Talk:Cultural Anthropology/Ritual and Religion

Contents Please place your comments in the corresponding sub section.

= 1 Ritual and Religion= I edited the syntax of this paragraph to flow better and to cover a broader definition of ritual and religion. -Maya Vega Vegam1

= Add Pilgrimage theory= John Kantner, PhD, Vice President of the School for Advanced Research, in Santa Fe

"Chaco Canyon: Costly Signaling and the Evolution of Pilgrimage Centers"

Thursday February 4th 4:00 PM, Hibben Center 105

This presentation will consider how the practice of pilgrimage is a costly signal of religious adherence, for pilgrims typically engage in a variety of costly behaviors that affirm their commitment to the religion while operating as a deterrent to cheaters. At the same time, the pilgrimage center itself is a separate but interrelated costly signal of power. I propose that both costly signals operate side-by-side to promote cooperation and differentiation simultaneously, qualities that mark many middle-range societies. Expectations of the model are considered and evaluated using the 11th-century pilgrimage center of Chaco Canyon as a case study.

Rituals of inversion
Add gallery with captions

I made a few minor edits under "myth." A couple sentences seemed contradictory to one another. The second one stated "well, this is not always true" and that seemed quite unprofessional so I deleted it and rewrote the sentence so it had a better flow.

I edited some definitions in Magic, Contagious Magic, Functions of Religion, and Concepts of Supernatural Beings. User: melkim

In the first paragraph concerning Christianity, I cleaned up a few awkward and lengthy sentences. I also deleted the mention of "animal sacrifices concerning the crucifixion because this seemed random and there was no citation giving it credibility. Eck4068 (talk) 22:40, 9 March 2009 (UTC) Eck4068

I thought it was important to add that rituals do not always have to be religious in nature. Sechrist7888 (talk) 22:45, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

I also thought it would be good to give at least a short discussion/definition of religion here as well, since ritual was discussed in this section (so both are covered in this intro). Sechrist7888 (talk) 22:57, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

I added a picture to the ritual section to give a visual. user:wilber6199

I added a little to the end of the religion part. I added that as time passes and cultures change, religons also change. I also added some present day religions and linked them to other Wikipedia articles. Rosbacw (talk) 00:53, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

I editied the the doctrine section and added some content as it was missing a few things on what doctrine is, and was stating something a little confusing. Hennessy7730

I added the section on Satanism because I felt that it would contribute to the Wikibooks information Sandlij

I added the section on Rites of Passage under ritual so that there could be a detailed description of an actual ritual type. Mcnabba (talk) 15:27, 9 March 2009

o 1.1 Religion + 1.1.1 Origin of Religion I expanded just a little on the origin of religion and it's development as a concept. --FBetancourt (talk) 05:58, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for editing my section. I left the changes that you made, but also made some changes of my own in terms of sentence structure to go along with the changes you made. I think section flows a lot more nicely now. Thanks! Rosbacw (talk) 02:36, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Krakauc (talk) 07:02, 2 March 2009 (UTC)Also under the Functions of Religion section, I added the fact that social cohesion from religion can also lead to social control, as has been seen throughout world history. Chloe Krakauer

On magic section. I really liked both the magic sections I thought there was a lot of interesting information that I was unaware of and the ethnographic info was really interesting good job Veronica Tornquist

+ 1.1.2 Variety of Religious Beliefs # 1.1.2.1 Animatism All I did was change the formatting so that it was lined up with the page breaks. Aitchison0553 (talk) 05:40, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added an image for the ethnographic example used Aitchison0553 (talk) 15:08, 9 March 2009 (UTC) Euhemerism I just did some basic grammar changes to make reading smoother. --Scharnhorst6569 (talk) 00:12, 4 March 2009 (UTC) # 1.1.2.2 Animism I changed the syntax and did a couple of other minor edits regarding spacing because I couldn't figure it out the first time Aitchison0553 (talk) 23:47, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

The only major thing that I changed, was adding another paragraph about the difference between classic and new animism, other than that all I have been doing is adding internal links, citations, and a photo. Aitchison0553 (talk) 05:19, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added links to the Animism article Kimble3865 (talk) 21:28, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for adding those internal links Kimble3865

1.1.2.3 Anthropomorphic
I just changed the wording around in the beginning of this section to make it a little more clear. --FBetancourt (talk) 06:58, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I added behavior to the first sentenced because it isn't just characteristic traits, but emotional behavioral traits as well. I added some content to the bottom, mainly due because it is a major anthropomorphic example that wasn't there. Hennessy7730

I changed the wording to clarify the last part and capitalization of The Three Bears. Holmesa2

I added a picture of an anthropomorphic figure from Mycenae in Greece to help define anthropomorphism. Nataliza (talk) 11:20, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I reformatted the "Anthropomorphic" heading so it wasn't part of the previous section on Dualism, but rather its own new section. Nataliza (talk) 11:25, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

1.1.2.4 Zoomorphic
I thought it might be interesting to add some examples of exactly how widespread of a phenomenon this is (zoomorphism). Sechrist7888 (talk) 21:54, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

The information about images of male deities with antlers and the countries that it comes from is good information, but what religion or religions does male deities with antlers come from? In response to your addition i also added that zoomorphic supernaturals can be found in Hinduism.--Barry8615 (talk) 06:18, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

The deities with antlers have been found in prehistoric art in those countries, and I edited the section to include this--I think it's interesting that zoomorphism goes back so far in human history (feel free to add that to the section, too, if you want). Sechrist7888 (talk) 00:11, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

I thought it might be better to have Zoomorphic up with Animatism and Anthromorphic beings, and then have all of those concepts of supernatural beings in their own category. I think the organization might make it easier to read. --Cavea (talk) 22:59, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

I fixed the Totemism link because it was not in bold blue print Miramiller (talk) 04:40, 9 March 2009 (UTC) #1.1.2.5 Magic the last sentence in the contagious magic section was really confusing so i switched some words and commas around to make it flow better (Alicia Troske)

I just cleaned up a few of the sentences in the Imitative Magic section (some parts were a little wordy, so I made them a little more defined and straightfoward. (Scar8719)

I edited out the user name in the contagious section to make it appear more professional.--GoW00849457

I included a basic definition of magic just to back up the description of how it's used.--FBetancourt (talk) 06:30, 5 March 2009 (UTC) I added a picture of a voodoo doll with pins in it to help illustrate the example of imitative magic.--Barry8615 (talk) 06:37, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Krakauc (talk) 07:02, 2 March 2009 (UTC)I further specified the type of object that can be used in imitative magic to differentiate it from contagious magic, which involves the use of objects physically related to the person or object affected by the magic. Chloe Krakauer

I edited the explanation on the voodoo doll idea by adding a little more explanation of what the infliction of a voodoo doll does to the actual person the spell is being caste on. Bria Trujillo (talk Bria Trujillo) 01:06, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited the contagious magic section a tad to reword the explanation in general. (talk) 14:51, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited the contagious magic section a little bit but it needs some more work, I didn't want to completely change it, but i added that contagious magic is when a part of the person they are trying to influence is used to cast the spell. Knight9366 (talk) 14:51, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Krakauc (talk) 07:02, 2 March 2009 (UTC)I changed the order of the first sentence slightly so that the "toe nail" became an example of the type of object used rather than the magic itself, even though the sentence could probably be phrased better. Chloe Krakauer

I edited the main bit about magic mostly just from the grammar standpoint but I also threw in a bit about how religion and science evolved from the inability of magic to explain the natural world and a couple other things I thought could add to it. nelso79(talk) 16:43, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited the contagious magic by adding some examples of contagious magic. There were not any examples just the statement that was used in class so I added examples of how teeth are used in contagious magic in Australia and how the afterbirth is used as a means of contagious magic all around the earth. Felker7736

Wanted to make the actual definition of imitative magic a little more clear then it was. Still used the general concept, of course. --Scharnhorst6569 (talk) 00:53, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

I reorganized this page, I just moved the magic section up to the origin of religion, because they mention the failure of magic, and I thought that would be a better transition.--Cavea (talk) 23:08, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited the magic and religion sections in general for grammatical and spelling errors like capitalization, use of commas and "woman" instead of "women." Lianalewis (talk) Lianalewis (talk) 06:31, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited some of the repetitiveness under the imitative magic section. Forshaw8176 (talk) + 1.1.3 How Beliefs Are Expressed # 1.1.3.1 Myth i put spaces between "sacred spaces" and the rest of the words so that it stood out as a title (Alicia Troske)

Just some minor sentence structure changes. nelso79(3455)

I changed some parts of the sacred space entry. Some of it didn't make any sense Beesonm (talk) 04:51, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I thought that all the quotes around some of the words were unnecessary, so I removed them. Loves (talk) 22:50, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Someone please actually contribute to the animitism!!!!

I edited the sacred space and added the information about the vatican and added a break to the information. Miramiller (talk) 05:11, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

# 1.1.3.2 Doctrine I did some minor changes to grammar and phrasing like changing "are" to "is" --Mallahp (talk) 05:05, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed the Doctrine section from listing Catholicism, Christianity, and First Baptist to Catholicism, Islam, and First Baptist. I also added a paragraph on Islamic doctrine to complement that. The reason for this is that Catholicism and First Baptist fall under the realm of Christianity, and I didn't want the same thing listed twice. Plus, there are other religions outside of Christianity that are held together by doctrines, so there should be more representatives. Requirement 2b. Wittrock4570 (talk) 02:20, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited the same section later on, changing the word phrasing slightly and adding a link for the Five Pillars of Islam. Wittrock4570 (talk) 05:53, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Syncretism
For requirements 2a and 2b I wrote this section, with the description of the key term and the anthropological example of the practitioners of Haitian Vodou. --Petit00865229 (talk) 03:07, 7 March 2009 (UTC) I just did some basic grammar changes--Scharnhorst6569 (talk) 04:37, 4 March 2009 (UTC) move use comment to talk page Jenny Peterson (talk)

I changed some spelling errors that I found. Beesonm (talk) 04:58, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I moved the image of the virgin guadelupe to the top of the syncretism section to take away the space in the middle of the section. Carr7805

I modified the first sentence on exclusivism, it was hard to understand so I changed some wording around and added a few clearer words. John Hennessy (talk)

For requirement 2c I added the picture of The Black Madonna of Częstochowa and linked all the key terms in the part i wrote to wikipedia articles. Petit00865229 (talk) 03:13, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Under sacred spaces for this section, I changed the second person terms to third person and fixed some words spelled wrong.Loves (talk) 22:48, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

I added a photo of the Wailing Wall to the sacred spaces section --Gill4569 (talk) 01:40, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

+ 1.1.4 Religious Specialists # 1.1.4.1 Shaman Krakauc (talk) 07:02, 2 March 2009 (UTC)I added the fact that shamans are part-time religious practitioners, as opposed to priests who are full-time religious practitioners. Chloe Krakauer

I moved the image of the shaman up to the top of the section for better clarity. Carr7805

I thought it might be interesting to add this sentence to help show how much power these people (shamans) are reported to have among their people. Sechrist7888 (talk) 22:15, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

I also added a sentence to your ethnographic example (North American shamanism) explaining that it still occurs today, but is declining--I thought that might just be an interesting fact to add (that it still exists here). Sechrist7888 (talk) 22:33, 28 February 2009 (UTC)                              1.1.4.1 Shaman Brown1147 (talk) 19:05, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

I really enjoyed your contributions to the page. I think you did a good job of integrating your work with mine. I particularly liked the last sentence, because I had a hard time of figuring out how to transition shamanism from prehistoric times into the present but, you did it quite succinctly. Do you think I should add another sentence or two about how shamans are perceived by their people? I think it would be interesting to mention that they are often feared or mistrusted because of their supernatural capabilities. Telena Anderson (talk) 12:33, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Thanks--yes, I think it would be a really good idea to add more information about how shamans are perceived by their people, especially because they are feared or mistrusted by some. I think that's important (and interesting) information. Sechrist7888 (talk) 00:18, 2 March 2009 (UTC) # 1.1.4.2 Priest and Priestess 1.1.4.2 priest and priestess I forgot to state that the rituals listed were common catholic rites, and I edited it to include that

I added that Confirmation usually takes place after Eucharist and baptism. nelso79(3544) Thanks, I didn't know that. it's a nice tidbit.

I added links to many other wiki pages to this section. Alysrose161

# 1.1.4.3 Prophets Found some spots that could use grammar/sentence structure changes, so I did it. --Scharnhorst6569 (talk) 04:58, 4 March 2009 (UTC) # 1.1.4.4 Monks The monk section was very consice and easy to read. The history of monasticism could have been very complicated, but you made it easy to follow. How does the photo relate to the article? Other than him being a monk? Kurnikm (talk) 07:37, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Krakauc (talk) 07:44, 2 March 2009 (UTC)Thanks for the idea! I will definitely incorporate that into my article. Chloe Krakauer + 1.1.5 World Religions # 1.1.5.1 Hinduism # 1.1.5.2 Buddhism i added a picture to hinduism to give this section a visual (Alicia Troske)

i made the words "Dalai Lama" into a link to wikipedia so this section had some credibility (Alicia Troske)

I just switched the wording of the first sentence around because although Buddhism doesn't believe altogether in deities, it does believe in an afterlife type concept, which means it isn't completely atheistic --FBetancourt (talk) 06:47, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed some of the wording in the Budhism section. Beesonm (talk) 05:04, 9 March 2009 (UTC) # 1.1.5.3 Judaism Krakauc (talk) 07:02, 2 March 2009 (UTC)I thought I would just add the fact that there are two main sects to show how there is at least slight division within Judaism. Chloe Krakauer

There is not yet any writing under buddhism, however i added a picture of buddha from the commons to that sections --Norton3607 (talk) 00:38, 5 March 2009 (UTC)norton3607

Sorry Norton3607. I replaced the picture you posted with a different one. Yours wasn't in the right image format, and I thought a picture of a full Buddha would look better. thisisme98 (talk) 07:30 4 March, 2009

Under the section about Yom Kippur I just changed the wording around, and some of the sentence structure to make it more readable. Aitchison0553 (talk) 14:50, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

1.1.5.4 Christianity
I separated this into paragraphs to make it easier to read and comprehend. Amanda McCalleyI changed some of the content from Jesus "symbolizing" something, to Jesus "doing" something and edited some of the details about what Christians believe about Jesus dying on the cross and rising again; in addition to what this all means to Christians. Amanda McCalleyI think it would be good to recognize that there are different subsections/denominations under each religion. I added a few sentences about this under Christianity. --Veronica Whitley (talk) 22:36, 22 February 2009 (UTC)I added two subcategories (Catholic and Protestant) under Christianity to address the issue of denominations. I thought instead of listing all of the denomination of Christianity, adding Catholic and Protestant as subcategories would be best, since most denominations fit under either one. Rosbacw (talk) 21:12, 1 March 2009 (UTC)I also made a small structural change. I changed the sentence "Christianity was a religion that came to being..." to "Christianity was a religion that came into being...." Rosbacw (talk) 23:09, 1 March 2009 (UTC)I made another edit to this section. I felt like there needed to be an "introduction" of sorts to this article. It seemed like the history of Christianity was being implied so I added a short introduction to the beginning to add meaning to the rest of the article. I tried to not cut too much out but I feel like an introduction makes the article much stronger. Rosbacw (talk) 02:14, 2 March 2009 (UTC)I added a sentence to the person testimony section on salvation. Miramiller (talk) 05:48, 9 March 2009 (UTC)I agree with you there needed to be an introduction to this section. I could not come up with one when I first wrote it and was trying to play it safe by starting the section off with "cold" historical facts about Christianity, and not start with some of the beliefs and ramifications of the religion. The intro starts it off better. Felker7736 15:10, 3, March 2009I made a small change under the Protestant section. I thought I was important to note that the Protestant denominations of today resulted from a split of the Catholic church, known as the Protestant Reformation. And I added that the Protestant Reformation was sparked by Martin Luther and the publication of his Ninety-Five Theses. I also added a few links to other Wikipedia articles for easy reference. Rosbacw (talk) 23:54, 3 March 2009 (UTC)I made a few changes to your grammar and spelling in the paragraph about you being baptized. Jackson751883(Jackson751883)On Catholicism, I just broke up that one huge paragraph into four smaller ones. I just thought it would be easier to read that way. thisisme98 (talk)I added a section about the Christmas celebration. I hope that people will add more detail to it. I also added  a section for Santa Claus, thinking that it would be fun for someone to write about. I changed the title of Catholic to Catholicism, and likewise for the Protestant  to Protestantism. Ely4205 (talk)Although Christmas has turned into a materialistic holiday I added a bit explaining how it is common for people to attend Christmas mass. Year after year I have noticed that Christmas and Easter are the two days where my church has the biggest turn out. Arielle Amoranto (talk) 04:27, 6 March 2009 (UTC)I changed the transition sentence from Christianity part into Christmas (Intro of Christmas), so that the transition flowed better. Amanda McCalley I also changed a sentence in the middle which re-stated what had previously been said and combined two shorter sentences to flow better as one sentence. Amanda McCalleyProtestantism lots of things were changed on my intial article and I agree with most but I added in a few citations from where I got the information and a few grammatical things. Veronica TornquistI added the section "Easter" after the section of "Christmas." I thought if you were going to add Christmas, you need to add Easter because they represent the birth and death of Jesus. Carly PetersI changed the beginning of the second paragraph "After the death of Jesus..." because followers of Christ were persecuted when he was still living. Carly PetersI added the cross picture to the right side at the beginning of the section. Carly PetersI added a link to the wikipedia page on prophets --Gill4569 (talk) 01:11, 9 March 2009 (UTC)I added content to the section on Easter as well as adding links to wikipedia and making grammar and punctuation improvements. --Gill4569 (talk) 02:20, 9 March 2009 (UTC) I added a like to the !Kung under the christmas section because I thought that it might be helpful for readers who do know now who these people are. Miramiller (talk) 08:52, 9 March 2009 (UTC) I edited the Pastors section and added links to the relevent words. Kimble3865 (talk) 21:18, 9 March 2009 (UTC) I don't know about anyone else, but I thought the assignment was supposed to be third person, and the personal testimony just seems unnecessary, and I really feel like deleting it in its entirety. To say that all humans sin from a personal rational isn't academic, and really should be debarred from the wiki entry. I'm afraid to be rude and just delete someones complete posting though, and I don't know where to post a talk on a vote for its removal. Hennessy7730

I edited the Christianity section in the paragraph about Constantine because it led people to believe that the persecutions of Christians stopped after Constantine made it a legal religion, which is not true at all. Christians have been persecuted all through out history, even after Constantine. peter232

I added where the name/word Protestant came from, and why people were called that. peter232 i added a picture of easter eggs to the section about how easter is celebrated Kimble3865 (talk) 21:17, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

So I'm in agreement with the person above as far as the personal testimony under Christianity. If we're going to do personal witnesses, which really have no place in textbooks as far as I'm concerned, there should be witnesses under the other religions as well. Stacycbreland I made some additions to the Christmas section to state that it started out as a pagan holiday and was adapted from the Christians later and how the Christmas tree came to be

Under Christianity I edited the section on baptism to bring clearity to infant baptism. Gerspal

Added that there is some debate as to whether communion is a literal transformation or is a symbolic representation Monierc (talk) 22:20, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Under Non-Denominational, I revised the prior content to be more specific about the ways of Non-Denominational Christians because I feel that not many people take this sect seriously due to a lack of explanatory information about the actual beliefs of this group. This group of people may not associate with any one church, but they still hold firm beliefs based on what they individually hold to be true and this needs to be realized by other religious sects.Gordonlesley (talk) 08:00, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

I added a paragraph under Doctrines about Christianity. There was an example of Christianity in Fiji and I contrasted this with some Westernized beliefs of this religion. I felt this added some more content and showed how doctrines can be interpreted differently. User:adamsk9

1.1.5.7 Cargo Cult
I added some more info about the islanders' activities after seeing soldiers from WWII. [allumbt]

1.1.5.5 Islam
Overall I like the changes you guys made to the Islam section. You did a nice job of separating relevant topics and adding more information. The section itself looks cleaner and more professional then it did before. Also I appreciate the parts you guys expanded on. The Articles of Faith and the Five Pillars were necessary improvements to my part. --GoW00849457

I changed "one to one point eight" to "1-1.8" because the numbers are much easier to read. Beesonm (talk) 04:20, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I improved the flow of this section a little bit. Sometimes I used words that became redundant so I removed some of those. --GoW00849457

I think that "Islam" should be changed to Muslim, Because Muslim is the religion and Islam is more of the community and culture that accompanies it. Luna6045 (talk) 06:43, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

I disagree. "Islam" classifies the religion itself, while the term "Muslim" describes an adherent to the Islamic faith and means "one who submits (to God)". So I think it would be inappropriate to change the heading for Islam to Muslim, however, I do agree that other subheadings under "Islam" could be created. Rosbacw (talk) 04:36, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

I added that once a person has made the pigrimage to Mecca that the person would achieve the status of Hajji. This was mentioned in lecture and thought it would be useful to the reader. I also added a link to the word Hajji that would take the reader to Wikipedia's definition of Hajji. --Barry8615 (talk) 04:53, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

I added links to the start of the article to allow easy access to more in depth information. Kimble3865 (talk) 21:16, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added two subcategories to Islam. I figured since we were reading the book on the Iraq War (Waiting On An Ordinary Day by Farnaz Fassihi)it would be appropriate to add the two denominations of Islam, Sunni and Shi'a, as subcategories for Islam. This will help those who have trouble differentiating the two. Also, it will show the two denominations' similarities and differences.Rosbacw (talk) 02:24, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

In the beginning sentence, I changed the word "originating" to "revitalized" because I think that Islam was around before Muhammad's time. He just revitalized the religion. Mcnabba (talk) 04:42, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Islam actually did originate from the teachings of Muhammad. There was no Islam before MuhammadBeesonm (talk) 08:30, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I agree with the edit of 'originating' to 'revitalized,' as Muslims traditionally view Islam as the restoration of the teachings which the other Abrahamic religions received, and then corrupted over time. In my edits I defined 'Muslims', reorganized some of the information to aid the flow, deleted a couple of lines to eliminate redundancy, defined 'Sharia', added a short section on taqlid, and made some of the information about the pillars more thorough. Reeves5803 (talk) 08:43, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

1.1.5.5.1 Sunni
I reformatted the first paragraph of this subsection for better readability. Mcnabba (talk) 019:42, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Towards the end of this section, I fixed a minor spelling error. And throughout the entire section I removed a few links that seemed unnecessary. Mcnabba (talk) 19:51, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I reformatted the secondary "Sunni" heading to make it clear it was a new section with three smaller subsections. Nataliza (talk) 019:42, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

1.1.5.6 African Religions
I did some minor changes to the phrasing of the paragraph --Mallahp (talk) 05:00, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added information to the entire section about the three main/most popular African religions. Also changed flow of the section to make it more fluid and easier to read. --Nataliza (talk) 10:50, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

1.1.5.7 Ras Tafari
I improved the wording in the section on food. I changed "veggies" to "vegetables". I thought using the entire word would sound more appropriate. Beesonm (talk) 23:55, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I improved the flow of the Ganja section. I essentially rephrased run on sentences and added proper grammar.--GoW00849457

I made some minor adjustments to the history of ras tafari section; I basically just made some sentences flow better. I also added a link to the website where I got some of my information.Kerzman0375

I can't find the atheism section in this discussion page but I added a little more information on the definition of atheism. --FBetancourt (talk) 07:22, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I added a little more information to the Jamaican colors section, as well as more information about Ganja and the rituals involved. --Campbe41 (talk)

I added a couple pictures and hyperlinked topics I thought were important. --Campbe41 (talk)

I changed around a few things about the basic rastafarian beliefs. I also broke up the section about ganja; it's easier to read that way. --Campbe41 (talk)

Krakauc (talk) 07:02, 2 March 2009 (UTC)Under the heading "Baha'i Faith," I added that it is "one" of the world's youngest religions because some religions, such as Mormonism, began around the same time and recently developed sects of certain faiths could be considered new faiths themselves. Chloe Krakauer

I removed the link underneath the "Dreadlocks" image because it was linked to an uncreated page. Mcnabba (talk) 19:59, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Under the section of Agnostics, I just made a few grammatical changes. Mcnabba (talk) 20:07, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I created the sub section, "history of ras tafari," because I thought it was important to know how the religion began. Kerzman0375

o 1.2 Ritual + 1.2.1 Life-Cycle Rituals + 1.2.2 Pilgrimage Under Hajj, I link the phrase "pillar of faith" to Wikipedia's article on the Five Pillars of Islam. That way, anyone who is unfamiliar with the Five Pillars of Islam would be able to easily link to it and understand how it relates to Hajj. Rosbacw (talk) 23:15, 1 March 2009 (UTC) + 1.2.3 Ritual and Religion I guess I am confused on why what was added to my section(celts to lines blurred) was really necessary. I understand what was added, the language isnt the problem, its the content. The year halloween was created is not relevant at all to rituals of inversion, and the content seems to have just been added to earn credit. I am really put-off by your last comment. I think it is thoughtless of you to say that the work that was contributed to your page was just to earn credit. That is so demeaning. Imagine how you would feel if you genuinely tried to contribute to someone's page and they wrote something like that about you. This is supposed to be educational,let's keep our comments respectful. Telena Anderson (talk) 12:04, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

I added two links to wikipedia on your page (Carnival and Halloween). I thought it would be helpful to allow readers quick and easy access to more information, should they need it. Telena Anderson (talk) 10:19, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

I read the section before the contribution was deleted and what was added was not relevant to the topic of ritual of inversion. --Barry8615 (talk) 03:22, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

I agree with you and I never said that it was relevant. I don't see any problem with criticizing someone's work as long as it is constructive. Telena Anderson (talk) 11:22, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

I added an example of Carnival in the United States which is Mardi Gras because I thought it would give the reader another example and help them understand the topic better. I also added a link to the word lent that will take the reader to the Wikipedia page for lent. I think it will help to the reader if they do not know what that word means.--Barry8615 (talk) 10:38, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Added more information on Mardi Gras in order to further explain it's relevance to rituals of inversion. --Scharnhorst6569 (talk) 05:21, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

I added the most visited religious pilgrimage sites in the world because it was mentioned in lecture and I thought it would be a helpful fact to have for future readers.Shane8634 (talk) 13:05, 1 March 2009 (UTC) + 1.2.5 Sacrifice I changed the sentence format and structure for the example about ancient Chinese sacrifices. I made it into a new paragraph and extended the sentences that were first added. I also changed the website that was listed after the example to an external link to make the section look clean and neat. --Barry8615 (talk) 07:45, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

I made some grammatical adjustments to Ancestor Worship. I also included links on some of the words. thisisme98 (talk)

I made an adjustment to a particular phrase under the Ancestor Worship category that I felt was very unclear and misleading. In the previous context the sentence was very confusing. My edit hopefully made the intention of the statement more clear. More importantly, now the reader knows who is making the sacrifice and who is receiving which benefit from it. robert78 (talk)

I liked the changes you made, thanks! I also think the link to the Festival of the Hungry Ghosts is really helpful.--FBetancourt (talk) 23:31, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

67.201.211.104 (talk) 23:29, 7 March 2009 (UTC) * 2 References

There's no section for the Bahá'ís religion on the discussion so I'll post it here. I made a few grammar corrections and just checked to see if the sentences pieced together well--[User:GoW00849457|GoW00849457]

I added a few sentences to imitative and contagious magic. I just elaborated a little on each subject. Telena Anderson (talk) 03:30, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

I just got rid of your name in there like three times --jackson751883

I would like to reserve section 1.1.3.1 Myth. Sechrist7888 (talk) 15:11, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

I would like to reserve section 1.1.2.4 Zoomorophic. --Barry8615 (talk) 07:16, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

1.1.4.3 Prophets Maolmstead1989 (talk) 03:51, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

I would like to reserve section 1.1.5.1. Hinduism allenc30 (talk) 12:58, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

I made a minor gramatical edit under pilgrimage --Veronica Whitley (talk) 22:06, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

I added some starter content under origins of religion and added a heading for functions of religion. feel free to add and elaborate. --Veronica Whitley (talk) 23:18, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

I added some subsections to religious practitioners and world religions. I added Monk to religious practitioners and Ansestor Worship and Baha'i Faith to world religion. I also gave a brief description of Baha'i Faith to fulfill ‘requirement 2b ethnographic example’ -- Thompson7425 18:00, 28 February 2009

Wwuman23 (talk) 00:10, 4 March 2009 (UTC) I had a few questions and a few suggestions. Although they are pretty huge it made sense in my mind. I noticed that there is a section on Variety of Religious beliefs and also a section on World Religions. Couldn't it be possible to combine these two into one topic. Are they not pretty similar? Just a suggestion!

Baptism link added for Clarification --vandenm4

More information on the prophet Muhammad added. --vandenm4

Description of "The Babylon system" given under rastafari movement --vandenm4 I added some deatil to Dreadlocks --vandenm4

Information added to Bahá'í section --vandenm4

I changed a few words in Rastafarian section. --Jackson

I made some grammatical corrections to contagious magic. --Jackson751883

I added some more detail the atheist section --Jackson

I think it would be helpful to readers if the Christianity section wasn't just one giant paragraph. It's really hard to read when it's not broken up. --nativid

Scientology
I added some more information about E-meters because I felt that it wasn't being said well enough that the E-meter is used to pinpoint the areas of the mind where spiritual distress lies so that the clerics can then act knowing where they need to focus their attentions. --Rebekah Howe

Catholicism
I commented on my personal experiences as a Catholic and how this is relevent to my life.

I added the fact that some sects of Catholisism differ from Christianity in that they believe that good works are required for salvation, rather than the belief that one only needs to believe that Christ is their savior. Amanda McCalley

I elaborated more on the difference between communion and reconciliation and the purposes for both regarding types of sin. Arielle Amoranto (talk) 02:50, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

I made an edit explaining the order that the sacraments must take place. Arielle Amoranto (talk) 03:03, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

I expanded on the Sacraments of Initiation by briefly discussing what each are and when they are recieved. I also moved the sentences concerning Confirmation there. In addition, I made a wiki link for the Sacraments of Initiation. Wittrock4570 (talk) 06:16, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

It originally stated that the bread and wine represent Jesus's body, but Catholics actually believe it becomes His body, so I rewrote a line to reflect that. johns588 (talk)

I edited the entire information for content, adding commas and correcting spelling of words being used. .Bria Trujillo (talk) 12:49 6 March 2009 (UTC)

I then went back and realized it could use some structure clean up, so i added paragraph breaks to allow the information to flow more accordingly.Bria Trujillo (talk) 12:49 6 March 2009 (UTC)

I just added a few commas and linked the Vatican. Also, I thought that I should mention that two people have their comments on the page, so they should probably put them on this discussion page. Loves (talk) 21:09, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

I added links to improve the article and add better access to more information Kimble3865 (talk) 21:33, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited this page a few days ago, just working on wording and a few details about different aspects of the faith, but I just read that last comment on the module and I have to disagree with the last sentence. It doesn't come down to believing in something that is hard to prove, it comes down to believing in a living, loving God, who cares so deeply for us that he sent his son down to earth to die on a cross in order that we can have a relationship with him and go to heaven. It's kinda complicated but if anyone wants to talk about it, let me know :). I think it's cool stuff! Andrewemily3 (talk) 03:19, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I also put to links to christianity and scaraments. Also Thank you for all of those people who edited this section. ALl of your imput is very usefull to what I started it with. Miramiller (talk) 04:21, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added the image of the crucifix to the beginning of the article, I find that it is one of the more relevant symbols of day to day Catholic life for my mother and her family. Douglas772727 (talk) 07:34, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed the wording of some of the information about Catholicism. I felt that some of it was a little bit "finger-pointing" and assuming. Using things like "all Catholics" makes it sound a little cultish. I am Catholic and I know that I deviate from some of the traditional practices, so just consideration that not ALL Catholics believe or agree with all of the details of Catholicism should be recognized. --hilla24

Priests and Priestesses
I highlighted the difference between Christian and Catholic beliefs pertaining the Eucharist. Arielle Amoranto (talk) 02:57, 6 March 2009 (UTC) link title

I edited this section for grammatical and capitalization errors. Lianalewis (talk) Lianalewis (talk) 06:36, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Buddhism
Under the Rosh Hashanah section I added a link to another Wikipedia website. The user did not do this and I thought that it would help the reader's better understand the topic by having another source to look at. I also made the first two sentences into one by separating them by a comma so they flowed better. Dachenhausen4129

I refined the flow of the Dalai Lama section. Some of the phrasing was choppy so I combined and eliminated sentences. I also shortened a couple sentences because of run ons.--GoW00849457

I Thought it would be best to refine this a little more. Expand on the information about Buddhism because quite a bit was left out. I also added a couple of pictures to illustrate the info. Kiaraeanthro210 (talk)

I added a the term Jiriki to explain what the act was that the person was doing when trying to reach enlightenment. I thought that it would clarify a little more indepth of what Buddhism is based around. hanlonn (talk) 09:40, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Under Zen Buddhism I added internal links to other wikipedia pagesAitchison0553 (talk) 20:58, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Under Buddhist Temples I added an image of a Buddhist TempleAitchison0553 (talk) 20:58, 9 March 2009 (UTC) Under Buddhist Temples I also added a section about Stupas. When I went to Sri Lanka, which has many Buddhists, Stupas were everywhere, some were really big, some were really small, but they were lots of them. I felt this section needed some sort of acknowledgement about stupas to make it complete.--Belcheg (talk) 06:18, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

I added a section as my main contribution on Pilgrimage practices in BuddhismGrahame6 (talk) 20:58, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Added current location of the Dalai Lama and the rest of the Tibetan exiled government. LiamVleck (talk)

Added a bit more information on the early life of the Buddha. Norvaib (talk) 01:31, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Zen Buddhism
I made a few general grammar edits to the page, as well as posting an external link to www.zenguide.com, a comprehensive resource for zen and buddhism practitioners. Anthronut12 (talk) 22:56, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Hinduism
I added two paragraphs about the Mahabharata for 2a and 2b. I felt that a citation about Hinduism without mention of one of its holiest texts would be not done right. --Marshj9 (talk) 23:34, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

I fixed spelling error on Bhagavad Gita citation--Marshj9 (talk) 23:34, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Corrected formatting of paragraphs for my writing.--Marshj9 (talk) 23:34, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

We Need to add the rastafarian Section to this Discussion page.--Millerp7

I went through and edited some grammar, spelling, and punctuation in the chapter. --Jamesk5 (talk) 01:34, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Thanks to all for correcting the grammar and spelling and such. I don't know if you corrected mine or the person who wrote about Vaishnavism. allenc30 (talk)

Fixed your initial Hinduism image. LiamVleck (talk)

Totemism
I went through this paragraph and edited a few things. I took out a comma and added a word to make the sentence flow better. I also reworded the second sentence because it didnt make sense to me. Dachenhausen4129

i just added some more information on its uses thats all emerson2791 (talk)

Animatism
I wrote about individual spiritual identity to show how Animatism differs from Animism. --McGuire7190 (talk) 08:11, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added internal links to both the Museum of Anthropology and the University of British Columbia under the photograph on the left side of the page Anthronut12 (talk) 23:02, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added information about animatism and Polynesian cultures regarding Mana a form of animatism. --sanders1683

I added a picture of a Polynesian tiki statute that is a form of animatism also known as mana. sanders1683

Atheism
I added a line to help make it clear of how important the separation of church and state is. Hennessy7730

I added a few sentences about how some Atheists believe there is no God, and how some don't believe in any deity's teachings. I thought this was an important detail in understanding the religion...or lack there of. Kerzman0375]

- This section is absolutely false, and the information of what atheism consists of is WRONG!

Agnostic
I made this section, because I thought it was important to have this form of religion part of the wiki as well. Kerzman0375

Ritual
Under the section of Jewish Rituals, I made a few grammatical changes for smoother reading Mcnabba (talk) 15:18, 9 March 2009

Edit summaries
It seems this page is little other than edit summaries. Please note that there is a text-field underneath the editing text-area where you can make notes on your edit. These conveniently appear in the page edit history and don't take up space on this page. Talk pages are generally intended for the discussion of their corresponding page. --Swift (talk) 01:33, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Pastafarianism
Is the section on Pastafarianism a useful addition to this book? Much of the text is a copy of a letter of indeterminate copyright status, as are the two images included. In its current form it doesn't contribute at all to the book's scope. --Swift (talk) 01:38, 11 March 2009 (UTC)


 * I've removed the section. --Swift (talk) 02:44, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

i added an example of when Christians pray, giving diversity to the statement. --Dampieq (talk) 18:32, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Glossary Terms
Use this section to propose key terms from this chapter that can be included in the text Glossary. If you plan to implement edits associated with this key term, please claim it here with your username, or signature of four tildes ( ~ ). Paul James (discuss • contribs) 22:16, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

paleolithic age - a prehistoric period distinguished by the earliest known primitive tools Cruzbub (discuss • contribs) 06:17, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

religious exclusivism - a doctrine that states people of specific faith will attain salvation while others will not if they do not hold the same faith

animism - a belief that natural objects, the universe, and natural phenomena all have individual souls

secular worldview - a worldview that does not believe supernatural and/or religious beings influence lives

totemism - occurs when a family has a united relationship with a specific spiritual being

prophet - a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of any supernatural being

shaman - a person regarded as having access to the world of spirits

doctrine - a belief taught by a church, political party, or other groups

ritual - an act of practice usually done everyday; many different rituals

nirvana - the final goal of Buddhism; eternal enlightenment

Cruzbub (discuss • contribs) 06:15, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Paleolithic age: About 2.5 million to 40,000 years ago. This marks the beginnings of the usage and creation of tools and artifacts.

Creation myth: A story explaining the beginnings of the universe and where humans belong in the grand scheme.

Exclusivism: The belief that a certain religion is the whole and complete truth and other religions are flawed.

Rituals of inversion: A recurring event in which the social norms of a given society are flipped and altered.

Dharma: In Hinduism, Dharma is the driving force of life, the force that gives life meaning. To seek one's Dharma is to seek existential meaning in one's life.

Nirvana: The intangible concept of existential enlightenment.

Satanism: An overarching religion with branches that symbolize Satan in different ways for different reasons.

Devas: In Buddhism, Devas are higher beings, gods, or deities.

Sacrifice: The giving of something of value to a higher being.

Doctrine: Beliefs of religious, spiritual, political, scientific, and philosophic groups of people.

Fasting: Not eating for a time period to gain or worship something.

Contagious magic: The belief that things that have once been in contact with each other can influence each other.

Peyote: A cactus often found in Mexico with hallucinogenic properties. Peyote has a history of being used in native rituals.(kearnes4)

Religion: Symbolic system that is socially enacted through rituals and other aspects of social life.

Animism: A theory that primitive peoples believed which holds that inanimate objects such as trees, cliffs, hills and rivers were animated by spiritual forces/beings.

Dualism: Division of something conceptually into two opposed or contrasted aspects or the state of being so divided.

Sacrifice: Act of slaughtering an animal or person or surrendering a possession as an offering to God or to a divined or supernatural figure.

Totemism: Spiritual being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as family, clan, lineage, or tribe.

Supernatural: Attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature.

Ideology: A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. Buddem (discuss • contribs) 05:44, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Prophet: a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimed of the word of God.

Voodoo: A black religious cult practice in the Caribbean and southern USA, combining elements of Roman Catholic rituals with traditional African magical and religious rites, and characterized by sorcery and spirit possession.Montgoc5 (discuss • contribs) 22:38, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Anthropomorphism: The personification of non-human entities, sometimes representing a God like figure.

Floor-Time: One on one play time between an adult and a child, particularly of special needs. This time is helpful for the child to find areas of interest and develop a self confidence they might not otherwise be able to achieve.

Social Play: A form of playing in which the child interacts with other children or adults with the involvement of cooperation, communication and role-taking. This form of play tends to be developed sooner with females than males.

Solitary Play: A form of play in which the child interacts only with themselves, discovering the world around them. This form of play seems to be more common with male babies.

Sport: A type of play that is governed by a set of rules, usually in a competitive setting with large amounts of physical exertion.

Conflict-Resolution Play: A type of sport play defined by a set of rules in which there is no winner or loser but instead the participants are there not to oppose each other but to represent themselves as players and as a team.

Imitative Magic: A form of magic in which the user mimics an event that they wish to be performed, in an attempt to control the universe. An example of this is the practice of voodoo dolls.

Contagious Magic: Is a form of magic that uses certain information, words or objects to affect a certain person or situation. This form of magic is usually affiliated with witchcraft and sorcery.

Animatism: Is the belief that the supernatural is omnipresent and manifested in anything.

Animism: Is the belief that all natural objects, the universe and important natural events all contain a spirit. Davidc4wwu (discuss • contribs) 23:35, 6 December 2017 (UTC)davidc4wwu

Euhemerism: Is the idea that a person becomes more than human by the telling and retelling of their life stories until it becomes so embellished that that person becomes a deity. This idea is a way of rationalizing certain characters.

Ritual: An action performed as a common practice, every society having their own types.

Shaman: A religious practitioner who acts as a medium between the human and spirit world.

Ceramics: the art of making objects from clay, that can be manipulated into ceramic art.

Totem: a natural object that has spiritual significance. Animatism: the notion that humans are animals.

Animism: attribution of souls to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

Anthropomorphism: attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object.

Doctrine: belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group.Wwu johns949 (discuss • contribs) 22:04, 7 December 2017 (UTC)wwu_johns949

Dualism: conceptual division of something into two opposed or contrasted concepts, or the state of being divided.

Exclusivism: action or policy of excluding a person or group from a place, group, or privilege.

Myth: traditional story explaining some natural or social phenomenon and typically involving supernatural beings or events.

Religion: belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, a system of faith and worship.

Sacred Space: place to worship.

Shaman: person regarded as having access to and influence to the world of spirits.

Shamhain: pagan festival marking the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter.

Syncretism: amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or rules of thought.

Totemism: belief in kinship or mystical relationships with a spirit being, such as an animal or plant.

Zoomorphism: art that imagines humans as non-human.

Monotheism: the religious belief in only one god.

Polytheism: The religious belief in more than one god.

God: A being believed to be supernatural and omnipotent.

Magic: Using supernatural forces to interact with humans and other aspects of the natural world.

Beliefs: Values, morals, ideas and/or action that are tied to a symbolic meaning.

Imitative magic: The belief that a performing an action with a object resembling something will have a distinct result to the object it resembles.

Contagious magic: The belief that someone comes into contact with a supernatural force will continue to influence them.

Polarity of Consciousness: The belief that you and a supernatural power are not united in a symbolic way.

Unity of Consciousness: The belief that you and a supernatural power are united in some symbolic way.

Speaking in Tongues: The phenomenon of speaking in an unknown language usually while under a trance of during a ritual.

Spirit familiar: The belief in a spirit that formed a strong bond with a shaman and assists in shamanic rituals.

Holy Struggle: The idea or belief that everyone must be converted to one religion.

Secular worldview: The use of religion to describe how the universe came to be and how it works. W01339043 (discuss • contribs) 22:31, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Literature - The idea of sharing knowledge through a means of writing. The aim of this writing and the knowledge it holds is to educate and empower its reader.

Imitative Magic - Imitative Magic is used to command the universe and the surrounding area, conjuring desired events so as to benefit the magician.

Contagious Magic - Contagious Magic is used to cast spells and harness spirits, often with malitious intent.

Functions of Religion - Religion aims to unite individuals under the umbrella of a social group where all members share like-minded values. (W01384640 (discuss • contribs) 17:40, 9 December 2017 (UTC))

Animism - The belief that all natural objects in the world possess souls that are individual to each object.

Totemism - Totemism is a practice that involves worshiping a spiritual being represented by a large symbolic pole. The figures rank in hierarchy as the pole climbs higher, the figure at the top being the most important.

Doctrine - A specific set of teachings that are most often religious, political, scientific, or philosophical.

Sacred Spaces - Sacred spaces refer to locations that hold significance for an individual, group of individuals, or whole religious group.

Latin - A classical language originating from the Italian Peninsula. Latin grew in recognition thanks to the Roman Empire, being the main language of Roman Catholicism.

Paleolithic Age - A time period ranging from 2.6 million to 10,000 years ago when human technology and history consisted mainly of stone tools.

Anubis - Greek name for the Egyptian God of mummification and the after life, depicted as a man with a canine head.

Egyptian Mythology - Collection of ancient Egyptian myths using many different gods to explain life and their surroundings

Myth - Stories people tell one another to explain their life and the natural world around them.

Roman Catholicism - The largest Christian Church with more than 2.4 billion followers, and one of the oldest religious institutions.

Islam -Abrahamic monotheistic religion, second largest religious group with 1.6 billion followers known as Muslims.

Priest - Religious leader, mediator between humans and one or more deities.

Animatism- Coined by British Anthropologist Robert Merett to refer to "a belief in a generalize, impersonal power over which people have some measure of control." The attribution of consciousness and personality traits to a natural phenomena like earthquakes and animals and objects.

Dualism- Religion or belief that accepts two gods, or two original principles, one good; one evil. State of being dual or two-fold.

Totemism- System that distinguishes families, clans, etc. Division of race into tribes- each has its own totem, animal that involves religious obligations.

Myth- a commonly held but false belief; misconception. "Product of a man's emotion and imagination, acted upon by his surroundings." -E. Clodd, Myths and Dreams (1885) Coree Valdez ( discuss contribs) 14:14, 09 December 2017 (UTC)

Doctrine- Codification of beliefs, teachings, or instructions. Body of teachings or lessons in a belief system.

Exclusivism- Practice of being exclusive; Mentality is to disregard other opinions and ideas that aren't your own.

Pastor- a guardian; a keeper; a minister having the charge of a church or parish- Webster dictionary

Prophet- someone who predicts the future and speaks divine inspiration- interpreter of the will of God.

Pilgrimage- Journey or beach of moral or spiritual significance. Journey to a spiritual place of importance to a persons beliefs and faith.

Sacrifice- Destruction or surrender of something for the sake of something else or to obtain something greater.

Animism: The attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena

Atheism: lack of belief in a specific supernatural being or force

Contagious magic: magic that includes two things that have made contact in the past and can be used to influence one another

Exclusivism: the idea that our own religion is correct and others are incorrect

Fundamentalism: the strict adherence to a traditional religion by using a very literal approach to writings

Magic: an explanatory system that supports why unaturalistic things occur

Monotheism: the belief in one god or spiritual being

Religion: a symbolic system in which people believe in/worship a supernatural being(s) that include rituals

Rite of passage: a ritual or ceremony marking an important transition from one social state to the next

Rituals: Repeated performances based on a set of words that are generally associated with religion, but can be linked to other aspects of life

Sacrifice: a valuable thing or action given to a supernatural being or beings

Secular worldview: a worldview that does not believe supernatural and religious beings influence people’s lives

Similarity magic: magic in which an object, act, etc. that is similar to a desired goal can be used to influence that goal Gillisc2 (discuss • contribs) 13:26, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Speaking in tongues: the phenomenon of speaking in an unknown language, especially in ritual worship

Syncretism: the change in a traditional religion by incorporating elements from other religions or beliefs

Totemism: a belief that certain social groups are associated with specific animals or plants

World religions: a religion that is universally accepted and recognized as having an independent satatus from other religions

Voodoo doll: this is a doll used as a symbolic representation of another person

Animatism: The belief in a supernatural power that is able to be something other than a person or animal

Animism: THe belief that natural objects like natural phenomena, and the universe all possess individual souls

Totemism: A religious practice in which a family often has close kinship with a particular spiritual being, such as a animal or plants spirit.

Zoomorphism: The attribution of animal qualities or characteristics to a god

Sacred Space: a specific place place that has a special significance to a group or an individual, normally linked to religious or other cultural dogmas of an emotional nature

Exclusivism: This is the view that ones own religion is inerrant and all others are in error Phairwj (discuss • contribs) 02:56, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Shaman: These people are part time religious practitioners who act as a medium between the human and spirit world

Cults: Are a social groups with radical belief in a goal, religion, or idea

Doomsday cults: groups of people that make predictions about an apocalypse and those who attempt to bring about one

imitative magic: a form of magic in which an object, act, etc. that are used to get to a desired goal

Anthropomorphism: the concept of attributing human characteristics or behaviors to a non-human being

Doctrine: a belief or set of beliefs help and taught by a church, political party, or other groups

Totemism – a belief system where humans have a kinship with a spirit-being. For example, an animal or plant

Initiative magic – magic that is based on the assumption that mimicking a desired result can bring it to reality at will

Contagious magic – magic that is based on the principle that people/things that have had contact can influence each other afterwards

Totem – an animal (or natural object) that is believed to have spiritual significance by a particular society and is adopted as a symbol

Dualism – the belief that the human is made up of the physical body and the immaterial spirit

Canonization – the act when a Christian church declares that a person who has died was a saint, and said person is added to the list of recognized saints after an investigation of two miracles (one during the person’s life and the second after their death)

Magic – the power of influencing the course of events by using mysterious or supernatural forced

Religion – the belief in and worship of a supernatural controlling power, especially a personal God or gods; a specific sets of ideas and beliefs; often provides followers with moral standards or expectations of how they should live and treat others

Myth – a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a history of people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, typically involving supernatural beings or events; a widely held but false idea; a way for humans to explain forces they cannot understand

Doctrine – specifically defines principle beliefs in the teachings of religious, political, scientific and philosophic groups

Shaman – a part-time religious practicioner who acts as a medium between the human and spirit world; believed to have the power to communicate with supernatural forces to intercede on the behalf of individuals or groups

Monk – a term used to describe a religious specialist who condition the mind and body in favor of the spirit

Sacred space – any place that has a special significance significance to a group or individual

Priest/priestess – person within a religion or that has special authority to perform religious ritual

Prophet – someone who has encountered the supernatural or divine

Rituals – a repetitive social practice, difference from the daily routines, follow some sort of ritual schema, encodes in myth

Contagious magic - associated with witchcraft and sorcery. Casting spells

Imitative magic - attempts to control universe through mimicking the desired event

Animatism- belief in a supernatural that is able to be something other than a human or animal

Ayahuasca - A traditional South American plant mixture made from the Banisteriopsis caapi vine combined with a variety of DMT containing plants, which is capable of producing altered states of consciousness. (Hoilanp) Hoilanp (discuss • contribs) 04:40, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Voodoo- a form of magic that seeks to control a situation by imitating the desired event using dolls

witchcraft- the act of casting spells and summoning spirits to utilize contagious magic

animism- the belief that inanimate objects can posses supernatural spirits

anthropomorphism- the personification of non-human entities, sometimes representative of God-like figures

eunemerism- the idea that someone can be remembered in stories as a larger than life figure

totemism-a practice in which a family has a close relationship with a specific spiritual being

ESports- electronic sports, usually played in homes on a gaming device

international competition- mega events that involve multiple state actors competing against one another to achieve a higher status

pop art- the merging of traditional art styles and Western pop culture references to create a satirical view of culture

music- the organization of sound and silences

Myth- a traditional story, specifically about history of a people, often explaining a phenomenon that usually has supernatural beings or events Locklij (discuss • contribs)

````

life skills- abilities for adaptive processes and positive behavior that enable humans to efficiently cope with demands and challenges of life (also known as psychosocial competency)

Fine Motor Skills- the coordination of small muscles, in movements-- usually involving the synchronization of hands and fingers-- with the eyes

socio-cognitive skills- a sub-topic of social psychology that is focused on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations

epidemic- an outbreak or product of sudden rapid spread, growth or development: an outbreak of a quick spreading disease

globalization- the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence by means of sharing or exporting goods, ideas, people, and health or healthcare and disease

cross-cultural variation- combining or pertaining to, or contrasting two or more cultures or cultural groups

spirituality- the quality or fact of relating to the spirit or soul being spiritual

moral standards- relating to or concerned with human behavior-- especially the distinction between good and bad, or right and wrong behavior; moral sense

supernatural- of or relating to an order of existence beyond the visible observable universe; especially of or relating to God or a god, demigod, spirit or devil

westernize- cause(a country, person or system) to adopt or be influenced by the cultural, economic, or political systems of Europe or North America

Marti358 (discuss • contribs) 01:45, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

Ritual- a religious ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order

Animatism- the belief in supernatural power that is able to be something other than person or animal. The belief that supernatural power is all around and could be anything.

Doctrine- principle beliefs in the teachings of religious, political, scientific, and philosophic groups.

Penance- a Christian sacrament in which a member of the church confesses sin to a priest and is given absolution.

Sacred- connected with god/s, or dedicated to a religious purpose and so deserving veneration.

Supernatural- attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature, typically paranormal and relating to a higher being.

Secular Worldview- a comprehensive view of the world from a materialistic, naturalistic standpoint, with no place for supernatural belief.

Myth- a traditional story, especially concerning the early history of people or explaining natural/social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events

Enculturation- gradual acquisition of the characteristics/norms of a culture by another culture or person.

Contagious Magic- based on the principle that things or persons once in contact can afterward influence each other

Animatism- a belief in a generalized, impersonal power over which people have some measure of control, belief in a supernatural force

Shaman- a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and evil spirits Denneya (discuss • contribs) 02:42, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

Rituals- A physical, repetitive, social practice that stand apart from common actions.

Animatism- The belief that there is a prevailing supernatural presence that manifests its self in all things.

Anthropomorphism- Putting human characteristics onto non-human things.

Euhemerism- The deification of a person though the repetitive retelling of their stories.

Zoomorphism- Putting animal characteristics and or qualities on to a non-animal being.

Sacred Spaces- The physical space that holds spiritual meaning to a group or individual.

Syncretism- The processing of one religion assimilating another religion, ether partially or fully.

Totemism- The practice of connecting a family to a particular spiritual being.

Dualism- A religious system shaped around two strongly opposing forces.

Contagious Magic- The idea that any item that once was connected to a person’s body is still linked to them, so you can affect the person by effecting an item that was once connected to that person. Stongj (discuss • contribs) 00:33, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Exclusivism- Believing that one’s own religion is correct, and all other religions are false.

Shaman- A medium between the human and spirit worlds who is a ritual healer and religious practitioner.

Animism- The belief that natural objects hold spirits or souls and are religious symbols.

Ethnobiology- indigenous ways of naming and codifying living things.

Cults- Group of people having a common religious belief and ideas that are often times regarded by many outsiders as extreme or dangerous.

Syncretism: The merging of different religions into one system.

Rituals- Series of actions followed by a person or group of people which is seen as a characteristic throughout many religions.

Myth- traditional story usually related to early history that somehow explains a natural or social phenomenon.

Nirvana- Final state or goal of Buddhism; eternal enlightenment

7.6 Specialists: Saints
I edited the definition of canonization to show more thoroughly the process of canonization and what has to happen for a person to become a saint. Some parts of the process are missing but the definition is the basic understanding of canonization.