User:Vuara/Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Dictionary

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LIWC Dictionary (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Dictionary)

The WordStat version of the LIWC Dictionary is currently distributed with the original LIWC 2001 software package. You can order the LIWC software directly from Lawrence Erlbaum Associates web site. The LIWC 2001 software is available in both Windows and Mac format. However, the WordStat version of the dictionary can only be used on a Windows compatible computer with the WordStat content analysis software.

Dictionary information

Description

The LIWC2001 Dictionary is composed of 2,290 words and word stems. Each word or word-stem defines one or more word categories or subdictionaries. For example, the word 'cried' is part of four word categories: sadness, negative emotion, overall affect, and a past tense verb. Hence, if it is found in the target text, each of these four subdictionary scale scores will be incremented. As in this example, many of the LIWC2001 categories are arranged hierarchically. All anger words, by definition, will be categorized as negative emotion and overall emotion words.

Each of the 74 preset LIWC2001 categories is composed of a list of dictionary words that define that scale. The table below provides a comprehensive list of the LIWC2001 dictionary categories with sample scale words, and relevant scale word counts.

The LIWC dictionary is also available Spanish and German. French, Italian and Dutch versions are currently under development. To obtain information about those versions of the LIWC, please contact James W. Pennebaker.

WordStat format

Of the 2,290 words and word stems included in the original LIWC dictionary, only one entry (e.g. LIKE) could not be included in the WordStat version because of specific disambiguation rules used. We are confident that this minor difference won't affect very much the numerical results or conclusions of a content analysis.

Selected References

Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.

Pennebaker, J.W., & Francis, M.E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 601-626.

Pennebaker, J.W., & King, L.A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1296-1312.

Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T., & Francis, M. E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 863-871.

Pennebaker, J.W. (2002). What our words can say about us: Toward a broader language psychology. Psychological Science Agenda, 15, 8-9.

Newman, M.L., Pennebaker, J.W., Berry, D.S., & Richards, J.M. (2001). Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles. Paper submitted for publication.

LIWC 2001 Dimensions and Sample Words

DIMENSION ABBREV. EXAMPLES
 * 1) WORDS

I. STANDARD LINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS

Total pronouns Pronoun I, our, they, you're 70 1st person singular I I, my, me 9 1st person plural We we, our, us 11 Total first person Self I, we, me 20 Total second person You you, you'll 14 Total third person Other she, their, them 22 Negations Negate no, never, not 31 Assents Assent yes, OK, mmhmm 18 Articles Article a, an, the 3 Prepositions Preps on, to, from 43 Numbers Number one, thirty, million 29

II. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Affective or Emotional Processes Affect happy, ugly, bitter 615     Positive Emotions Posemo happy, pretty, good 261          Positive feelings Posfeel happy, joy, love 43          Optimism and energy Optim certainty, pride, win 69     Negative Emotions Negemo hate, worthless, enemy 345          Anxiety or fear Anx nervous, afraid, tense 62          Anger Anger hate, kill, pissed 121          Sadness or depression Sad grief, cry, sad 72 Cognitive Processes Cogmech cause, know, ought 312     Causation Cause because, effect, hence 49     Insight Insight think, know, consider 116     Discrepancy Discrep should, would, could 32     Inhibition Inhib block, constrain 64     Tentative Tentat maybe, perhaps, guess 79     Certainty Certain always, never 30 Sensory and Perceptual Processes Senses see, touch, listen 111     Seeing See view, saw, look 31     Hearing Hear heard, listen, sound 36     Feeling Feel touch, hold, felt 30 Social Processes Social talk, us, friend 314     Communication  Comm  talk, share, converse 124      Other references to people  Othref  1st pl, 2nd, 3rd per prns 54      Friends  Friends  pal, buddy, coworker 28      Family  Family  mom, brother, cousin 43      Humans  Humans  boy, woman, group 43

III. RELATIVITY

Time Time  hour, day, oclock  113 Past tense verb Past  walked, were, had  144 Present tense verb Present  walk, is, be  256 Future tense verb Future  will, might, shall  14 Space Space  around, over, up  71 Up Up  up, above, over  12 Down Down  down, below, under  7 Inclusive Incl  with, and, include  16 Exclusive Excl  but, except, without  19 Motion Motion  walk, move, go  73

IV. PERSONAL CONCERNS

Occupation Occup  work, class, boss  213 School School  class, student, college  100 Job or work Job  employ, boss, career  62 Achievement Achieve  try, goal, win  60 Leisure activity Leisure  house, TV, music  102 Home Home  house, kitchen, lawn  26 Sports Sports  football, game, play  28 Television and movies TV  TV, sitcom, cinema  19 Music Music  tunes, song, cd  31 Money and financial issues Money  cash, taxes, income  75 Metaphysical issues Metaph  God, heaven, coffin  85 Religion Relig  God, church, rabbi  56 Death and dying Death  dead, burial, coffin  29 Physical states and functions Physcal  ache, breast, sleep  285 Body states, symptoms Body  ache, heart, cough 200 Sex and sexuality Sexual  lust, penis, fuck  49 Eating, drinking, dieting Eating  eat, swallow, taste  52 Sleeping, dreaming Sleep  asleep, bed, dreams  21 Grooming Groom  wash, bath, clean  15

APPENDIX: EXPERIMENTAL DIMENSIONS

Swear words Swear  damn, fuck, piss  29 Nonfluencies Nonfl  uh, rr*  6 Fillers Fillers  youknow, Imean  6