User:TanmoyKonar

Ductile Material vs. Brittle material:
a)	A material which can undergo considerable deformation before failure is called ductile material. On the other hand, brittle materials are those materials which show small deformation before failure.

b)	A major portion of deformation of a ductile material is plastic deformation, but a brittle material ruptures with very little or no plastic deformation.

c)	The failure of a ductile material is gradual, whereas, the failure of a brittle material is instantaneous.

d)	The examples of ductile material are mild steel, copper, synthetic polymer etc. On the other hand, cast iron, concrete, chalk etc. are the name of some brittle material.

Working Stress Method vs. Limit State Method:
a)	In working stress method the stresses developed within the structural members under different working conditions and load combinations are kept below the permissible stress which is derived after providing adequate factor of safety on the material strength. On the other hand, in limit stress method the stresses developed within the structural members under different combinations of factored loads are kept within the design strength of the materials which is obtained by providing appropriate partial safety factor on the characteristic strength of the materials. At the same time necessary provisions are made to satisfy the serviceability requirements.

b)	Working stress method is a deterministic approach as it is presumed that loads on the structure and material strength are known, though it is not the actual case. In limit stress method, loads on the structure and material strength are determined statistically, i.e., on the basis of observations taken over a period of time.

c)	In working stress method, factor of safety is applied only on the material strength, but in limit stress method, partial safety factors are applied on characteristic load as well as material strength.

Under Reinforced Section vs. Over Reinforced Section:
a)	Under sufficient loading, in a Reinforced Concrete Section, if the reinforcement under tension yields before the concrete crushes, the section is called Under Reinforced Section. On the other hand, in an Over Reinforced RCC section the concrete crushes before the reinforcement under tension yields when subjected to sufficient loading.

b)	The failure of a RCC member with Under Reinforced Section is a ductile failure as it shows large deformation before collapse, whereas, the failure of a RCC member with Over Reinforced Section is a brittle one as it collapses suddenly.

c)	In a single reinforced section the depth of neutral axis is more than the half of the effective depth of the section when the section is under reinforced one, but for over reinforced section the depth of neutral axis is less than the half of the effective depth of a single reinforced section.

d)	During RCC design ‘Under Reinforced Sections’ are commonly chosen over ‘Over Reinforced Sections’ as it induces more ductility to the structure.

Un-cracked Section and Cracked Section:
At small loads, when the maximum tensile stress in concrete is less than its modulus of rupture, the entire section acts as a homogeneous section with compression on one side and tension at other side. This section is called Un-cracked Section.

On the other hand, when tensile stress in concrete exceeds its modulus of rupture, it is assumed that all of the concrete on tension side has cracked and the section is designated as Cracked Section.

One-way Slab vs. Two-way Slab:
a)	When the load applied on a slab is distributed in one direction, i.e., in shorter direction, it is called One-Way Slab, but when the load applied on a slab is distributed in both the direction, i.e., longitudinal and transverse, it is called Two-Way Slab.

b)	When the length of a slab is more than twice of its breadth, the slab is called one-way slab. Otherwise, it is a two-way slab.

c)	One-way Slab carries load though beam action, but in Two-way Slab load is transferred though plate action and hence the deflections and bending moments in Two-way Slab are considerably low as compared to those in One-way Slab.

d)	In One-way Slab, the reinforcement provided along shorter direction carries load but the reinforcement provided along longer direction is distribution steel, whereas, in Two-way Slab the reinforcement provided in both the direction carries load.

Short Column vs. Long Column:
a)	A short column is one which will fail, under sufficient loading, due to development of compressive stress which is more than the compressive strength of the material it made of.

On the other hand, a long column is one which will fail, under sufficient loading; due to buckling of the column much before the material reaches its compressive stress caring capacity.

b)	The strength of a short column is determined only by the material it made of, but the strength of a long column depends on the material it made of as well as on the geometry of the column; more preciously the slenderness ratio of the column.

c)	For a RCC column if the ratio effective length to lateral dimension in both the direction is less than 12; otherwise it will be a long column.

It may be noted that the critical slenderness ratio, which differentiates between short column and long column, depends on the material of the column. For example it is approximately 100 for steel, 40 for aluminum, 18 for wood.