Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Tragedy of the Commons: Power and conflicts in Overfishing

November 26th
We just had a quick group discussion to go over how we'll present our research concept to our seminar group. We plan to go into more depth into discussing our areas of research tomorrow during our scheduled zoom meeting. So far we have decided to look at the Tragedy of the Commons through the superconcept of Power, and at first discussions we know we want to approach the topic from environmental, economical and sociological perspectives. We discussed potentially using a case study of Somali Pirates and overfishing in the Indian Ocean / Somali waters to explore these perspectives. --Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 16:03, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

November 28th
In today's meeting, we discussed focusing our topic on a particular case study and look at sociological, economics and ecology disciplines conflicting with each other and using policymaking as a place where they interact. In policymaking, we could also look at the manifestation of power in terms of stakeholder and who do the policies favour more. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 10:35, 28 November 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior

December 2nd
I’ve watched this ted talk in which an economist discusses how can we learn from the history (she started off by talking about how Japan coastal villages with local commons escaped the tragedy of the commons) to manage shared resources today in order to escape the tragedy of the commons.

I think the main question for us and for the world should be: How do we manage shared resources?

I think that ethics, ecology, and economy have different answers to this question and I can sense a potential interdisciplinary tension between them. My idea is to use this question as a base of this wikibook chapter. The notion of power in managing shared resources comes to mind instantly. How can we use it? Power of high-wage economies to deplete the resources of low-wage economies? Power of policy makers to constrain depleting resources and somehow prevent environmental crisis? Power of the history (overfishing in Japan) to shape modern governments? Economics point of view: common resources are not excludable but rival. Using the example of fishing. As no fisherman owns fish if he cannot decide when to fish nor how many fish he wants to catch. He must include other’s decision in deciding how much and when to fish.

Psychology: I really like the Aristotle’s quote:” What is common to the greatest number gets the least amount of care” I think that that could be the main issue from the psychological point of view. How many times do we hear someone saying: If I stop eating meat, start recycling etc. It's not going to change anything in the bigger picture. This is our mindset; such concept is set in our minds and has been for a long time. A paradox occurs because we should use the power of community and the power of the group to prevent climate change, yet we only use the power of pursuing self-interest behaviors and create a conflict leading to an environmental crisis. With the advent of globalization, local commons, who cared about the resources they’re using, transformed into the global commons who lack social preferences and compete in depleting Earth’s resources. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 17:08, 2 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter
 * I like how you've underlined how fishing is a public good and how from an economic point of view as well, we need to talk about managing resources. In terms of power, do you think it would be interesting to talk about developed/developing country relations and multinationals in terms of exploitation of fishing resources? Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs)Kyoshiwarrior
 * I think that it could be very useful in terms of Power. I've read an article about the EU and other powerful countries playing a decisive role in such a destructive change of local communities in West Africa which force many youths of leaving their communities and migrate to EU countries. Destruction of fishing communities’ traditional sustainable living conditions and lifestyles is far from being a local problem it happens because of overfishing and using power by well-developed country in managing shared resources. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 11:57, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter
 * This ties in really well with the research I've been doing so I think its good course of action, I've found that in my research management of resources relates both to direct and indirect coercion as strategies of power. MNCs and IUU overfishing and depleting local resources directly influences the livelihood of local communities dependent on those resources. Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs)--

December 5th
Quick sum up of our meeting yesterday: I really liked Nuggethunter's idea about incorporating "how we manage shared resources" as an issue of power. Similarly, now that we've decided on the structure on how to go about the chapter we also plan to get started on the project. We will be collaborating at all points even if some of us are focusing on a specific discipline we are more comfortable with. We plan to add our submissions soon and have another discussion about them tomorrow and on Monday. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 00:10, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior

December 7th
We had a meeting to go over how are contributions are coming along and sharing any research/writing blocks we've encountered and giving feedback on our work so far. Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 21:59, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I just got done watching the Power lectures of W9. Do you all think we should actively try to incorporate and identify the theories of power at play here? There are many examples of all four so maybe we should identify how the disciplinary issues we are talking about along with the type of powers? I think, on the whole, we can see power as resource dependency is at the crux of this issue. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 23:11, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * Yes this was a good point and I think we've adequately done this so far! Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 13:59, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

December 9th
Quick overview of the meeting: we discussed issues and blocks we faced in the writing process and how it is a little tricky to not go towards and explanative/essay based tone. The focus of this assignment is identification and we just chatted to see how the progress is going. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 23:12, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior

Also, an idea: maybe we could add a picture of a common pool resource and further develop what it is in the caption. It will help us define it better and our total word count won't be affected either Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 23:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * I was also thinking about adding an image. It could add something valuable to our chapter beyond the word limit. I like that idea. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 19:31, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter
 * Agreed and I like the image chosen. Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 14:00, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

December 13th
In today's meeting, we've summarized our to-do list and gave each other some final suggestions/comments. I've also edited some hedings to minimize the word count. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 14:42, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter Also we need references for the introduction. Kyoshiwarrior do you have it? Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 16:01, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

Topic?
As we are no longer discussing the Tragedy of the Commons we should somehow change our topic. I was thinking about Power in Overfishing: Looking through the Prism of Tragedy of the Commons. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 11:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter
 * I like this although I think it could be quite long, but perhaps thats what we can call the chapter for now and as it comes together change the name accordingly Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 11:54, 5 December 2020 (UTC)--
 * How about "Tragedy of the Commons: Power and conflicts in Overfishing" Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 23:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * I like that a lot and it shows what are we working on. I've changed it for now and then maybe we're going to change it to something else but for now I think it works the best.Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 11:06, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

Introduction
The Tragedy of the Commons is a theory that within any common pool resource that is non excludable, to be overexploited and under-maintained. Fish are an example of a shared resource hence many local fishing communities and ecosystems have experienced the tragedy of the commons in the past, yet in many cases managed to escape it through incorporating social contracts by collaborative means. With the advent of globalisation there no longer exist self-dependent local communities. Locally shared resources have become globally distributed and in many cases developed economies exploit the resources of developing countries and continue to threaten the environment and local communities.


 * This is my idea of the introduction. Let me know if it's not specific enough or too vague. It's exactly 93 words so I hope it's not too long. Also if you spot any linguistic mistakes feel free to correct them. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 11:56, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter
 * I have just edited a bit. I changed the first sentence quite a bit, and added the suggestion of "developed economies" over "higher wage economies", and I changed the last sentence deleting "fish population" as "environment" encompasses natural populations. Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 21:35, 7 December 2020 (UTC)--
 * Should the introduction introduce everything we are covering in our chapter? I think we should highlight our topic, our perspectives and how power manifests in this topic so that we can clearly narrow out and define our Wikibook chapter and approach? Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 23:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * I think we should do that. I've just written a part of it and left this part for you guys maybe? If you want me to write it I can do it. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 10:07, 8 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter


 * Also I've added it to the main book page already Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 10:09, 8 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter


 * The Tragedy of the Commons is a situation which occurs within a non-excludable common pool resource, where individuals act in their self interest and overexploit shared resources which lead to the inevitable collapse of the resource system. A keen example of this is overfishing because a development in technology has led to higher catches and thus stressed many local fishing communities and ecosystems.Overfishing in a commons presents itself as an interdisciplinary issue through the dimensions of power. Through the disciplines of human ecology and economics, we can see a conflict between prioritising profit over the ecological balance. This is further exacerbated through the discipline of politics where ambiguity in laws as well as strategic power manifestations of developed countries and world organisations attempt to exploit foreign, at-risk common pool systems.


 * The Tragedy of the Commons, first termed by Garret Hardin, describes when a non-excludable common pool resource finds its users acting in their self interest, overexploiting the shared resources which leads to the inevitable collapse of the resource itself. A keen example of this is overfishing, development in technology has led to unsustainably larger harvests and thus stressed local fishing communities and their ecosystems. Overfishing in a commons presents itself as an interdisciplinary issue through the dimensions of power. Through the disciplines of human ecology, politics, and economics, unsustainable exploitation arises when interest groups prioritise profit and strategic power over an ecological balance.
 * I have edit the intro to the above and took out the last sentence "This is further exacerbated through the discipline of politics where ambiguity in laws as well as strategic power manifestations of developed countries and world organisations attempt to exploit foreign, at-risk common pool systems." by trying to conglomerate all issues into the final sentence of the intro, my thinking is: Through the disciplines of human ecology, politics, and economics, unsustainable exploitation (this can mean to ecosystems, people, resources, and cultures) arises when interest groups (these can mean national governments, MNCs) prioritise profit (economics) and strategic power (politics) over an ecological balance (human ecology). Let me know what your thoughts are, I was thinking the shorter the better so we can have more words on the discipline contributions. Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 16:31, 9 December 2020 (UTC)--
 * I agree with you! I'll add this to the main page. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 20:27, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior

What do you guys think? The citations for that would be- https://earth.org/what-is-tragedy-of-the-commons/ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10705422.2019.1660290?src=recsys Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 18:40, 8 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * I actually love this and it introduces the topic way better than mine. I have nothing to add. Do you want to post this on the main book page? Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 19:42, 8 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

Collaboration in Natural Resource Management
The concept of ecosystem justice is that ecosystems are a whole made of interlinking and equally important parts. To weaken or harm one part of the ecosystem is equivalent to weakening the whole and therefore, each part of an ecosystems deserves equal consideration and care. Through this lens, overfishing is an example of an ecosystem injustice whether looking at the ecosystem of our global planet or specific case studies of smaller ecosystems.

The Canadian halibut fishery in British Colombia (BC) is a case study of the pivotal influence of power in balancing ecosystem health and fish harvesting needs. Between 1980 and 1990, due to lose legislation, new technology, and competitive fishing practices the total harvest rose above 120% causing the near collapse of halibut stocks in following years. In 1990, collaboration between Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans with individual and commercial fishermen creating the Halibut Advisory Board (HAB) and introducing an Individual Vessel Quota (IVQ), whereby the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IHPC) review stock levels each year and recommend a total allowable catch (TAC) to each IVQ. Power is decentralized in the formation of HAB and calling on biologists of IPHC to establish an annual TAC, creating a sustainable collaborative power that manages the BC Halibut fishing industry; ensuring that the ecosystem remains sustainably managed and allowing collaborative, non-competitive fishing practice
 * I would have liked to go into more depth on how the overfishing practices in the late 1980's damaged the BC ecosystem as well as halibut stock but thought it might lengthen the contribution too much. Up to this point I have 225 words by the way. Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 21:27, 7 December 2020 (UTC)--
 * It is interesting to see how you've taken an example of a "successful" solution/ case study so I think we should adjust the introduction in such a way. You should mention how power is used in somewhat of a powerful/strategic and sustainable way here and we could reiterate this example in our conclusion. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 14:40, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * Thanks for the feedback, I've changed a sentence now so that it reads "Power is decentralized in the formation of HAB and calling on biologists of IPHC to establish an annual TAC, creating a sustainable collaborative power" What do you think? Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 16:31, 9 December 2020 (UTC)--
 * I agree with Kyoshiwarrior that we should somehow incorporate this into our introduction. It's important that you wrote about how we can actually solve this issue based on this case study. Maybe we should include it in our conclusion as well? I also think that you could add a sentence in which you would explain more the reason of "lose legislation, new technology, and competitive fishing practices" influencing the ecosystem so it would correspond with Economics and Ambiguities in Law so it would hence become more informative on the interdisciplinary discourse? Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 12:40, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

Overfishing and Ecosystem Health
Due to developments in recent technology as well as a growing multinational food and agricultural industries ensuing an increasing population (ref) and hence: demand for food, mass fishing practices have become unsustainable. The fishing industry and its fishery harvests have negative effects on the local surrounding marine ecosystems(ref). These effects are causing population, diversification, and migratory pattern changes that create greater influencing harm to the dynamics of the local surrounding and interconnected ecosystems. Effective biological indicator-based methods such as trophodynamic indicators, that measure structural changes and interactions in ecosystems, allow for ecological analyses of the damage caused to local marine ecosystems detailing when vulnerability arises (ref).

Interactions between ecosystem damage and overfishing can be examined in the case study of artisanal fisheries in Senegal (ref). Analyses of trophic level variances in comparison with measures of Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) between 1990 and 2009 indicate that fishing practices led to decreasing populations of larger fish species and an increase in small species (ref). Overfishing practices of fisheries hold direct power over marine ecosystems by directly decreasing species’ populations from targeted catches and hold indirect coercive power through the influencing harm these population changes causes the trophic structures of ecosystems (ref). Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 22:21, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Here I plan to go into an example of where power is misused to cause ecosystem injustice, I was planning to this through the case study of Somalia's overfishing crises, but am now looking a study on the eco-social impacts of overfishing in Senegal. I think I may look at this from a more sociological perspective, and see that the indirect coercion of resource depletion causes locals to migrate unwillingly therefore displaying a misuse of power.
 * what do you all think of this?Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 21:27, 7 December 2020 (UTC)--

Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 21:26, 7 December 2020 (UTC)--
 * The direction you are taking in this is good and will illustrate the dynamics of power in that specific case study through the eco-social lens. One thing though- human ecology and it's intersection with sociology is very tricky, so be sure to always include impact on local communities as well as the eco-systems they are in. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 14:40, 9 December 2020 (UTC) Kyoshiwarrior
 * Yes I plan to go into that, I am concerned that this may go too sociological but will try to tie in elements of ecology (this is why I started the contribution with the concept of ecosystem injustice because I'd describe the local communities as part of the ecosystem and therefore the local ecosystem).  Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 16:31, 9 December 2020 (UTC)--
 * Okay I have now added my contribution under the heading above. I decided to go more into the direct environmental effects of overfishing on species population change and the affects that has on local ecosystems. I need to add in my references, I have noted where I will be referencing - I currently have links and need to transform into Vancouver style. Let me know your thoughts! Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 22:21, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Do you know what your total word count is? I would recommend being as concise as possible. Content wise- I like how you've focused on environmental injustice and eco-social impacts and would recommend pointing out clearly how economic activities are fearing the collapse of the commons? This will foreshadow and lay the groundwork for our conflict and conclusion parts better. What do you think? Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 23:43, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * I agree with you that power over local communities (sociological perspective) is extremely important in examining this issue but I also think that we should be more focused on the environmental aspect. I think that for your second contribution it would be very interesting to look at the aspect of the ecosystem recovery. While I was researching the economic impact o the environment I've actually learned that fishing practises can remain sustainable and still satisfy the increasing demand. This course of thinking would also be corresponding with the contribution on the prisoner's dilemma. I don't want to impose on your work and tell you what to do obviously but do you think it would be useful? Also maybe you've found a case-study examining the recovery of the ecosystems that you could discuss here? Just an idea! Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 12:53, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

=Economics= ''Ethical forces are among those of which the economist has to take account. Attempts have indeed been made to construct an abstract science with regard to the actions of an economic man who is under no ethical influences and who pursues pecuniary gain … selfishly. But they have not been successful''. (Principles of Economics, 1890)

It's not my contribution yet but I found this interesting quote and didn't want to lose it. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 19:25, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

Power and Conflicts in Economics
Globalisation and increased demand for fish has led multinational corporations (MNCs) to gain economic power over national governments, fishing-dependent communities of developing countries and the ecosystem. MNCs regularly catch more than 200 species in over 100 countries and territories and the fish harvested by MNCs are crucial resources for both marine market and biodiversity thus earning a profit on them negatively impacts the environment.

Yearly reports of the inspected (13) MNCs demonstrate that the extent to which these firms consider sustainability as a business strategy varies across them and it seems that many continue to treat the environment as separate to their business rather than integral to it. Sustainable fishing practises motion may come from governments or consumers, however, the power gained from earning profit and the possibility of maximising it triggers entrepreneurs to pursue self-interest decisions that they would not otherwise make. Furthermore, global companies, capable of influencing policy-making, became resilient to the aforementioned pressure and continue to threaten both local communities and ecosystems.

Each firm being motivated by receiving maximised revenue causes the fish stocks to be overexploited, moreover, power in the fishing practises has become decentralised. Just 13 MNCs pulled out approximately 10 million tons of fish in 2012, while 23 countries harvested roughly 1 million tons that year.

MNCs' decision-making could be explained through the concept of game theory where companies interact in a prisoner's dilemma game with each other. Every firm can decide on the number of fish caught taking into account other companies' strategies. The competitive market, the rivalry of resources and the desire of maximised profit result in the market allocation that deviates from the environmentally-friendly outcome leading to excess supply, wasteful practises and the tragedy of the commons.

Revenue maximisation and the prisoner's dilemma game are powerful aspects of economics which cause valuing private benefits more than external costs. This phenomenon leads to the conflict between economics and the environment which result in overexploitation of shared resources.


 * This is my contribution on Economics. Let me know your thoughts. I've tried to show both internal and external utilisation of power in this discipline through discussing a case-study on MNCs and the concept of game theory. It's 283 words long and I don't plan to go above this word count I think. I'm not sure about the part on game theory because I'm worried that three sentences may not explain it well enough and solely make my whole contribution more ambiguous. What do you think? It still lacks referencing which I am planning to add tomorrow (I have it all written down). I've also added an image which is quite unreadable but if you click on it it shows information about MNCs which I discussed here. Any edits and suggestions are warmly welcome :)) Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 22:34, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter
 * This is a good contribution and it covers all the key points! I would recommend you to space out the paragraphs so they look more cohesive. Also instead of "harmful decisions" say "private benefits over external costs"? Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 14:06, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * Thank you for your suggestions! I've separated the paragraphs so it looks more clear and I've changed harmful to self-interest so it's more clear. And I've also added a concluding sentence as we've spoken about it. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 14:24, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

= Politics = Local, national and international politics have conflicting motives and ambiguous laws in place which further exacerbate the issue of overfishing and prevent finding a solution for it. Since there is no unified, proper legislation i.e an ambiguity of “who really holds the power” makes it easier for IUU to exploit fishing resources. What I plan to do with my contribution is to assess different ways there are local, federal and international clashes which prevent proper legislation from taking place. Here, “developed nations exploiting developing nations” as a manifestation of direct power could be seen as recently, a deal to allow Chinese companies to fish for tuna in the Somalian border for $1mil,and a recent study which showcased how more pirates work for IUUs/MNCs shows how developing/pastoralist countries are vulnerable to multinationals or developed countries as they are controlled by monetary influence. (direct coercion) Similarly, I want to explore the strategic power in play in specific international politics and how international licensing agreements are driven by individual profit motives and exclude local fishermen and pastoralist workers who deal with the ecological and economical consequences of overfishing and the subsequent collapse of the fisheries as a common resource system. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 23:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * I really like your idea. You could focus on how power is utilised because of shared resources; no one can exclude IUU from fishing, and they fish more because they don't legally own the fish so they want to make as much profit as possible. Moreover, how power is utilised because of the lack of policies; IUU can exploit developing countries because the law does not forbid that? So maybe in this case we can observe how Politics comes into conflict with ethics and ecology? Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 11:03, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter
 * Yes! I am going to be focusing on how political ambiguity and lack of regulations can further facilitate IUUs and allow exploitation because it is not really "clear" who has the "power over resources" Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 20:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior

Role of Politics in Overfishing
The central conflict in the commons of fishing is between the disciplines of economics and human ecology. However, the role of politics acts as an intersection where these disciplines can either collaborate to achieve sustainable solutions or influence to fulfil their disciplinary goal. An example of the latter is how politics can exploit the ambiguity of international, federal and local regulations regarding fishing.

Ambiguity in Laws
Since there is no set regulation in Somalia, conflicts between federal and local laws regarding fishing rights allow IUUs, developed countries and multinationals to continue trawling the waters. Similarly, Somalia designated exclusive economic zone of 200 nm has been questioned by several countries in the UN as they continue to fish up till 12 nm of the waters. Issues of power are central to the political conflict of overfishing. Lack of framework translates to an ambiguity in who truly holds power over the resources which allow parties with a vested interest to exploit the situation. Here, displays of direct and strategic power are seen by international agencies, developed countries and multinationals influence the federal and local laws through monetary and profit incentives.


 * I like this direction a lot, am looking forward to reading it. This sentence "Similarly, I want to explore the strategic power in play in specific international politics and how international licensing agreements are driven by individual profit motives and exclude local fishermen and pastoralist workers who deal with the ecological and economical consequences of overfishing and the subsequent collapse of the fisheries as a common resource system." is a bit confusing to me, what do you mean by "individual profit motives" - do you mean MNCs? or individual countries? It might also be interesting to add a sentence at some point about how ambiguous fishing laws can be as fish are migratory species so are not fixed to a given location rather they have migration patterns that mean they commonly pass through given areas but at the same time harm to an ecosystem can cause fish to change migratory patterns? Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 16:55, 9 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I have been thinking of making a change to the content in my contribution. I feel that politics isn't as central to the interdisciplinary conflict as much as economics and human ecology however its involvement can accelerate the collapse of the commons as a whole but at the same time can also mediate resolutions and be a space for collaboration. The change I want to make is to underline it's supplementary role through the ambiguity of laws as well as strategic power in international agreements regarding fishing. The contribution will be shorter than human ecology and economics however, we could revisit it in the conclusion and conflict resolution. This will allow us to spread our content and directly identify all the issues as well as balance out the word count. What do you guys think? Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 23:32, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior
 * I like that idea a lot. Because in my economics contribution I've discussed how MNCs have power to destroy ecosystems and why are they motivated to do so I think that your contribution about policy making could be a very valuable conclusion. I've been thinking a lot about certain disciplines "helping" other disciplines gain power. Do you know what I mean? Like in this case I find it interesting that we see a lot of policies that regulate economic decision-making but in many countries climate or environment are not a part of internal governance. What do you think? we could briefly mention it in our conclusion. How Politics as a discipline has power to regulate decisions/issues in Economics and Ecology and how it contributes to this conflict. That's what I really appreciate in your idea! Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 12:26, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

revised: A case study( https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00704/ )) of overfishing in Somalia suggests that due to the lack of set regulations in Somalia, conflicts between federal and local laws regarding fishing rights allow IUUs, developed countries, and multinationals to continue trawling the waters. Similarly, Somalia’s designated Exclusive Economic Zone of 200 nm has been questioned by several countries in the UN as they continue to fish up to 12 nm of the waters. Lack of continuity in federal and local laws enables locals to sell permits that allow unsustainable bulk fishing practices. Issues of direct power are central to this ambiguity in-laws: the absence of framework translates to ambiguity in who truly holds power over the resources which allows parties with a profit motive to exploit the resource system further.


 * I've corrected some minor mistakes here and edited them for you on the main page Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 19:32, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

Strategic and dependency power in International fishing agreements
The dimensions of strategic and dependency power are observed in the politics of international fishing agreements. Trade and licensing regulations often seem to favor MNCs and developed countries over their developing counterparts which favors their economic motives of keeping costs low and maximizing individual profit The recent deal which allows Chinese vessels to fish in the Somalian EEZ did create a source of revenue however, was widely criticized due to its unsustainable and exploitative fishing methods and its impact on the livelihoods of domestic farmers. Such intense overfishing could cause the resource systems of many developing countries to collapse as many countries are dependent on these resources for their livelihoods. An example of such a collapse is the case of Senegal where overfishing and policies which favored industrial fishing negatively impacted pastoralist and traditional farmers, causing an increase in poverty, unemployment and immigration to other countries.
 * added this on the main page directly but put it here for comments! Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 19:36, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior

= Conflict =

Guys I was thinking that maybe we should skip that part of our chapter because reading our contributions I've come to the conclusion that we cover the conflict part pretty well and we would just repeat ourselves. We can mention the conflict in our conclusion. What do you think? Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 12:59, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter


 * I agreed with this, I think if we address issues of power in each of our disciplines and how they interact with others we would be addressing the conflict and then we can tie each of our findings together in the conclusion. Brokentelevision2020 (discuss • contribs) 13:57, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

To summarise, the chief conflict in the problem of overfishing is between the disciplines of human ecology and economics. The goal of profit maximization clashes with the goal of creating and maintaining sustainable ecosystems and politics aggravates the issue by supporting policies and regulations which focuses on short term economic profit. Likewise, an imbalance of power and intensive resource exploitation in developing countries allows unsustainable economic practices to continue which aggravates the problem of overfishing. In order to manage fishing resources, there is an imminent need to decentralize forces of strategic power and replace neo-liberal and structural adjustment policies and intense fishing with local focused, sustainable alternatives.
 * This is my rough idea for the conclusion! Let me know what are your ideas/thoughts on this and what can we collaborate on. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 20:10, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior

= Conclusion =

What should we cover in our conclusion:
 * Evaluate how Tragedy of the Commons/overfishing is a result of utilizing economic power of MNCs over developing often corrupted governments
 * emphasize the conflict between profit-making and the environment. Name the effects on the environment.
 * explain how lack of policies/ambiguity in policies facilitate powerful countries/companies using power over developing countries/the ecosystem
 * Potential solution?

Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 13:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

I agree with this direction! I'll add up my ideas in a bit. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 14:08, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior

Overexploitation of common-pool resources is caused by the utilization of power by many economic actors whose desire for revenue maximization comes into conflict with ecology. MNCs and developed countries that interact with each other in the prisoner's dilemma game continue to fail in sustainable resource management and their behavior result in overfishing which could be referred to as the tragedy of the commons. Moreover, policy-makers are not ambivalent towards this issue and in many cases exacerbate the conflict. Nuggethunter (discuss • contribs) 20:10, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Nuggethunter

To summarise, the chief conflict in the problem of overfishing is between the disciplines of human ecology and economics. The goal of profit maximization clashes with the goal of creating and maintaining sustainable ecosystems and politics aggravates the issue by supporting policies and regulations which focuses on short term economic profit. Likewise, an imbalance of power and intensive resource exploitation in developing countries allows unsustainable economic practices to continue which aggravates the problem of overfishing. In order to manage fishing resources, there is an imminent need to decentralize forces of strategic power and replace neo-liberal and structural adjustment policies and intense fishing with local focused, sustainable alternatives. Kyoshiwarrior (discuss • contribs) 20:11, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Kyoshiwarrior

Conclusively, international and national conflicts of interest have an influencing power on fishing practices that lead to overfishing. With much of the ocean being considered international territory, a lack of ecological surveillance and policies that enforce open dialogue between MNC interest, local fishing cultures, and ecologists monitoring ecosystem health; allow for an unaccountable exploitation of fishing resources that disregards socioenvironmental health over short-term economic benefit. A potential solution to managing fishing resources would be a collaborative effort between national and international policy makers to enforce and regulate a decentralised decisive power over fishing practices, enforcing accountability and continual evaluation of fishing practice and its influences, creating neo-liberal and structural adjustment policies and intense fishing with local focused, sustainable alternative.

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