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Objective Overview of the Chapter
After reading this chapter, the learner will

·      Know the history of primary education system of turkey and how it evolved throughout the years ·      Be able to identify economic, social and political influences that shaped the current primary education of Turkey

·      Understand how centralization/decentralization has influenced primary education of Turkey

·      Understand different political agendas, reforms and views on primary education in Turkey

= Historical factors that shaped the Primary Education system of Turkey = The current educational systems in the Republic of Turkey were founded by Kemal Atatürk, the original son of the Turkish people. Turkish education systems are comprehensively expressed in the country's Constitution and Laws No. 179, 208, 385 "On the Structure and Duties of the Ministry of National Education", as well as in government programs.

Article 42 of the Constitution of the Republic states that "All people have the right to education" and citizens' rights to education are guaranteed. In the Republic of Turkey, all types of education are under full state control, and it is not possible to open educational institutions that do not fall under such control. Private schools are also obliged to comply with the requirements of state educational standards and fully implement state programs.

Primary education is compulsory for all, free of charge in public schools. After compulsory education, children from low-income families who express their desire to continue their education at its next stages are provided with scholarships by the state, and other relevant benefits are also provided to them.

In educational institutions, they perform only tasks related to educational work and its improvement. Other activities are not allowed.

People of Turkish nationality cannot be taught any other foreign language as their mother tongue. The general structure of Turkish national education systems is as follows: the education system in this country is divided into two main parts. The first part of them is school education, which includes pre-school education, primary education, secondary and higher education. Its composition is as follows:

Admission of children under school age to preschool education is voluntary. The purpose of pre-school education is to ensure the physical, mental and moral development of children, prepare them thoroughly for the school stage, create conditions for low-income students, and teach them to speak Turkish correctly and beautifully. consists of

In primary school, children are educated from 6 to 14 years old. The school at this stage serves to realize the following goals and tasks;

for every Turkish child to grow up to be a good person, to be educated, him

educating and teaching thinking in the spirit of national pride;

education for every Turkish child according to his interests, abilities and talents

to give, to thoroughly prepare them for life, for the next stages of study.

After the pre-school stage, primary educational institutions are divided into two parts: 5-year primary and 3-year secondary schools. Students are given a certificate of completion of both levels of school.

These two levels can be organized in one school base or in two separate schools, depending on school conditions.

In sparsely populated and scattered villages, the school is opened in one of the central villages, and in districts where grouping is not possible, this stage of education is carried out in the form of educational institutions of the boarding school type.

Secondary education is based on primary education and includes general, professional and technical educational institutions that provide at least three years of education.

Its main goal is to teach general secondary education and, accordingly, general culture, human and social problems to all students, to prepare them for higher education, life, and professional fields.

These goals are implemented in lyceums of secondary general education, vocational training, technical construction, agriculture in various programs.

There are separate programs for each stage of education. These programs are:

the program of preparation for the Higher stage of education;

vocational and higher education training program;

life, production preparation program, etc.

Lyceums are specialized according to their types and the needs of the republic as follows:

general lyceums - prepare students for higher education, study for 3 years;

subject leaders - improve the knowledge and skills of talented and creative students in certain subjects, study for 5 years;

small lyceums - for those who do not have the opportunity to study in full-time lyceums, study for 4 years;

Vocational lyceums - teach students various professions according to their interests, duration of study is 3 years;

fine art lyceum - has departments such as native language and literature, painting, music; - teachers' lyceums - prepare teachers for primary education. The duration of study is 4 years, taking into account the preparatory course of 1 year;

lyceums of commercial and tourism education - prepare specialists for household service, trade, catering and other fields;

schools of religious education - train imam-khatib and religious teachers;

special education schools - they are correctional schools designed for children with physical and mental disabilities;

technical lyceums - students with general subjects

= Reference List = 1.     ''Grove, Jack (2 May 2013). "Global Gender Index, 2013". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2 June 2017.''

2.     ^ ''Özelli, M. Tunç (January 1974). "The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and Its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic". International Journal of Middle East Studies. London: Cambridge University Press. 5 (1): 77–92. doi:10.1017/s0020743800032803. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 162345. S2CID 154739517.''

3.     ^ ''"Destination Guides Study in Turkey". www.topuniversities.com/. Retrieved 15 March 2022.''

4.     ^ Guide For Foreign Students Who Wants To Education In Turkey Archived 15 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine

5.     ^ ''"Turkey: Primary school enrollment". www.theglobaleconomy.com. Retrieved 15 March 2022.''

= Review Questions = 1.     How would you categorize the historical periods of Primary Education development in Turkey?

2.     What are the main factors that influenced Primary Education in Turkey?

3.     Please explain, how centralization and decentralization of Primary Education occurred.

4.     What were the main educational reforms that shaped the Primary Education of Turkey throughout history?