User:MathMan64~enwikibooks/Arithmetic

= Arithmetic =

This book is designed for readers who want a thorough study of the concepts of Arithmetic. They will find enough detail and examples to apply the ideas found here to a variety of situations. The concepts of Arithmetic are useful in the everyday world, and they are necessary in the study of higher level mathematics as well as in science and many other curriculums. Arithmetic is, in fact, the basis and foundation for all other mathematical topics.

Notation and Rounding
The Arabic numeral system is used in many cultures. It uses the ten familiar digits. The concept of place value assigns value to each digit based on its location in relation to the others. The word name of a number is used when it is spoken. Word names can be used in written communication as well.


 * Notation

When an exact number is not needed the rounding process is applied. Numbers are often rounded off after a calculation. All measurements are approximate values. When asked the price of an item that costs $299.95, an appropriate answer is $300.


 * Rounding

Addition and Subtraction
Counting is the most basic process of mathematics. Addition is built on counting.


 * Addition

Subtraction is built on addition. Addition and subtraction can be considered two ways to look at the same situations from different perspectives.


 * Subtraction

Multiplication and Division
Multiplication is the cumulative result of repeated addition of the same value.


 * Multiplication

Division is built on multiplication. Multiplication and division can be considered two ways to look at the same situations from different perspectives.


 * Division

Exponents are used to indicate the repeated multiplication of the same value.


 * Exponents

Applications
Many times, for a calculation, what is expected is a quick result, that does not need a lot of accuracy. The processes of estimation can achieve this goal.


 * Estimation

Proportion is the most common process for comparing numbers or computing results.


 * Proportion

Percent is a common way of describing mathematical relationships in business and other application areas.


 * Percent

When a situation arises that requires more than one calculation step, there is a standard way of deciding what order to the calculations in.


 * Order of operations

Factors and Primes
The process of factoring is used in several area of mathematics. In this book, factoring will be used in working with fractions. When reducing, adding or subtracting fractions, being able to factor numbers is important. The most complete factoring process will yield a series of primes, which when multiplied result in the original number.


 * Factoring

Introduction to Fractions

 * Notation
 * Reducing
 * Decimals and fractions

Multiplication and Division

 * Multiplication
 * Improper fractions to mixed numbers
 * Division
 * Mixed numbers to improper fractions
 * Multiplication and division of mixed numbers
 * Proportion

Addition and Subtraction

 * Addition and subtraction with like denominators
 * Least common multiple
 * Common denominator
 * Addition and subtraction with unlike denominators
 * Addition and subtraction of mixed numbers
 * Order of Operations