 1,000 tons (from Earth to fly to Mars and return calculation), the new rocket probably only need tens of tons less than one hundred tons. Earth launch takeoff traditional fuels, new energy engine spaceflight, nuclear or other energy sources, combined with a chemical engine flight. Rocket greatly reduce the overall weight, size structure do not have a high, large, thick, heavy. Of course, nuclear engine design and manufacturing should be sound, safe, reliable, non-polluting design, mature technology.

reactors since a sealing structure, safe, reliable, non-polluting, self-separation device self-destruct mechanisms in case of emergency applies. Overweight rocket can double the overall structure propulsion, but also the main and auxiliary propulsion, using conventional chemical engine thrust at launch, flying earth voyage to switch nuclear power or solar propulsion, but also two-phase propulsion rocket monomeric main structure, attached to the multi-level structure, can be dual structure, key technology and micro-jet nozzles and other nuclear reactors, solar-crystal panels, chemical fuel storage tank is limited. overloaded rocket attached to other equipment voyage, landed tanks, mainly for remote

Frontier Rockets design cutting-edge technology --- overweight high-speed rocket technology and space radiation technology

Rocket propulsion technology research, space radiation protection material development. Frontier Rockets design cutting-edge technology --- overweight high-speed rocket and space radiation breakthrough design and related manufacturing techniques and crafts.

Rocket propulsion technology research, space radiation protection material development. (1) rocket thrust improvements and technical studies, large heavy-duty large rocket heavy rocket design and manufacturing. (2) radiation is extremely important for human space flight and aerospace and other life on our planet health, work and so on. Therefore, there must be a major aerospace field of space technology breakthroughs, rocket design and design of radiation close to important. Countries in the world have invested a lot of manpower and resources research, a lot of results, is very gratifying. However, any technology has its life cycle, age limitations, you can not let the ancients aircraft design and manufacture of automobiles; Similarly, at this stage of human studies can be designed and manufactured hundreds or even thousands of years after laser spacecraft for human use and the like s things. Mars Jupiter Galaxy only dozens of days time to leap from the earth. A particularly important technology to create will take a long time to accumulate the process, or even thousands of years, will not happen overnight. Ancient zodiac dreams and myths, has undergone a full 5,000 years or even tens of thousands of years can be said to be several hundred thousand years was able to achieve, to become a true reality. Fantasy and science need to create, however, they need appropriate practical step by step, this is the human need to have the strength and wisdom. In the current, heavy rocket technology and radiation protection in the basic technology is difficult to promote the stage, we need serious consideration, repeated studies, solid and steady progress. Especially in aerospace technology inscrutable, technical difficulties related to doubts, even the slightest advance any very arduous. A wide variety of technical solutions a lot, but more practical proven viable technology is not much, aerospace technology high risk and high investment, not indeed of technology validation, only shelved. Who will not easily go in this huge bottomless black hole in white spread the money, even the purely scientific exploration of scientific research and the like. Radiation shielding material, too, in addition to traditional radiation shielding material, is the development of new materials, radiation synthesis of new materials, polymeric materials and polymer lead, titanium and other dimerization complex, as well as radiation protection coatings. Layer structure, the base layer, reinforcing layer, interlayer, the main material radiation, radiation Fucai, isolated layers and the like, including spacecraft design, suit design. Nuclear rocket engine is used by the tremendous heat generated during the fission of nuclear fuel, the propellant is heated to very high temperatures (4000 ℃ above). Thus obtaining the kinetic energy of the propellant, is ejected at high speed from the rear, so as to promote high-speed rocket flight.

Since the nuclear fuel small size, heat, nuclear rocket can achieve light weight, small size and other advantages.

In the past, countries in the world more than the study of nuclear rocket engine called "overheating nuclear jet engine." At its core it is a small size of the nuclear reactor, nuclear fuel into fuel elements, arranged in the core. When you start the liquid hydrogen into the core, quickly turned into a few thousand degrees Celsius temperature gas after heating, high-speed jet out from the tail of the rocket, a huge thrust, this engine is relatively easy to implement, it may be more economical than chemical rockets. But because the impulse is not big enough, not as a remote interplanetary navigation tools. But it can play an important role in the universe voyage.

"Plasma extruded core engine" Its heart is a nuclear reactor, but the reactor is not used for heating, but for power. At startup, the Y-shaped vacuum chamber injection Xianxiang propellant (such as hydrogen), then immediately closed up at both ends, and the on-current, so that the propellant is heated to 70 million degrees Celsius. In this case the propellant has become a high-temperature plasma, it is driven by the electromagnetic force, the tail is ejected from the rocket.

"Gas core nuclear engine." It is based on gaseous uranium or plutonium instead of solid fuel, the use of gas fuel fission reaction to release heat from the liquid hydrogen fuel tank is heated to very high temperatures (9000 ℃ above), with a strong push rocket exhaust stream.

"Nuclear explosion vented engine." To launch a small explosion when the indoor inject explosive agents, the use of the enormous pressure generated by a nuclear explosion on the wall to push the rocket forward.

Laser, nuclear energy, light pressure and antimatter four new propulsion technology, is research and development. At this stage, not enough to enter the development stage.

Currently the vast majority of all vehicles and spacecraft are the use of solid and liquid chemical propulsion, its main drawback is the low energy density. Fuel rocket engine carried to the total weight of more than 90%, so the benefit-cost ratio is low, less secure.

Propulsion, ie long-range emits high-energy laser, spacecraft after a reverse parabolic mirror to focus the heated gas, gas thermal expansion thrust. These projects are still being studied.

Promoting nuclear energy, the use of nuclear energy generated by the reaction was heated working fluid or plasma generation high-speed jet thrust. This corresponds to engage in a small nuclear reactor on an aircraft. Light pressure propulsion, aircraft use this technology as a sailboat, sunlight or other particle stream impinges on windsurfing, sail thrust based on the pressure of light on both sides.

Antimatter propulsion, today's advance technology to promote the highest speed of about 20 kilometers per second, can not achieve interstellar flight. Antimatter propulsion aircraft will be possible to reach the speed of light. The principle is, charged particles in a strong electric field, the ejection speeds approaching the speed of light.

Nuclear rocket engine is used by the tremendous heat generated during the fission of nuclear fuel, the propellant is heated to very high temperatures (4000 ℃ above). Thus obtaining the kinetic energy of the propellant, is ejected at high speed from the rear, so as to promote high-speed rocket flight. --- Human Revolution Universe depths of the universe and to enter Mars, the most powerful thrusters - reload rockets and overweight high-speed rocket. Without which it is difficult to succeed. Traditional chemical rockets and rocket compared to the advantages of new heavy-duty, mature technology, tremendous thrust, whether liquid solid rocket has great prospects to develop. However, the chemical fuel storage is a great question, blindly heightening bold rocket structure size, and preferably not the best solution. Moreover, the human landing on Mars hundreds of millions of kilometers to come and go back and forth, the huge consumption of fuel storage, chemical rockets is difficult to achieve, but also risky, long continuous flight interstellar space, face enormous difficulties. The reality may be the only effective and is overweight rockets and heavy rocket, only this one, no other way. Overloaded rockets and rocket overweight, the preferred fuel in addition to traditional chemical-oxygen engines, is nuclear - miniature nuclear reactors as well as solar energy, electricity and so on. The new rocket design and development of revolution is a revolution in the universe of space technology, the rocket can be polylactic structure - conventional engines and nuclear engines simultaneously, or a main one, the traditional main engine, auxiliary engines, nuclear power; nuclear power or engine etc, chemical auxiliary engines, more practical, safe, reliable, technology is relatively sophisticated, cost is not high. A. design. B. Design C. design. According to calculations simulation, pure chemical fuel rockets heavy rocket fuel needed hundreds of tons of nearly 1,000 tons (from Earth to fly to Mars and return calculation), the new rocket probably only need tens of tons less than one hundred tons. Earth launch takeoff traditional fuels, new energy engine spaceflight, nuclear or other energy sources, combined with a chemical engine flight. Rocket greatly reduce the overall weight, size structure do not have a high, large, thick, heavy. Of course, nuclear engine design and manufacturing should be sound, safe, reliable, non-polluting design, mature technology.

Since the nuclear fuel small size, heat, nuclear rocket can achieve light weight and small size. Study abroad more than the nuclear rocket engine called "overheating nuclear jet engine." At its core it is a small size of the nuclear reactor, nuclear fuel into fuel elements, arranged in the core. When you start the liquid hydrogen into the core, quickly turned into a few thousand degrees Celsius temperature gas after heating, high-speed jet out from the tail of the rocket, a huge thrust, this engine is relatively easy to implement, it may be more economical than chemical rockets. But because the impulse is not big enough, not as a remote interplanetary navigation tools.

"Plasma extruded core engine" Its heart is a nuclear reactor, but the reactor is not used for heating, but for power. At startup, the Y-shaped vacuum chamber injection Xianxiang propellant (such as hydrogen), then immediately closed up at both ends, and the on-current, so that the propellant is heated to 70 million degrees Celsius. In this case the propellant has become a high-temperature plasma, it is driven by the electromagnetic force, the tail is ejected from the rocket.

"Gas core nuclear engine." It is based on gaseous uranium or plutonium instead of solid fuel, the use of gas fuel fission reaction to release heat from the liquid hydrogen fuel tank is heated to very high temperatures (9000 ℃ above), with a strong push rocket exhaust stream. With such a nuclear rocket engine can shoulder the glorious mission to Mars trip.

"Nuclear explosion vented engine." To launch a small explosion when the indoor inject explosive agents, the use of the enormous pressure generated by a nuclear explosion on the wall to push the rocket forward.

Times. High-speed heavy rocket principle structure diagram, Fig. Separable manned rocket rocket rocket and cargo (ship), the overall design includes a header ((A) rocket (B) front structure (C) of the main structure (D) terminal structure (E) the other part. Of course, it can be integrated design, both passengers and freight, combined. And corresponding schematic are: 1. The main rocket propulsion device attached to traditional fuels Configuration 2. miniature nuclear or ion thruster engine to automatically switch to be high-shaped solar collector plate is arranged and similar jet nozzle switching means expand runs in aerospace. 3. The body of the fuel tank 4. The auxiliary fuel tank storage. 5 multistage rocket hierarchy. 6. The overall structural design of interlocking, overlapping design, to minimize the size and weight of their own. 7. rocket diameter should be maintained at between 8.5 meters -12.7 meters, within rocket lengths up to 89.6 meters -128 meters, its own weight and the maximum load must be a strict conventions, load up to 450 tons -500 tons. Off mass of more than 4,000 tons can be large, space payload between 350-400 tonnes, specific impulse, thrust, etc. within the limits of the take. Constant between 250-350 tons. 7. freight rockets and manned rocket structure, there are many similarities and differences. Manned load control between 54 tons -80 tons of cargo rocket can increase the load, but must comply with the relevant technical specifications. 8. manned rocket (spacecraft) are integral material with radiation, temperature, and other characteristics, living spaces, working spaces, the return capsule landed warehouse, reserve tanks (emergency wrecker and life support systems, health care systems overlap design, reserve tanks versatile, if necessary, its own flight taking off and landing). 8. Special multi-purpose smart suit. 9. The computer program control using rocket duplex programming, technology and equipment to ensure complete interchangeability of alternative replacement properties of the bench. 10. The large heavy-duty rocket complex technical equipment, its weight is large, take-off weight is also very impressive, they are among dozens of tons of load hundreds of tons, payload of at least 350 tonnes above. The overall design of complex, cross, interactive, complex overlapping, sub-segment, subsystem staggered, high-end manufacturing technology requires more perfect. Propulsion systems, control systems, communication systems, operating systems, living systems, security systems, emergency escape systems, medical aid system, radiation protection system, accidental disposal system, arrows first telemetry systems, landing cabin, return capsule systems, etc., many complex both independent and set polymerization, prone to various failures and accidents.

Heavy rocket launch means that with a low capacity, different types of satellites in Earth orbit and different high manned spacecraft, a takeoff thrust of 3,500 tons of low-Earth orbit carrying capacity: 100 tons; geosynchronous orbit carrying capacity: 18 tons; fly to the moon's orbit carrying capacity: 32 tons; fly to Mars and Venus orbit carrying capacity reaches: 28 tons. Super-heavy launch vehicle rocket carrying capacity refers to the proportion of more powerful rockets, super-heavy launch vehicle for a more focused service in near-Earth orbit to the moon's heavy rocket compared to the deep exploration of the universe, such as a manned landing on Mars and probe the solar system planets outside. Using traditional fossil fuels and other auxiliary propulsion, micro nuclear reactor jet nozzle technology or solar collector crystal converter, you can switch control. Traditional chemical-fueled mainly on the ground take-off stage, you can use other propulsion into outer space. Designed with interlocking and automatic switching. To avoid overly complex and cumbersome mechanism, miniature nuclear reactor jet nozzle from a closure sealing system, and with a variety of protective measures and protection equipment, special treatment can be taken in case of emergency. If the configuration set high polymer crystal solar converter, using specially prepared materials. This heavy-duty high-speed rocket complex, chemical fuel storage can be more or less, in addition to sail away from the Earth, can play a major role in micro reactors, nuclear fuel storage capacity of small, less than 1% -3% of the conventional chemical fuel, suitable Astronautical long. In addition, the solar collector crystal transducer can maximize the use of solar energy. This feature is designed primarily large heavy-duty rockets, small rocket thrusters does not require many complex and propellant. Large heavy-duty high-speed rocket, called the giant space rocket 11-12.5 meters in diameter, height of 125 meters between -130 meters, a takeoff weight of 5,000 tons, the maximum load of 150-300 tons of payload 200 tons, suitable for long-distance long flight .. Known universe carrier spacecraft. Integrated high polymer technology, compact cluster system, in particular the use of self-locking miniature neutron source reactor sealing system, safe and reliable pollution, emergency automatic locking and special treatment. Heavy duty, light weight, thrust, energy, security, precision equipment, rockets and spacecraft systems using composite overall design, radiation protection, under-owned emergency medical systems and special critical situations can start backup aircraft (standby rockets) escape and return. After all an ample supply of fuel, can fly continuously for six months or more than a year in space. Giant super-heavy rocket rocket strictly control the slenderness ratio, stiffness ratio, height and diameter is not bigger is better, and to the physical structure, engine configuration, fuel, thrust, specific impulse, load, weight, quality and other technical parameters take-off match In the history of human spaceflight, the most distinguished scientists, including Tsiolkovsky, Robert. Goddard, Hermann. Obert, Croatia Korolev, Glushko, Feng. Braun made a significant contribution to this end and so on. In humans left towards Earth, into space career invaluable rich heritage, affecting future generations, which makes the human begin today to the Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, and other stars and vast universe march. Such as rocket technology, regardless of liquid rocket engine, or a solid engine, or a hybrid rocket engine technology not only great scientific value, commercial value is priceless, immeasurable. Rocket technology not only belong to aerospace engineering, but also the most important military frontier research projects. Missile technology and rocket technology are inseparable, but different. In heavy-duty rocket technology and aerospace technology in terms of radiation, respectively, in the commercial value of $ 1.5 trillion and $ 700 billion. (According to the rules and techniques of international trade market valuation, the civil provisions of the peaceful uses of outer space, the value is not less than the above price valuation and technology transfer). The core technology of key technologies, we can see the importance of rocket technology and sophisticated, the profits to be overlooked. According to global statistics rocket engine manufacturers, rocket engines and rocket annual sales of about hundreds of billions or even trillions of dollars. Lockheed. Martin company, for example:

NASA "Saturn 5" rocket is a rocket family, "Big Mac", the level 3 rocket in the late 1960s and early 1970s, has been used in the NASA moon. Like "Ares IX" rocket "Saturn 5" rocket is also from Florida's Kennedy Space Center launch, its height is 110 meters (363 feet), the rocket can carry 45 tons of goods sent to the moon, or carrying 120 tons of goods to the Earth's orbit. "Saturn 5" rocket fuel in a completely filled state ready to launch, a total weight of 3 million kilograms (6.5 million lbs).

China's "Long March" is also No. 3 A three liquid rocket booster, a secondary conventional fuel, the third stage of hydrogen oxygen fuel. The third stage by a 2.25 m diameter increased to 3 meters, and increase the tank length, the propellant from 8.2 tons to 17.6 tons. Total takeoff weight of 240 tons, a takeoff thrust of 300 tons, which synchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity from 1.4 tons to 2.6 tons. R & D focus and cutting-edge aerospace technology sector today include large and giant rockets and heavy load and other problems of radiation direction. United States and Russia and other Central European countries start their own design and development of large and giant rocket success. Whether manned or unmanned flight, heavy-duty high-speed large rocket rocket rocket overweight and related technologies is essential, second to none, it is the leader in space technology ahead of God. No matter how large, the basic use of conventional fuels, hydrogen oxygen fuel and other chemical-based. But in the long distance flight, tank volume is bound to increase, propellant storage capacity also increases. If to Mars and return to Earth, storage tanks also need more fuel propellant, the rocket is bound to increase its own weight. In this case, increasing the diameter of the rocket, height also increased significantly. Not the bigger the higher the better, exceeding the limit is not conducive to the voyage, but also easily lead to a variety of security failures flight accidents, causing the arrow crash tragedy. Especially a human into the depths of the universe, continuous flight a year or so, hundreds of millions or billions of kilometers, small rockets and rocket ships load hardly reach. Hundreds of tons of conventional fuel storage needs, it is difficult to achieve, accident prone. Therefore, the development of new heavy-duty rocket to strictly abide by its rules, can not be arbitrarily created. Otherwise, the consequences could be disastrous.

Using traditional fossil fuels and other auxiliary propulsion, micro nuclear reactor jet nozzle technology (nuclear energy conversion device), or a solar collector crystal converter, you can switch control. Traditional chemical-fueled mainly on the ground take-off stage, you can use other propulsion into outer space. Designed with interlocking and automatic switching. To avoid overly complex and cumbersome mechanism, miniature nuclear reactor jet nozzle from a closure sealing system, and with a variety of protective measures and protection equipment, special treatment can be taken in case of emergency. If the configuration set high polymer crystal solar converter, using specially prepared materials. This heavy-duty high-speed rocket complex, chemical fuel storage can be more or less, in addition to sail away from the Earth, can play a major role in micro reactors, nuclear fuel storage capacity of small, less than 1% of conventional chemical fuel, suitable for long universe sailing. In addition, the solar collector crystal transducer can maximize the use of solar energy. This feature is designed primarily large heavy-duty rockets, small rocket thrusters does not require many complex and propellant. Large heavy-duty high-speed rocket, called the giant space, structure, size rocket 11-12.5 meters in diameter, height of 125 meters between -130 meters, a takeoff weight of 5,000 tons, the maximum load of 150-300 tons of payload 200 tons or more, astronauts can take 5-15 people, the standard crew of seven. Suitable for long distance flight. Of course, the size of the structure can be relatively reduced or greatly reduced, mainly determined according to the type of fuel and engine. If the main engine for the nuclear engine, and other new propulsion, structure size can be changed. Because no large-capacity storage tank and multi-stage rocket multi-split structure, which greatly reduce the structure of the device components. Nuclear-based, conventional propeller propulsion main auxiliary flight. The key technology is the micro-reactors and other propulsion device. In contrast, conventional propulsion based, nuclear and solar auxiliary thrust, is a good choice. Options and permutations and combinations should be determined depending on the circumstances. Large heavy-duty rockets, should be simple, but they simply can not be too simple, otherwise, thrust, specific impulse, that insufficient load. Difficult to complete hundreds of millions of billions of kilometers of continuous space flight. Mars has no such large heavy flagship, it is difficult to succeed. Aircraft carrier known as cosmic spaceship, high-technology dimerization integrated, compact cluster system, in particular the use of self-locking miniature neutron source reactor sealing system, safe and reliable pollution, emergency automatic locking and special treatment. Heavy duty, light weight, thrust, energy, security, precision equipment, rockets and spacecraft systems using composite overall design, radiation protection, under-owned emergency medical systems and special critical situations can start backup aircraft (standby rockets) escape and return. After all an ample supply of fuel, can fly continuously for six months or more than a year in space. It illustrates the schematic diagram of the structure, not the regular design. (Involving the core technology secrets and technical part, it will be omitted. Schematic is to develop large heavy duty main structural principle of the rocket, and the future development of the design and manufacture of new high-speed heavy-duty rockets important part of this stage of aerospace science and technology space, also human landing on Mars, the moon, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter satellite, an important tool for aerospace and transportation.) technical complexity, the essence, but also to maintain the unity of the self-contained cartridge resistance, try to reduce unnecessary structural components, reducing its own weight and the weight of the device, in order to facilitate the universe voyage. Of course, small rocket can Shanfanjiujian without so complicated. Aircraft carrier in space total cost of about $ 30 billion -500 billion. However, it and the space shuttle, the space station is very different, due to extensive use of new carrier space means equipment can be effectively recovered, repeated use, thus greatly reducing the cost and fees. For example, after taking off from Earth after flying in outer space you can cross, direct access to the moon or Mars. After reaching the destination, you can start landing means landing capsule, astronauts and cargo equipment falling to the planet's surface, and then continue the flight or return to Earth. This multistage rocket ships gradual separation of different, and ultimately disposable rocket returned to Earth, leaving only the return capsule after passing through the atmosphere, all the other abandoned in space. VK = Pb g0 Ln [(GT + GJ) / GJ] Tsiolkovsky formula: Where: VK eleven rockets terminal velocity; Pb eleven thrust ratio (specific impulse); effective structural quality GJ-- rocket, including; g0 a ground acceleration of gravity; GT— propellant rocket takeoff load.

Rockets general, leaving only after return to Earth through the atmosphere the return capsule, all the other abandoned in space. Overloaded rocket acceleration orbit and other mainly rely on the powerful thrust and propeller were, therefore, the use of multi-stage rocket separated without too much structure. Space Shuttle main three parts (1) Orbiter: Orbiter is a core part of the space shuttle, the whole system is only manned space shuttle, a reusable part.

(2) solid boosters: the role of the solid boosters boost for less than supplement the main engine thrust. For reuse.

(3) external tank: Space Shuttle main engine is a liquid rocket engine, liquid fuel propellant is liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. Mainly applicable to outer space shuttle earth near-Earth space flight landed, and the universe is mainly applied to the carrier long distance space shuttle flight, mainly rocket system, of course, some of the features of both the space shuttle. It is actually a giant rocket reload rockets. Mainly from Earth to other planets distant interplanetary missions, manned or freight, doubles as other uses. Particularly as applied to the moon to Mars and other large heavy-duty vehicles. Shuttle and heavy rockets are not the same, the former near-Earth space flight.

F-1 rocket engine US-developed the world's largest single-chamber liquid rocket engine thrust for the Saturn V rocket, a single thrust of 700 tons of kerosene fuel, liquid oxygen as the oxidant. Detailed data of the F-1: Burning form: open cycle gas generator, liquid - liquid combustion Propellant: Kerosene - liquid oxygen Thrust: sea 690.988 tons Vacuum 793.683 tons Specific impulse: sea level 255.4 seconds (average of 70 engines) Vacuum 304.1 seconds Diameter: 3.645 m Length: 5.598 m Total weight: 8451.66 kg Work propellant flow: Kerosene: 838.2 kg / sec, liquid oxygen 1784.7 kg / sec Turbopump power: 46,225 kilowatts Design Starts: 20 Design Life: 2250 seconds RD-170 rocket engine Russia developed the world's largest thrust liquid rocket engine using liquid oxygen + kerosene, a single thrust of 800 tons (four-chamber, four-nozzle design, it is also suggested that the four engines in parallel, but the share of gas turbine generators and pumps) for energy and the carrier rocket Zenit launch vehicle (RD-171 rocket engine, improved on the RD-170) first stage. RD-191 rocket engine, single thrust of 200 tons, the single-chamber single nozzle, equivalent to RD-170 and then split into two, for russia rocket. RD-191 RD-151 model derivatives were sold to South Korea for the first stage of the Naro-1. RS-68 rocket engine US-developed the world's largest hydrogen-oxygen engines thrust, thrust 300 tons for the Delta IV rocket first stage. RD-0120 rocket engine Russian thrust largest hydrogen oxygen rocket engine, 200-ton thrust for energy carrier rocket main engine. Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) US space shuttle main engine, the use of hydrogen oxygen, 200 tons of thrust, the biggest feature is reusable. Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor The world's largest rocket engine thrust, a single thrust of up to 1,200 tons, can be reused 10 times, tied for the US space shuttle boosters, which improved for the Ares 1 rocket and driving machine Ares 5 rocket boost Bundle device. Saturn S-IC 5 a propellant kerosene / liquid oxygen from the front skirt, liquid oxygen tank, between the tank section, kerosene tank and thrust structures, length 42m, diameter 10m. Tank material is 2219-T87, panel size 3.35m × 7.92m, two Saturn V S-Ⅱ propellant liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen, riveted by the housing segment, hydrogen oxygen tank, thrust structure and other components. three stage S-ⅣB propellant liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen, the front skirt with a total propellant tank bottom, rear apron, interstage section, thrust structures, the length of 17.8m, a diameter of 6.7m. And S-Ⅱ Similarly, the use of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen co-substrate structure. US space shuttle external tank diameter of 8.38m, total length of 47m. Liquid oxygen tank diameter 8.4m, length 16.64m; liquid hydrogen tank diameter 8.4m, length 29.48m, 6.4m long by the four barrel section, five ring bulkheads and ellipsoid around the bottom and so on. Fission class rocket engine whose essence is the miniaturization of nuclear reactors, and placed on the rocket. Nuclear rocket engine fuel as an energy source, with liquid hydrogen, liquid helium, liquid ammonia working fluid. Nuclear rocket engine mounted in the thrust chamber of the reactor, cooling nozzle, the working fluid delivery and control systems and other components. In a nuclear reactor, nuclear energy into heat to heat the working fluid, the working fluid is heated after expansion nozzle to accelerate to the speed of 6500 ~ 11,000 m / sec from the discharge orifice to produce thrust. Long-lived nuclear rocket engine specific impulse (250-1000 seconds), but the technology is complex and is only applicable to long-term spacecraft. This engine due to nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control and efficient heat exchanger design and other issues not resolved,

Nuclear fusion rocket engine is considered to be the most potential to achieve within the solar system flying rocket engine, similar to its principles and chemical rocket, just three fuel into hydrogen isotope deuterium, tritium and helium, nuclear fusion reactions release tremendous energy to push the rocket, compared to several orders of magnitude higher than chemical rockets. Since the substance produced by fusion nuclear reactions is neutrons, protons and helium, and therefore can not be used within the Earth's atmosphere, but the space itself is full of all kinds of radiation, so there is nothing wrong in the use of space. Fusion rocket engine main problem to be solved is the high-temperature materials, ignition and fuel cell technology problems.

In summary, heavy rocket overweight rocket technology into the depths of the human universe, the most important is the uniqueness of the cutting-edge technology of space vehicles. Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter satellite, the Moon, flying out of the solar system, the galaxy fly without it simply can not be done and achieved. Mars and the Moon is the transformation of the impossible. Traditional chemical propellant obvious advantages, the technology is relatively mature and complete, indeed the preferred R & D to develop heavy-duty rocket propulsion; however, due to the long flight, fuel storage excessive, long distance flying difficult. And be able to return to Mars is extremely difficult. Therefore, we need a new heavy-duty rocket thrust of research to improve fuel, engine design, nuclear, solar and other uses or closely integrated to become a very important source of propulsion. Therefore, in the present case, heavy rockets and rocket propulsion overweight is a combination of both, or preferably. Earth takeoff stage of flight from the traditional engine start, after a long-distance flight flying planet or solar engine can use nuclear propulsion engines. When returned to Earth, Mini nuclear reactors can also be sealing abandoned the camera back, the Rockets may revoke or partially recovered in the ground.

Rocket design, including hardware and software, computer control program a lot, especially in heavy-duty rocket design, manufacture, test, test, process control is very important. Programming, for example, -module (mathStuff). -export ([factorial / 1, area / 1]). factorial (0) -> 1; factorial (N) when N> 0-> N * factorial (N-1). % Calculated area of the square, the first match square parameter tuple area ({square, Side}) -> Side * Side; % Calculated area of a circle, matching circle area ({circle, Radius}) -> % Almost :-)    3 * Radius * Radius; % Calculated area of a triangle using Heron's formula, matching triangle area ({triangle, A, B, C}) ->    S = (A + B + C) / 2, math: sqrt (S * (S-A) * (S-B) * (S-C)); %other area (Other) ->    {Invalid_object, Other} Rocket design development, and manufacturing, professional software is essential. CAD, OpenRocket, SpaceCad, and simulation software, calculation software, three-dimensional drawing software abound. Software and programming for the design development and manufacturing heavy-duty large rocket experiment is also very important. Overloaded rocket rocket overweight due to structural, engine and fuel with traditional chemical rocket engine design and development of chemical fuels have very different, but also extraordinarily complex calculation, therefore, research and development to develop new rocket reload software is imperative, especially dynamic binding is a multi-poly design calculation, more complex. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Enc:Peaceful uses of space technology for the global list of cutting-edge technology transfer projects


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{Technology patented formula provides technical drawings or class structure diagram, technical know-how, science and technology common English language, the transfer fee in US dollars or other international common currency. Within three months after signing the contract or agreement, the delivery of technical and technological entry fee deposit transfer technical drawings simultaneously transfer the transferee. Innocent breach of contract, 70% -80% of the total value of compensation projects, technology should be compensation in full. The transfer of technology may apply for international patents, patent ownership transferee all the transferor no longer enjoy their benefits. Transfer of technology projects to provide electronic and paper drawings each copy in English. Technical consulting fees extra. General reception advice not only for the contracting parties and effective}. Technology Item Technical Code technology transfer fee (US $ billion) generic technology entry fee (US $ billion) technical margin (US $ billion) 1. [] overloaded rocket 00A054378120 75 15 10 2 [.] Anti-radiation technology 00a054389127 50 7 3 [.] Space Syndrome Prevention Technology 00A0543764 38 5 18 4. [space] emergency medical technology 00B0832680 40 2 3 [5.] Mars landing aircraft 00A4438963 15 4.5

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Мирное использование космической техники для глобального списка проектов по передаче передовых технологий


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{Технология запатентована формула обеспечивает технические чертежи или структуру класса диаграммы, технические ноу-хау, науки и техники общего английского языка, оплата за перевод денег в долларах США или другой международной единой валюты. В течение трех месяцев после подписания договора или соглашения, поставка технических и технологических вступительный взнос депозитным переводом технических чертежей одновременно передавать правопреемника. Иннокентий нарушение договора, 70% -80% от общей стоимости компенсационных проектов, технология должна быть компенсация в полном объеме. Передача технологии может подать заявку на международные патенты, патент собственности правопреемника все поклажедатель больше не пользуются их преимуществами. Передача технологических проектов для предоставления электронных и бумажных чертежей каждую копию на английском языке. Технический консалтинг сборы дополнительно. Общий прием советы не только для договаривающихся сторон и эффективным}. Технология Пункт Технический кодекс Стоимость трансфера технологий (US $ млрд) общая технология вступительный взнос (US $ млрд) технический запас (US $ млрд) 1. [] перегружен ракета 00A054378120 75 15 10 2 [.] Anti-радиационная технология 00a054389127 50 7 3 [.] Технология предотвращения Космический синдром 00A0543764 38 5 18 4. [пробел] скорая медицинская техника 00B0832680 40 2 3 [5] Марс посадки самолетов 00A4438963 15 4.5

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Standing on top of the planet (Fang Ruida)
Standing on top of the planet (Fang Ruida) (Fangruida poetry in 2002 in the Andes, the Amazon River, the author of the natural sciences when the study, after the Everest expedition when the draft .This poem once compose, piano concerto, lyrics by Fang Ruida created) Multilingual control global electronic version of the e-book, translation Miss louise, Dr. Boer school review, -	Standing on top of the earth Overlooking the sun rising in the East Crimson crimson white clouds The endless stream of mountains and rivers Golden earth golden world Bright pearl gorgeous luster Regardless of the horizon Regardless of the four continents The world is full of sunshine. The The The The Standing on top of the moon Overlooking the sun rising in the East Crimson clouds of light clouds Sleeping mountains quietly passing river The land of the golden land is not reclaimed Endless treasures flashing fluorescence Beautiful and rich on the sea Seems to surging shaking sea waves A ship is anchored. The The The The The Standing on top of Mars Overlooking the sun rising in the East The Olympic torch is raging The fire flies out of the chest The vast plains of the canyon Humans meet tomorrow's glory Beautiful and rich heaven The god of freedom is singing Boundless skyline, stars, galaxy, newborn sun 站在星球之巔（方瑞達） （Fangruida 詩歌2002年作於 安第斯山脈，亞馬孫河畔，作者自然科學考察時所作，後在珠穆朗瑪峰科考時完稿. 此詩歌一度譜曲，鋼琴協奏曲，詞曲均由方瑞達所創） 站在地球之巔 眺望著東方升起的太陽 緋紅色的錦霞 乳白色的雲朵 迷濛的群山 奔流不息的江河 金色的大地 金色的世界 璀璨的明珠 艷麗的光澤 不論海角天涯 不論四海五洲 世界到處充滿陽光. . .  .  . 	站在月球之巔 眺望著東方升起的太陽 緋紅色的彩霞 淡淡的雲翳 沉睡的群山 靜靜流逝的江河 金色的大地 未開墾的土地 無盡的瑰寶 閃爍的熒光 美麗富饒的月海 似乎又湧動驚天的海波 一艘艘巨輪正起錨遠航. . .  .  .  . 	站在火星之巔 眺望著東方升起的太陽 奧林匹克火炬熊熊點燃 烈火飛蹦出胸膛 遼闊的平原 寬廣的峽谷 人類又迎接明天的輝煌 美麗富饒的天國 自由之神 衷情歌唱 無邊的天際，星星，銀河，新生的太陽 Debout sur la planète (Fang Ruida) (Poésie Fangruida en 2002 dans les Andes, le fleuve Amazone, l'auteur des sciences naturelles lors de l'étude, après l'expédition de l'Everest lors de l'ébauche. Ce poème a déjà composé, le concerto pour piano, des paroles de Fang Ruida créées) Debout sur le dessus de la terre Surplombant le soleil qui monte dans l'Est Nuages ​​blancs cramoisus cramois Le fleuve sans fin des montagnes et des rivières Monde doré de la terre Lustre brillant brillant brillant Indépendamment de l'horizon Indépendamment des quatre continents Le monde est plein de soleil. The The The The Debout sur la lune Surplombant le soleil qui monte dans l'Est Nuages ​​crépus de nuages ​​légers Des montagnes douces qui passent tranquillement la rivière Le pays des terres d'or n'est pas récupéré Trésors sans fin clignotant de fluorescence Belle et riche sur la mer On dirait des ondes de mer tremblantes Un navire est ancré. The The The The The The Debout sur Mars Surplombant le soleil qui monte dans l'Est La torche olympique fait rage L'incendie sort du coffre Les vastes plaines du canyon Les humains rencontrent la gloire de demain Paradis magnifique et riche Le dieu de la liberté chante Horizon sans limites, étoiles, galaxie, soleil nouveau-né Стоя на вершине планеты (Fang Ruida) (Поэзия Fangruida в 2002 году в Андах, река Амазонка, автор естественных наук, когда учеба, после экспедиции на Эверест, когда проект. Это стихотворение когда-то сочинялось, фортепианный концерт, лирика Фан Руиды) Стоя на вершине земли С видом на солнце, растущее на Востоке Малиновые малиновые белые облака Бесконечный поток гор и рек Золотой золотой мир Яркий жемчуг великолепный блеск Независимо от горизонта Независимо от четырех континентов Мир полон солнечного света. Стоя на вершине луны С видом на солнце, растущее на Востоке Малиновые облака светлых облаков Спящие горы тихо проходят мимо реки Земля золотой земли не возвращена Бесконечные сокровища мигающие флуоресценции Красивые и богатые на море Похоже на бушующие волны моря Корабль закреплен. Стоя на вершине Марса С видом на солнце, растущее на Востоке Олимпийский факел бушует Огонь вылетает из сундука Огромные равнины каньона Люди встречают завтрашнюю славу Красивые и богатые небеса Бог свободы пел Безграничный горизонт, звезды, галактика, новорожденное солнце ग्रह के शीर्ष पर स्थित (फेंग रुइदा) (फेन्रुइइडा कविता 2002 में एंडिस में, अमेज़ॅन नदी, अध्ययन द्वारा बनाई गई प्राकृतिक विज्ञान के लेखक, एवरेस्ट अभियान के बाद एक बार कविता लिखी, पियानो कॉन्सर्टो, फेंग रुइया द्वारा निर्मित गीत) पृथ्वी के शीर्ष पर खड़े हो रहे हैं पूर्व में सूर्य की तरफ बढ़ना क्रिमसन क्रिमसन सफेद बादल पहाड़ों और नदियों का अंतहीन प्रवाह स्वर्ण पृथ्वी स्वर्ण दुनिया उज्ज्वल मोती भव्य चमक क्षितिज के बावजूद चार महाद्वीपों के बावजूद दुनिया धूप से भरा है । । । । चंद्रमा के ऊपर खड़े हो रहे हैं पूर्व में सूर्य की तरफ बढ़ना हल्की बादलों के क्रिमसन बादल के मामले में चुपचाप वाले पहाड़ों पर सोते हुए नदी स्वर्ण भूमि की भूमि को पुनः प्राप्त नहीं किया गया है प्रतिदीप्ति चमकती अंतहीन खजाने समुद्र पर सुंदर और अमीर समुद्र के तरंगों को हिलाने लगते हैं एक जहाज लंगर है । । । । । मंगल ग्रह के ऊपर खड़े हो रहे हैं पूर्व में सूर्य की तरफ बढ़ना ओलंपिक मशाल उग्र है आग छाती से बाहर निकलती है घाटी के विशाल मैदान मनुष्य कल की महिमा से मिलते हैं सुंदर और समृद्ध स्वर्ग स्वतंत्रता का देवता गा रहा है बाउंडलेस क्षितिज, सितारों, आकाशगंगा, नवजात सूरज يقف على قمة الكوكب (فانغ رويدا) (فانغرويدا الشعر في عام 2002 في جبال الأنديز، نهر الأمازون، ومؤلف العلوم الطبيعية عندما الدراسة، وبعد رحلة ايفرست عندما مشروع .This قصيدة مرة واحدة يؤلف، كونشيرتو البيانو، كلمات فانغ رويدا خلق) يقف على قمة الأرض تطل على الشمس في الشرق قرمزي، قرمزي، أبيض، السحب تيار لا نهاية لها من الجبال والأنهار الأرض الذهبية العالم الذهبي لؤلؤة مشرقة بريق رائع بغض النظر عن الأفق بغض النظر عن القارات الأربع العالم مليء أشعة الشمس. يقف على قمة القمر تطل على الشمس في الشرق السحب، بسبب، أضاء، كلودس الجبال النائمة تمر بهدوء النهر أرض الأرض الذهبية ليست مستصلحة الكنوز التي لا نهاية لها وميض مضان جميلة وغنية على البحر ويبدو أن ارتفاع تهز موجات البحر وترتكز السفينة. يقف على قمة المريخ تطل على الشمس في الشرق الشعلة الاولمبية مستعرة النار يطير من الصدر السهول الشاسعة من الوادي يجتمع البشر مجد الغد جميلة وغنية السماء إله الحرية هو الغناء بوندليس، الأفق، النجوم، المجرة، الوليد، شمس De pie en la parte superior del planeta (Fang Ruida) (Fangruida poesía en 2002 en los Andes, el río Amazonas, el autor de las ciencias naturales cuando el estudio, después de la expedición del Everest cuando el proyecto. Este poema una vez componer, concerto de piano, letras de Fang Ruida creado) De pie sobre la tierra Con vistas al sol que se levanta en el este Crimson carmesí nubes blancas El flujo interminable de montañas y ríos Tierra de oro mundo de oro Lustre brillante de la perla brillante Independientemente del horizonte Independientemente de los cuatro continentes El mundo está lleno de sol. De pie sobre la luna Con vistas al sol que se levanta en el este Nubes carmesí de nubes ligeras Dormir montañas tranquilamente pasando río La tierra de la tierra de oro no es recuperada Infinitos tesoros que parpadean fluorescencia Hermoso y rico en el mar Parece que se agitan las olas del mar Un barco está anclado. De pie en la parte superior de Marte Con vistas al sol que se levanta en el este La antorcha olímpica está furiosa El fuego vuela fuera del pecho Las vastas llanuras del cañón Los seres humanos se encuentran con la gloria de mañana Hermoso y rico cielo El dios de la libertad está cantando Horizonte sin límites, estrellas, galaxia, sol recién nacido Stehend auf dem Planeten (Fang Ruida) (Fangruida-Poesie im Jahr 2002 in den Anden, der Amazonas-Fluss, der Autor der Naturwissenschaften, wenn die Studie, nach der Everest-Expedition, wenn der Entwurf. Dieses Gedicht einmal komponiert, Klavierkonzert, lyrics von Fang Ruida erstellt) Stehend auf der Erde Mit Blick auf die Sonne im Osten steigen Crimson crimson weiße Wolken Der endlose Strom von Bergen und Flüssen Goldene Welt goldene Welt Helle Perle wunderschönen Glanz Unabhängig vom Horizont Unabhängig von den vier Kontinenten Die Welt ist voller Sonnenschein. Stehend auf dem Mond Mit Blick auf die Sonne im Osten steigen Crimson Wolken der hellen Wolken Schlafende Berge ruhig vorbei am Fluss Das Land des goldenen Landes wird nicht zurückgefordert Endlose Schätze blitzende Fluoreszenz Schön und reich am Meer Scheint zu wachsenden Schütteln Meer Wellen Ein Schiff ist verankert. Stehend auf dem Mars Mit Blick auf die Sonne im Osten steigen Die olympische Fackel wütet Das Feuer fliegt aus der Brust Die weiten Ebenen der Schlucht Die Menschen treffen sich der Ruhm von morgen Schöner und reicher Himmel Der Gott der Freiheit singt Grenzenlose Skyline, Sterne, Galaxie, Neugeborene 惑星の上に立って（牙Ruida） （2002年にはアンデス、アマゾン川のFangruida詩、エベレストの遠征の後、自然科学の著者、草案がドラフトされた後、ピアノ協奏曲、Fang Ruidaの作詞） 地球の上に立って 東に上がる太陽を見下ろす クリムゾン・クリムゾン・ホワイト・クラウド 山と川の無限の流れ ゴールデンアースゴールデンワールド ブライトパールゴージャスな光沢 地平線に関係なく 4つの大陸にかかわらず 世界は太陽がいっぱいです. 月の上に立つ 東に上がる太陽を見下ろす 光の雲の紅雲 静かに川を渡る眠っている山々 黄金の国の土地は再利用されない 蛍光を点滅させる無限の宝物 美しく豊かな海 波を揺さぶるように見える 船は固定されています. 火星の上に立つ 東に上がる太陽を見下ろす オリンピックの聖火は激怒している 火が胸の外に飛ぶ 峡谷の広大な平原 人間は明日の栄光を満たす 美しく豊かな天 自由の神が歌います 無限のスカイライン、星、銀河、新生児の太陽