USMLE Step 1 Review/Renal

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
M U D   P I L E S

Methanol poisoning

Uremia

Diabetic Keto-acidosis

Para-aldehyde ingestion

Ischemia

Lactic Acidosis

Ethanol poisoning

Salicylate ingestion

Causes of Hyper-Calcemia
PAM SCHMIDT                 OR              MISHAP

Paget's Disease                       Malignancy

Amyloid                               Intoxication (hypervitaminosis)

Multiple Myeloma                      Sarcoidosis

Sarcoid                               Hyperparathyroidism

Cancer                                Alkalai ( Milk ) syndrome

Hormomal (para-thyroid)               Paget's Disease bone

Milk-alkali Syndrome

Immobilization

D-vitamin overdose

Thyrotoxicosis

also consider Addison's Disease, thiazide diuretics and simple lab error

Potassium Metabolism
Presentation of HYPO-kalemia:

ECG S-T wave depression (sometimes with T and U waves) Arrythmias

Heart block

Muscle weakness

Hypo-reflexia

Mental confusion

Ileus

Anorexia

Nausea and vomiting

Presentation of HYPER-kalemia:

Widened QRS interval

Ventricular tachycardia

Asystole

Muscle weakness (paralysis)

Hypo-reflexia

Mental confusion

Irritability