User:Uf.hun2201/Nutrition, Health, Human Nutrition

Introduction Fundamentals of Human Nutrition

Introduction

This wikibook is part of the Coursera course, Fundamentals of Human Nutrition. Students enrolled in the Coursera course will be permitted to contribute to the book as part of the active learning within the course. The wikibook project will be offered to those students participating in the synthesis of learning level within the course.

Book Outline

1 Introduction to Nutrition

1.1 You Are What You Eat 1.2 Defining Nutrition

1.2.1 Malnutrition 1.2.2 Macronutrient basics 1.2.3 Micronutrient basics

1.3 Nutritional Science

1.3.1 Nutrition Research

1.4 Dietary Guidelines

1.4.1 Food Based Guidelines 1.4.1.1 Macronutrients 1.4.1.2 Food groups

1.4.2 Dietary Reference Intakes

1.4.2.1 Macronutrients 1.4.2.2 Vitamins 1.4.2.3 Minerals

1.4.3 International Dietary Guidelines

2 Macronutrients in the Diet: Carbohydrates

2.1 Defining Carbohydrates

2.1.1 Simple sugars 2.1.2 Complex carbohydrates

2.1.2.1 Starch 2.1.2.2 Fiber

2.2 Storage 2.3 Functions

2.3.1 Sugar and Starch

2.3.1.1 Energy 2.3.1.2 Lipid metabolism

2.3.2 Fiber

2.3.2.1 Glucose balance 2.3.2.2 Gut health 2.3.2.3 Cholesterol balance

2.4 Sugar's Bad rap

2.4.1 Diabetes 2.4.2 Dental Caries 2.4.3 Hyperactivity 2.4.4 Obesity

2.5 Dietary intake

2.5.1 Excess 2.5.2 Low-carbohydrate diets

3 Macronutrients in the Diet: Protein

3.1 Defining Proteins

3.1.1 Structure

3.1.1.1 Amino acids 3.1.1.2 Folding

3.1.2 Protein quality

3.1.2.1 Essential amino acids 3.1.2.2 Limiting amino acids 3.1.2.3 Bioavailability

3.2 Synthesis

3.2.1 Protein turnover

3.2.1.1 Amino acid pool 3.2.1.2 Nitrogen balance

3.3 Functions

3.3.1 Cell and tissue synthesis 3.3.2 Enzymes 3.3.3 Hormones 3.3.4 Fluid balance 3.3.5 Acid-base regulation 3.3.6 Transporters 3.3.7 Antibodies 3.3.8 Energy and Glucose

3.4 Dietary intake

3.4.1 Excess 3.4.2 Insufficiency

4 Macronutrients in the Diet: Lipids

4.1 Defining lipids

4.1.1 Fatty acids

4.1.1.1 Saturation

4.1.2 Triglycerides 4.1.3 Phospholipids and sterols

4.2 Lipid storage 4.3 Functions

4.3.1 Essential fatty acids

4.3.1.1 Omega-6 fatty acids 4.3.1.2 Omega-3 fatty acids

4.3.2 Triglycerides

4.3.2.1 Energy 4.3.2.2 Insulation 4.3.2.3 Protection of organs

4.3.3 Phospholipids

4.3.3.1 Cell membranes 4.3.3.2 Emulsifier

4.3.4 Sterols

4.3.4.1 Cell structure 4.3.4.2 Bile 4.3.4.3 Hormones

4.4 Lipid intake

4.4.1 Excess 4.4.2 Deficiency

4.4.2.1 Essential fatty acid deficiency

4.4.3 Omega-3 fatty acids and health

5 Nutrient Processing

5.1 Gastrointestinal system

5.1.1 Structures 5.1.2 Accessory organs

5.2 Digestion

5.2.1 Phases 5.2.2 Mechanical processes 5.2.3 Secretions

5.2.3.1 Salivary 5.2.3.2 Gastric 5.2.3.3 Pancreatic

5.2.4 Regulation

5.2.4.1 Hormones 5.2.4.2 Nervous system

5.3 Absorption

5.3.1 Structures 5.3.2 Transport

5.3.2.1 Diffusion 5.3.2.2 Facilitated diffusion 5.3.2.3 Active

5.3.3 Circulatory systems

5.3.3.1 Blood 5.3.3.2 Lymph

5.4 Gut health

5.4.1 Cellular turnover

5.4.1.1 Fiber

5.4.2 Intestinal bacteria 5.4.3 Problems in digestion and absorption

5.4.3.1 GERD 5.4.3.2 Irritable bowel disease 5.4.3.3 Food intolerance

6 History of Vitamins and Minerals

6.1 Early epidemiological findings

6.1.1 Disease theories 6.1.2 Food cures

6.2 Barriers to discovery 6.3 Economics of nutritional deficiency 6.4 Discovery of vitamins

6.4.1 Key researchers 6.4.2 Identification 6.4.3 Isolation

7 Vitamins

7.1 Fat soluble vitamins

7.1.1 Vitamin A

7.1.1.1 Sources 7.1.1.2 Functions 7.1.1.3 Requirements 7.1.1.4 Deficiency 7.1.1.5 Toxicity

7.1.2 Vitamin D

7.1.2.1 Sources 7.1.2.2 Functions 7.1.2.3 Requirements 7.1.2.4 Deficiency 7.1.2.5 Toxicity

7.1.3 Vitamin E

7.1.3.1 Sources 7.1.3.2 Functions 7.1.3.3 Requirements 7.1.3.4 Deficiency 7.1.3.5 Toxicity

7.1.4 Vitamin K

7.1.4.1 Sources 7.1.4.2 Functions 7.1.4.3 Requirements 7.1.4.4 Deficiency 7.1.4.5 Toxicity

7.2 Water soluble vitamins

7.2.1 Thiamin

7.2.1.1 Sources 7.2.1.2 Functions 7.2.1.3 Requirements 7.2.1.4 Deficiency 7.2.1.5 Toxicity

7.2.2 Riboflavin

7.2.2.1 Sources 7.2.2.2 Functions 7.2.2.3 Requirements 7.2.2.4 Deficiency 7.2.2.5 Toxicity

7.2.3 Niacin

7.2.3.1 Sources 7.2.3.2 Functions 7.2.3.3 Requirements 7.2.3.4 Deficiency 7.2.3.5 Toxicity

7.2.4 Folate

7.2.4.1 Sources 7.2.4.2 Functions 7.2.4.3 Requirements 7.2.4.4 Deficiency 7.2.4.5 Toxicity

7.2.5 Vitamin B12

7.2.5.1 Sources 7.2.5.2 Functions 7.2.5.3 Requirements 7.2.5.4 Deficiency 7.2.5.5 Toxicity

7.2.6 Vitamin B6

7.2.6.1 Sources 7.2.6.2 Functions 7.2.6.3 Requirements 7.2.6.4 Deficiency 7.2.6.5 Toxicity

7.2.7 Pantothenic acid

7.2.7.1 Sources 7.2.7.2 Functions 7.2.7.3 Requirements 7.2.7.4 Deficiency 7.2.7.5 Toxicity

7.2.8 Vitamin C

7.2.8.1 Sources 7.2.8.2 Functions 7.2.8.3 Requirements 7.2.8.4 Deficiency 7.2.8.5 Toxicity

8 Minerals

8.1 Water and electrolytes

8.1.1 Sodium

8.1.1.1 Sources 8.1.1.2 Functions 8.1.1.3 Requirements 8.1.1.4 Imbalance

8.1.2 Chloride

8.1.2.1 Sources 8.1.2.2 Functions 8.1.2.3 Requirements 8.1.2.4 Imbalance

8.1.3 Potassium

8.1.3.1 Sources 8.1.3.2 Functions 8.1.3.3 Requirements 8.1.3.4 Imbalance

8.2 Mineralizing minerals

8.2.1 Calcium

8.2.1.1 Sources 8.2.1.2 Functions 8.2.1.3 Requirements 8.2.1.4 Imbalance

8.2.2 Phosphorous

8.2.2.1 Sources 8.2.2.2 Functions 8.2.2.3 Requirements 8.2.2.4 Imbalance

8.2.3 Magnesium

8.2.3.1 Sources 8.2.3.2 Functions 8.2.3.3 Requirements 8.2.3.4 Imbalance

8.3 Trace minerals

8.3.1 Iron

8.3.1.1 Sources 8.3.1.2 Functions 8.3.1.3 Requirements 8.3.1.4 Imbalance

8.3.2 Zinc

8.3.2.1 Sources 8.3.2.2 Functions 8.3.2.3 Requirements 8.3.2.4 Imbalance

8.3.3 Iodine

8.3.3.1 Sources 8.3.3.2 Functions 8.3.3.3 Requirements 8.3.3.4 Imbalance

8.3.4 Selenium

8.3.4.1 Sources 8.3.4.2 Functions 8.3.4.3 Requirements 8.3.4.4 Imbalance

8.3.5 Copper

8.3.5.1 Sources 8.3.5.2 Functions

8.3.6 Manganese

8.3.6.1 Sources 8.3.6.2 Functions

8.3.7 Chromium

8.3.7.1 Sources 8.3.7.2 Functions

8.3.8 Molybdenum

8.3.8.1 Sources 8.3.8.2 Functions

8.3.9 Fluoride

8.3.9.1 Sources 8.3.9.2 Functions

9 Metabolism

9.1 Glucose

9.1.1 Glycolysis 9.1.2 Gluconeogenesis

9.2 Amino acids

9.2.1 Glucogenic 9.2.2 Ketogenic 9.2.3 Urea

9.3 Glycerol and fatty acids

9.3.1 Lipolysis 9.3.2 Liponeogenesis 9.3.3 Ketosis

9.4 Citric Acid cycle 9.5 Electron transport chain

10 Energy and Body Composition

10.1 Energy expenditure

10.1.1 Components 10.1.2 Estimating requirements

10.2 Body composition

10.2.1 Measuring

10.3 Weight management

10.3.1 Underweight

10.3.1.1 Eating disorders

10.3.2 Overweight and obesity

10.3.2.1 Global statistics 10.3.2.2 Causes 10.3.2.3 Health risks

10.3.3 Interventions

10.3.3.1 Interventions 10.3.3.2 Medications 10.3.3.3 Surgery