User:Retropunk/Japanese Curriculum/JLPT4 Grammar

Verb Patterns

 * 1) V1+ないで+V - similar to "I didn't do V1, but I did V" or "V is being done without V1ing"
 * 2) V6+てください - please do V. (polite request)
 * 3) V1+ないでください - please do not do V. (polite request-neg)
 * 4) V2+ましょう - "Let's do V." volitional, polite
 * 5) V2+ませんか - Why don't we do V?
 * 6) V2+たい - "I want to V"
 * 7) V2+ながら - adverbial clause, While V, ...
 * 8) V6+てから - adverbial clause, After/Since V, ...
 * 9) V6+たあとで - ta instead of te, adverbial clause, After V, ...
 * 10) V3+まえに - adverbial clause, Before V
 * 11) V6+たり...V+たり - conjunction for multiple actions

Expressions

 * 1) どうもありがとうございました - thank you very much (very polite)
 * 2) いただきます - thanks for this meal! (before eating)
 * 3) ごちそうさまでした - a thanks said after meals
 * 4) ごめんください - may i come in?
 * 5) ごめんなさい - excuse me
 * 6) はじめまして - nice to meet you. how do you do?
 * 7) どうぞよろしく - pleased to meet you. please favor me with your friendship/kindness
 * 8) いらっしゃいませ - Welcome to the store! (merchant greeting)
 * 9) こんにちは - Hello. (daytime greeting)
 * 10) こんばんは - Good evening, Hello
 * 11) さよなら - Goodbye
 * 12) おはようございます - good morning
 * 13) おやすみなさい - good night
 * 14) ではおげんきで - well then, take care.
 * 15) おねがいします - please
 * 16) いいえどういたしまして - no problem at all.
 * 17) こちらこそ - No, thank you! (used when responding to someone saying "Thank you!")
 * 18) しつれいしました - Excuse me. (used usually while leaving a room.)
 * 19) しつれいします - Excuse me. (used usually while entering a room.)
 * 20) すみません - Excuse me. I'm sorry.
 * 21) ではまた - See ya later.

Conjunctions, Adverbials, Other sentence patterns

 * 1) ...+は+Q  - topic particle using questions
 * 2) Q+が+... - subject particle using WH-questions
 * 3) Place+に+N+がある/いる - existence of an item in a place using subject marker
 * 4) Place+に+N+が+Q+ある/いる -  existence of  Q items in a place using subject marker
 * 5) N+は+Place+にある/いる - existence of an item in a place using a topic marker
 * 6) N+をください - please give me N
 * 7) N+を/V6+てくださいませんか - won't you please do
 * 8) N+がほしい - I want N
 * 9) ...が - ... but ...
 * 10) ...とき - adverbial clause, when ..., ...
 * 11) でしょう - I think.. I guess.. I wonder .. etc.,
 * 12) Adj+く/Adj+N+に/N+になる - becomes
 * 13) Adj+く/Adj+N+に/N+にする - equating or making, (e.g., I made A from B)
 * 14) もう+Positive - already
 * 15) もう+Negative - no longer
 * 16) まだ+Positive - still
 * 17) まだ+Negative - not yet
 * 18) ...という - called this ...
 * 19) ...て - because ... / since ...
 * 20) ...から - because ... / since ...
 * 21) ...は...が - using both subject and topic particle in the same sentence

Adjectives

 * 1) Adj+です - i-adj, non-past, polite
 * 2) Adj+くないです - i adjective, polite negative
 * 3) Adj+かったです - i adjective, past
 * 4) Adj+くなかったです - i adjective, past negative
 * 5) Adj+ - adjective without desu
 * 6) Adj+くない - i-adj without desu, polite neg
 * 7) Adj+かった - i-adj w/o desu, past
 * 8) Adj+くなかった - i adj w/o desu, past neg
 * 9) Adj+くて - i-adj te-form
 * 10) Adj+く+V - adverb
 * 11) Adj+N - na adj no copula.
 * 12) Adj+の - adj+pronoun/one/thing (e.g., white thing)
 * 13) Adj+N+です - na adj
 * 14) Adj+N+ではありません, na adj, negative
 * 15) Adj+N+でした - na adj, past
 * 16) Adj+N+ではありませんでした - na adj, neg past
 * 17) Adj+N+だ - na adj with plain copula
 * 18) Adj+N+ではない - na adj, neg, plain
 * 19) Adj+N+だった - na adj-past, plain
 * 20) Adj+N+ではなかった, na-adj, past-neg, plain
 * 21) Adj+N+で - na-adj te-form
 * 22) Adj+N+に+V -n-adj adverb
 * 23) Adj+N+な+N - n-adj + noun
 * 24) Adj+N+の - na-adj + pronoun

Verbs

 * 1) V+ます - verb polite form
 * 2) V+ません - verb, polite neg form
 * 3) V+ました - verb, polite past form
 * 4) V+ませんでした - verb, polite neg-past form
 * 5) V - verb, plain form
 * 6) V+ない - verb, plain neg form
 * 7) V+た - verb, plain past form
 * 8) V+なかった - verb, plain past-neg form
 * 9) N+が+Vit/N+を+Vt - intransitive and transitive verb use
 * 10) V+て - verb, te-form
 * 11) V+てある - verb, te-form "completed" state
 * 12) V+ている - verb, te-form progressive

Copula use

 * 1) N+です - noun + copula.
 * 2) N+ではありません - noun + copula neg form
 * 3) N+でした - noun + copula past-form
 * 4) N+ではありませんでした - noun + copula neg-past form
 * 5) N+だ - noun + copula plain form
 * 6) N+ではない - noun + copula plain-neg form
 * 7) N+だった - noun + copula plain-past form
 * 8) N+ではなかった noun + copula plain-neg-past form
 * 9) N+で - te-form of desu
 * 10) N+の+N - noun modifying another noun or possessive.
 * 11) N+の -possessive
 * 12) [V/+Adj/+Adj-Na]+N - relative clause modifying a noun

Question words and interrogatives

 * 1) なに/なん - what
 * 2) だれ/どなた - who
 * 3) いつ - when or how soon
 * 4) いくつ - how many?
 * 5) いくら - how much?
 * 6) どれ/どの/どこ/どちら - which / which one / where / who
 * 7) どう/いかが - how, in what what, how about
 * 8) どんな - what kind of
 * 9) どのぐらい/どれぐらい - how far, how long, how much
 * 10) なぜ/どうして - why
 * 11) なにか/だれか/どこかへ/... - someone, something, somewhere, etc.,
 * 12) なにも/だれも/どこへも/... - no one, nothing, nowhere, etc.,
 * 13) これ/それ/あれ/どれ - this / that / that over there / which?
 * 14) この/その/あの/どの - this one / that one / that one over there / which one?
 * 15) ここ/そこ/あそこ/どこ - this place / that place / that place over there/ where?
 * 16) こちら/そちら/あちら/どちら (こっち/そっち/あっち/どっち) - this person / that person / that person over there / who

Particles!

 * 1) が - subject marker
 * 2) を - direct object marker, starting point of the action, place of the action
 * 3) に - location marker, object marker for some verbs (e.g., to meet at), time marker, goal marker, intervals
 * 4) で - location marker for action verbs, by means marker (e.g., I went to the school by bus.), cause and effect marker, totals marker
 * 5) へ - direction marker,
 * 6) と - noun conjunction "and", "together" or "with"
 * 7) から/まで - AからBまで - from A to B.
 * 8) や - list particle, but can be used to mean "and so forth" (e.g., AやBなど will mean A and B and so forth. など is optional.)
 * 9) は - topic marker, contrast marker
 * 10) も - also/too
 * 11) 格助詞+は/も - combination of particles and は/も
 * 12) か - question marker
 * 13) など - etc/so forth. see や.
 * 14) ぐらい - about/almost/approx
 * 15) だけ - only / just
 * 16) しか - only or nothing but
 * 17) か - question marker
 * 18) ね - sentence end marker, applies emphasis, or a quest for confirmation
 * 19) よ - sentence end marker, applies certainty or request
 * 20) わ - feminine form of ね

Suffixes

 * 1) 中 - all/ entire / throughout (time)
 * 2) たち/がた - makes the attached noun plural (plain/polite)
 * 3) あまり...ない - not very, negative sentences
 * 4) 一つ、二つ～１０ - numbers
 * 5) 枚/冊/本... - counters
 * 6) ~月/~日/~曜日- calendar
 * 7) ~時/~時半/~時~/~分/~時~分前/~ごろ - time
 * 8) ~時間/~分/~ぐらい - minutes, hours
 * 9) がる - to feel (used with adj)
 * 10) がわ - side of something, or taking someone's side
 * 11) ご - language
 * 12) じん - person
 * 13) すぎ - too much, over
 * 14) ずつ - apiece
 * 15) たち - plural suffix
 * 16) ちゅう - during
 * 17) や - ~shop