User:CHargraves95/sandbox

Background:

This study is based on the implementation of a progressive resistance training (PRT) program for elderly type 2 diabetics, as a means of improving glycemic/metabolic control.

Type 2 diabetes:

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic progressive condition affecting blood glucose levels. It occurs over a lengthy period due to insufficient pancreatic release of insulin, and a build-up of resistance. This results in poor control over blood glucose levels, and therefore increased risk of hypo and hyperglycemic events. T2D can usually be managed or improved through better lifestyle habits (healthy eating & regular physical activity). T2-diabetics will also have to eventually start taking diabetes medications or have insulin shots to help with long term management.

PRT:

PRT is a mode of exercise program based on building muscular strength. It focusses on slowly advancing the amounts of weight lifted over a lengthy period. Decreased periods of intensity are also incorporated amongst the progressions in an effort to minimise injury risks.

Where the research is from:

This research was conducted at the Human Nutrition Centre on Aging, at Tufts University in Boston (U.S.A) during 2002. The results come from 62 (40 women, 22 men) elderly T2-diabetic Latino males and females. They had all suffered with T2D for at least three years, and were an average age of 66.

Type of research:

This research is a randomised controlled trial, meaning the participants being studied are randomly allocated into particular treatments being assessed. It examines particular physiological, metabolic and glycemic variables before, during and after the 16 week period. This is done as a means of assessing which of the diabetes/metabolic associated issues will demonstrate improvement from the training program.

What the research involves:

The study lasted 16 weeks and participants were split in half into the PRT group and controls. The exercisers trained 3 times/week with 45 minute sessions incorporating 5 resistance machines and brief warm ups/cool downs. The machines targeted the chest, upper back and the upper/lower legs. The controls performed no exercise, instead they documented a weekly checklist on blood glucose levels, medical visits, hospitalisations and changes in medication. All participants were tested for strength at baseline, mid study and post study. Additionally participants were measured on several different glycecmic, metabolic and physiological variables at baseline and throughout the study

Interpretations of results: text

The results were broken into 7 outcome measures (Subject characteristics, compliance/adverse events, physiological outcomes, glycemic/metabolic outcomes, muscular strength and dietary intake). The only outcomes which were statistically analysed were the glycemic/metabolic and physiological variables such as blood glucose, muscle glycogen, cholesterol, blood pressure, heart rate and body composition. The variables were said to be statistically significant if the 2-tailed p-value was <0.05 (significant change had occurred from baseline-week 16). The variables which expressed significant change were blood glucose levels, muscle glycogen stores and systolic blood pressure. These variables were initially adjusted for factors such as years with T2D, gender, insulin use and variations in medications and physical activity levels.

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