User:Evarenon/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/Seminar Group 4/Super-drafts

==== Postmodernism in Medicine: How can postmodernism explain the rise of complementary and alternative medicine over the years? Lcosier1 (discuss • contribs) 07:59, 3 December 2018 (UTC) ==== Main argument: due to increased dissatisfaction with orthodox medicine, more and more people have started tapping into the world of alternative medicine, conveying distrust in the current evidence-based science.

Counter-argument: statistics that show evidence-based medicine works.

counter-counter-argument: not all organisms are the same, and so, a more holistic approach would be appropriate in certain topics

How can evolution be used to explain the capacity of humans to be moral?

Main argument: Evolution endows us with morality, it provides an advantage in terms of survival and thus is a favoured trait passed on to the future generation.

Counter-argument: This works better as a theoretical model as it is not well supported.

Counter-counter-argument: Morality(specifically altruism) requires a certain level of consciousness acquired through evolution(increasing complexity of brain).

To what extent can complexity theory be used to explain the end of the Cold War? Teobogatu (discuss • contribs) 15:16, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

Main argument: there were several factors that contributed to the end of the Cold War and arguably this outcome couldn't have been reached without the presence of all of them; I will explain how each factor contributed; I will make it clear that some factors were more important than others

Counter-argument: Arguably only some factors were key and the less impactful ones only had the effect of determining the time period of the end of the Cold War

Counter-counter-argument: We cannot know if the conflict would have ended without the presence of all the factors, therefore suggesting that they all contributed to some extent.

To what extent can the construction of pictorial space by Italian Renaissance painters be seen as a reduction of entropy? Tmlweigel (discuss • contribs) 17:42, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

Main argument: The construction of pictorial space as an attempt to create order within the visual plane, attempt to decrease entropy by applying scientific/mathematical knowledge of the principles of sight.

Counter-argument: But move away from more ‘simplistic’ Medieval art arguably an increase in entropy as the construction of pictorial space generally implies a more complex composition, previously lack of perspective, in its simplicity very ‘ordered’.

Counter-counter-argument: Still more ‘work’ in these works, the only way to arrive at decreased disorder?

System and Social Science: To what extent does the system approach help to explain the migration of Chinese to London since 1980s?（Muyao）	C lmy (discuss • contribs)

Argument: The system approach defines the interacting elements, together with their attributes and relationships in the process of migration, which helps to understand the reason of Chinese migrants in London since 1980s.

Counter argument：The definition of the boundary of the migration system is problematic because it let the system becomes little more than a summary of migration flows.

Counter-Counter Argument: The effort to define the boundary of migration system helps to simplify the complicated migration process and focuses on the dynamic links between contexts of both destination and origin areas and migration decisions and flows.

Bibliography:

Oliver Bakewell; Relaunching migration systems, Migration Studies, Volume 2, Issue 3, 1 November 2014, Pages 300–318, https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnt023 Mabogunje, A. L. (1970) ‘Systems Approach to a Theory of RuralUrban Migration’, Geographical Analysis, 2: 1–18.

'''Evolution in history and literature: To what extent has historical evolution influenced the emergence of diverse literary movements since the 1800s in France, thereby influencing literary evolution? ''' Juliechea (discuss • contribs) 11:16, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Main argument: The emergence of various literary movements in France have been due to a response of the struggle of the times, therefore, historical evolutions and facts have considerably influenced literary evolution. ( ex: the emergence of the " absurd" movement as a result of WW2 devastation)

Counter argument: Various literary movements emerge outside of historical contexts, in their own particular narratives, often pertaining to different disciplines, other than history

Counter-counter argument: Evolutions in many different disciplines interact with each other, and are, in literature, a result of human production. Evolutions in history, regardless of what kind ( history of science, general) is the context which enables evolution in literature.

To what extent is fiction present in the art of photography? Amberk23 (discuss • contribs) 22:30, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

Argument: Fiction is present in photography through its storytelling abilities - allowing fabricated situations and representations of people to be portrayed as reality.

Counter-argument: However, fiction is less present in photography as a form of documentation, as it has the ability to portray a version of truth about reality that literature and traditional art cannot, as they are more open to the influences of human emotion.

Counter-counter-argument: Although, photography as an art is a form of expression, and therefore can be manipulated by the photographer to represent reality in a certain way for a specific purpose.

To what extent can the principal of ‘survival of the fittest’ be applied to the evolution of literary epochs in Norway between 1875 and 1905. Sunnivaminsaas (discuss • contribs) 09:51, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Evolution ('survival of the fittest') and paradigme shifts within literature (fiction)

Argument: Neo-romanticism (1890-1905) evolved as a critic of Realism (1875-1890s) as neo romanticists like Knut Hamsun claimed that realists did not portray the truth in their work. Paradigm shift in which neo romanticism seen as a superior form of literature.

Counter argument: Although Hamsun and other neo romanticists emerged ‘victorious’ over realism, both Hamsun and Ibsen (realist) are seen as great Norwegian authors today. ‘The big five’ all realists.

Counter-counter argument:

To what extent can the concept of complex systems explain the relationship between nations states in the United Nations? Argument: Complexity arises when dependency among the elements become important. In the UN there is a great degree of dependency between its parts or the member states

Counter argument:

Counter counter argument: Removing one element in a complex system will destroy the system. If United States was to be removed from the UN it would most likely cause the entire organisation to collapse.

To what extent can the nuclear arms race during the Cold War be explained by complexity?

Argument: The spread of nuclear weapons during the cold war can be explained by the theory of the security dilemma.

Counter argument: Security dilemma too simple a theory to explain complex behaviour of states, must consider other aspects as well.

Argument: Complexity can explain interdependent behaviour of US and USSR.

To what extent does the theory of evolution explain how selfish organisms are able to cooperate?

Evolution in Anthropology and Psychology

Argument: Evolution can explain how selfish organisms are able to cooperate.

Counter argument: The process of evolution occurs due to natural selection, which is the selection of individual traits therefore the ability for organisms to be altruistic and cooperate should not be selected for.

Conclusion:Altruistic and cooperate traits can evolve due to they benefit to the individual - it remains a selfish act.