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INTRODUCTION

Internet of Things (IoT) in general are the medium of communication between human and technologies nowadays. Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid. The Invention of the smartphones increases the usage of the internet indirectly just with a single click. The IoT covers all the aspect of human lifestyle, such as in healthcare, education, transportation, business and etc. In building and home automation, IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic systems used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or residential). Home automation systems, like other building automation systems, are typically used to control lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, appliances, communication systems, entertainment and home security devices to improve convenience, comfort, energy efficiency, and security.

CASE STUDY : SMART CITY PROJECT IN SANTANDER TO MONITOR PARKING SLOTS

Smart city is a city that have internet of things’ devices. One of it is the smart parking system that can monitor parking slots in some area. One of the areas that have been developed with this project is in the Santander cities which were divided in 22 different zones, Spain that is called Smart Santander project. The Smart Santander project has been developed by several companies and institutions that aim at designing, deploying and validating in Santander and its environment with sensors, actuators, cameras and screen that supplies useful information to Santander’s citizens.

Each zone was provided a Meshlium which functioning to gather the data from the sensors at each area. Each zone had different network parameters, creating independent networks that work on different frequency channels not to interfere with the other networks. In this project, 375 Waspmotes were deployed in different locations within the city of Sander that measure magnetic field to detect whether a parking slot is free. Magnetic field sensor is connected to Waspmote through the Smart Parking Sensor Board.

The sensor that used in this The Smart Santander project detects the variation of the magnetic field generated by a car parked on it. The sensor is buried under the surface of the road inside a waterproof casing. The hole is closed using a specific material and the sensor is barely detectable at a glance.

The information is sent periodically to the repeaters and after that to the Meshlium that stores the data and automatically updates the information to the panels that located within the city. The citizens can check the panels to indicate the number of free parking slots. The information shown at the panels will be updated every 5 minutes to allow the citizens to find a free parking spot in the shortest time. Not only that, the status of the parking slots is also updated in a map so that the citizens can check for a free parking slot before go to the city center.

CASE STUDY : SMART LIGHTING

Smart lighting system allows a smart city to intelligently provide a right amount of lighting that needed by time, day, season and weather. By applying this smart system, the amount of energy uses can be reduce about 80 per cent.

“Forecasts suggest that smart lighting will become one of the key trends in the context of the Internet of Things,” says Aikio. “Demand for smart lighting is expected to boom over the next 10 years: as much as €7.7bn in 2020. The comparable figure in 2011 was €1.8bn.” The first lighting system was already available for commercial use and really have Internet of Thing feature such as can integrate with building automation system. For the future, this smart lighting system could become better by integrate it with wireless system so that it can be controlled via device such as mobile telephone.

“Smart lighting systems are becoming increasingly popular in both new builds and renovation projects. The next major step will be to integrate better sensors and new functions into lighting systems, which will allow the occupants of a room to adjust lighting with increasing accuracy and flexibility according to their movements and activities,” explains Aikio.

For the result, this smart lighting system could be smarter in the future by  integrate it wit many more features such as it will enable the direction, power ang color of lightingto be automaticlly adjusted according to the function of the room or time of the day, season and weather. For example, the lamp will direct to whare the possition of people in the room, light near to the window will change color according to the weather or temperature outside and automatic switches that detect the person in the room. A new feature for smart lighting system is the system can download light fitting for suitable situation from WEB.

CASE STUDY : SMART ROADS

Applications for transport infrastructure monitoring

The application of internet of things comes to wide varieties in its accountability and reliable aspect to it to further assist into efficient and importantly safeties option that it could applied. The focal point of having this application is that the respond to the whole environment together with the concern for society with the living of highly populated and constantly advanced prior to the industrial development. Thus, to that come the need for monitoring of what that is central to the whole infrastructure which is the roads that give route to transport network.

In the application to the monitoring, there will be eight indexes involve all of which are based on the roads with European weather though it’s still applicable to the whole map of roads in the world only that the roads being set as an example covers much of the variables needed mainly the temperature differences that are based on climate changes as a result from season shifted. With that, the circuit boxes will integrate to each other using radio technologies to enable the communication between nodes.

The first one is the polluting point location. Basically, the Libelium Company provides the circuit with enclosure that has solar panel, antenna and sensors that can be programmed to each node. The way it is design it will capable of covering large network with massive number of networks, thus making it easy for maintenance with the effortless attachment to the nodes. As for pollution, the main contribution factor to this is from the release of gaseous matter namely carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. To detect this, there are gases sensors that are attached in each point of the city’s traffic.

Then come the noise map that consist of acoustic sensor that are map to those routes in the city which in turn similar to the first index. The microphone used in the system will capture the source of noise and to that resource there will be a kind of a heat map that show region of noise with specific value in decibels that had been captured.

Next is weather monitoring between points of risk. This will cover temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction. Along with the cheap weather station, it will consist of pluviometer, vane sensor and anemometer. Together it will provide the information in real time state to warn the road users opting for other safer routes.

Then there are fourth and fifth index of almost the same points of monitoring that differs in the matters that caused the problem itself. The fourth index discuss about how endangering pavement areas caused by flood can be put to measure based on the liquid level using liquid sensor. With these sensors, drivers will be alerted on areas with such problem so that to remind them to be more precaution while choosing the route. As for fifth index, that covers much of the icy road that caused vehicle to be collided when some them are deviate from the tracks while driving. To cope with this, the icy road prediction application used mainly of the temperature and humidity sensors to record the ice formation along the roads. As for structural crack, comes the linear displacement sensors used in bridges or tunnels to monitor for any cracks it. This sixth index simply cover about how the vibration as an addition to the already displacement sensors deployed to a building would help in further monitoring and controlling structural cracks as a whole.

Now to this vehicle detection system that consist of importance used of the magnetic sensor to detect traffic jam and present of vehicle in parking slots. It is installed in the pavement itself equipped with material to cope with communication interferences and humidity. The information shared between sensors is almost the same to the method used in the first and second index by means of the data gathered in the Meshlium being sent to the internet network. The deployment of the smart parking nodes already cover the allocation of it to avoid humidity and secured placement.

Lastly, it is about both the vehicle and pedestrian detection. The method used will need Meshlium scanner with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi card to provide the estimation of the traffic and pedestrian flow. The frame work is the same in term of when the Meshlium are sending information over the internet. In this system, both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi will have its own data bases that consist of ip addresses, ports, users and their passwords. Significantly, it can be synchronized to external data base then shared throughout the network.

CASE STUDY : SMART WATER SYSTEM

Smart cities must monitor water supply and distribution to ensure that there is sufficient access for citizen and industry use and also to save money. the goals of this Smart Water System is to manage the water demand and ensuring any losses from the water system are minimal. While demand is being better controlled, there are still huge losses to water supply from inefficient distribution and water leakage. This system used the Wireless Sensor Networks for cities to more accurately monitor their water pipe systems and identify their greatest water loss risk. Libelium’s Smart Metering Sensor Board includes a water flow sensor that can detect pipe flow rates ranging from 0.15 to 60 litres/minute. The system can report pipe flow measurement data regularly, as well as send automatic alerts if water use is outside of an expected normal range. This allows a smart city to identify the location of leaking pipes and prioritize repairs based on the amount of water loss that could be prevented. The sensors on these boards can be used as part of a network that monitors and responds to water pipe leakages across an urban area. Strategic placement of sensors can ensure city-wide coverage. Data from the sensor boards can be collected at regular intervals and sent by wireless network to the city for analysis and for preventative action. Data can also be sent directly to the Internet for sharing with the local community and industry, so that everyone can understand and contribute to a city’s responsible water management.

CASE STUDY : MESHLIUM SCANNER FOR SMARTPHONE DETECTION

Meshlium is a Linux router which are contain 5 different radio interfaces that is included Wifi 2.4GHz, Wifi 5GHz, 3G/GPRS, Bluetooth and ZigBee. This Meshlium can also integrate a GPS module for mobile and vehicle applications and be solar and battery powered. These features along with an aluminium IP67 enclosure that is allows Meshlium to be placed anywhere outdoor.Meshlium comes with the Manager System with a web application which allows to control quickly and easily the Wifi, ZigBee, Bluetooth and 3G/GPRS configurations a long with the storage options of the sensor data received

The new Meshlium Xtreme router can detecting the iPhone and Android devices and in general form of any device which is works with WiFi or Bluetooth interfaces.These devices can be detected without the need of being connected to an specific Access Point, enabling the detection of any Smartphone, laptop or handsfree devices which comes into the coverage area of Meshlium. This idea is came out to measure the amount of people and cars which are present in a certain point at a specific time, allowing the study of the evolution of the traffic congestion of pedestrians and vehicles be

For this idea,users don’t have to do anything to be detected or visible in a network,but as long as the WiFi and Bluetooth radio integrated in their Smartphones (Mobile, Handphone and Cell Phones) the router stil can detects their presence. The information of how users is read by the meshlium router is as followed :
 * The MAC address of the wireless interface, which allows to identify it uniquely.
 * 	The strength of the signal (RSSI), will gives us the average distance of the device from the scanning point.
 * 	The vendor of the Smartphone (Apple, Nokia, etc)The WiFi Access Point where the user is connected and the Bluetooth friendly name. Users that’s is not connected to an Acess Point will be showed as "free users".
 * 	The Class of Device (CoD) in case of Bluetooth which allows us to differentiate the type of device (Smartphone, Handsfree, Computer, LAN/Network AP).

By this parameter we can differentiate among pedestrians and vehicles. Some of another idea is the coverage areas may be modified by changing the power transmission of the radio interfaces that’s is allowing the creation of different scanning zones from a few meters in order to study an specific point for a dozens of meters (to study the whole street or even the entire floor of a shopping mall). Among the application that is related to Meshlium Scanner is : i.	Shopping and Street activities:

The Vehicle Traffic Monitoring is also another of important considering application in understanding the flow and congestion of vehicular traffic is essential for efficient road systems in cities. This is because the smooth vehicle flows will reduce journey times, reduce emissions and save energy. Similarly to the efficient flow of pedestrians in an airport, stadium or shopping centre by using time wisely can make the difference between a good and a bad visit. Monitoring traffic is really important to give a better and smooth traffic in the city. ii. Vehicle Traffic Detection:


 * Monitor in real time the number of vehicles passing for a certain point in highways and roads
 * 	Detect average time of vehicle stance for traffic congestion prevention
 * 	Monitor average speed of vehicles in highways and roads
 * 	Provide travel times on alternate routes when congestion is detected
 * The monitoring system can also be used to calculate the average speed of the vehicles which transit over a roadway by taking the time mark at two different points as example.


 * Counting the number of people passing daily in a street
 * 	Get the average time of the distance of the people in a street
 * 	Differentiate between residents (daily matches) and visitor
 * 	Walking routes of people in shopping malls and average time in each area

CONCLUSION

As for conclusion, IoT and case study will make our life easier and well-arranged. The infrastructure of smart cities provide facility that gives us the adequate environment for safer driving.