Talk:Cultural Anthropology/Communication and Language

Please place comments under appropriate sub-section (needs some organization)

1 Nonverbal Primate Communication
o 1.1 Call Systems

I wrote an introductory sentence under the heading in order to make the section easier to get into. Nataliza (talk) 11:30, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I made minor edits to write the whole paragraph in objective, 3rd person. --Klokow7568 (talk) 23:01, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed the wording a bit in this section. Minshull9320 (talk) 04:29, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I corrected an error in that polychronic cultures appear improper to monochronic cultures when before it in incorrectly stated that polychronic tendencies appeared improper to polychronic cultures. --Moraleg (talk) 06:43, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

I added a personal example to another students example about posture and ballet in order to show the opposite approach with hip-hop and then tied it back into how switching from different postures in dance applies to different situations in everyday life. Deweesk (talk) 03:33, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

I added some related information about the similarities between human and primate nonverbal communication Robins30 (talk) 20:11, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

1.2 Sign Language
I re-added "the" before "Abbe," as it is a title, and not a name. --76.177.60.16 (talk) 03:52, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

I revised a sentence that didn’t make any sense. It said “a deaf baby born into deaf parents…” I thought this wasn’t really true since only about 4% of all children are born deaf also the way the sentence was written made it sound like being deaf was a genetic disease. It’s actually a mutation. Shielse (talk) 02:40, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Under the introduction to Nonverbal communication, I altered it to properly reflect sign langauge as a verbal language, despite the lack of sound. Blodgek (talk) 01:53, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

I added my main content contribution to British Sign Language. --Klokow7568 (talk) 00:26, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited a section under 'American Sign Language' to include an accurate history of where from/how ASL originated. --Klokow7568 (talk) 00:26, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Please Add link and reference to Fingerspelling it has a lot of history--Paul James (talk) 20:41, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added a link for Fingerspelling under the French Sign Language section. --Malone2927 (talk)9 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited my picture for French Sign Language with a caption. I also edited the main content for this section so it flows better.--Malone2927 (talk)9 March 2009 (UTC)

I just added a little more to the beginning of sign language emerson2791 (talk)

2.2 I edited the sentances

The Abbe de l'Epee is considered the Father of French Sign Language... and. One night, it is said, The Abbe was trying to get out of ... I removed the "The's" before Abbe in both sentances because they did not fit. commonly in French there is a "the" before a word and this name may have been translated with the "The's" before his name. It makes more sense without themWynnn (talk) 16:49, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

I included that ASL is becoming more popular in the American schools, but due to personal experience in the Seattle School District, I have observed that it is not offered as a normal course like French or Spanish is in most schools. Brownl31 (talk) 03:14, 1 May 2009 (UTC)brownl31

I added a bit more info as to what cochlear implants are, and why they are controversial in deaf culture. mcgrawj (talk)

+ 1.2.1 Cultural Transmission
I edited grammatical errors and re-wrote small fragments to increase readability. --Klokow7568 (talk) 23:19, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed the size of the picture and moved it. Minshull9320 (talk) 03:50, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

+ 1.2.2 Displacement

* 2 Nonverbal Communication
I did the class assignment/essay on nonverbal communication. I did (very basic!) research in the areas of eye contact, posture, paralanguage, personal space, and manner of dress. If these topics help anyone, I am willing to share the examples I found.Kurnikm (talk) 17:41, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

I made the picture in Morphology bigger :). Whitee7 (talk) 05:05, 8 March 2009

I added a definition for, and examples of paralanguage, and the image of two men demonstrating nonverbal communication. Kurnikm (talk) 07:17, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Krakauc (talk) 07:36, 2 March 2009 (UTC)I really enjoyed reading about your case study. I would be interested to know if you think there is a specific line between what is appropriate and inappropriate for eye contact or if it is all relative. Chloe Krakauer

In the United States, eye contact is taught to children, and looking people in the eye is a sign of respect and trustworthiness. However, even within the United States there are discrespancies as to how much eye contact is acceptable (east coast vs. west coast, for example). On a global basis, the appropriate amount of eye contact is culturally determined, and I don't think that one culture can declare that its eye contact as the "appropriate amount." Kurnikm (talk) 07:42, 2 March 2009 (UTC) * 3 The Structure of Language * 4 Language and Thought * 5 Sociolinguistics * 6 Historical Linguistics

I would like to reserve this section. Sam Turner Turner3393 (talk) 04:29, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Sam, mind if I take the nonverbal communication section off your hands? Craiga2 (talk) 19:29, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

I edited under 'Call Systems.'I really enjoyed this section and I thought it was done well. I just added an internal link for the word ‘displacement’ because I thought it would help to clarify the concept. --Reeh8419 (talk) 06:34, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Nonverbal Communication
I just added the part about Kinesics. I said that it was another form of nonverbal communication and then I defined what it was. --Colburd (talk) 05:10, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

I rearranged some sentences and added a few clarifying words in order to help the flow of the paragraph and make it easier to read and understand.--Cravene (talk) 21:33, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

I added a link and changed some sentence structure around in Proxemics. --Shearer2868 (talk) 05:31, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

I added a link to nonverbal communication to help define the word emoticons--Monroe3191 (talk) 18:30, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited the wording and grammar in the gesture area. Crockfj (talk) 01:10, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

I added to Sign language and how it is beneficial for hearing children to be taught it. --Monroe3191 (talk) 18:20, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Edited the entry for "Creole", adding a clause to the last sentence of the first paragraph and breaking up a run-on sentence-Bryant3113 (talk) 04:09, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Changed a link in "Chronemics" so that it directs you to the nonverbal communication section of the wikibook (instead of the wikipedia entry)-Bryant3113 (talk) 04:03, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited the "Gesture" entry a bit, clarifying and correcting grammar in the final example and rearranging a couple sentences near the beginning-Bryant3113 (talk) 03:58, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added to the example of the middle finger in Western society to express insult. In other countries other gestures are used to express similar meaning. Spain for example uses a hand flick under the chin. I viewed this gesture many times while living in Barcelona.Parsonl4 (talk) 19:57, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

I added an example of how different gestures can be perceived differently in different cultures and countries - omoto16

I added another example to the eye gaze section about what it means in different cultures - omoto16

I refined the section of "eye gaze" under nonverbal communication. I changed the point of view to third person to maintain the objectivity of the topic and also fixed some grammatical errors. I deleted several questions asked in the paragraph which I felt were not necessarily needed to further the understanding of the article. I also refined some of the information to make the information flow more smoothly.

I revised a part in the eye gaze section. I added to the sentence about how Americans keep eye contact in the beginning and gradually let the eyes drift. I added on because that shows only one side, as a speaker. When as a listener, letting your eyes drift occasionally shows disinterest or rudeness. Lima3 (talk) 21:24, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

I slightly altered the section on "gesture". Just tried to make the beginning a bit less stiff. Also added a link to the "nonverbal communication" page on Wikipedia-Bryant3113 (talk) 03:52, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

thanks it needed to be lightened up i didnt even realize that Healowl (talk) 03:37, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited the section of "call systems". I removed a couple of spelling errors, changed a small amount of text to make it flow a bit better, and removed the second instance of a lengthy list in favor of a pronoun-Bryant3113 (talk) 03:52, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited some of the grammar and concepts in the Bowing section. I just tweeked it a little bit so that it would be easier to read. The original also sounded like bowing was exclusive to Japan, so I edited it a little to show that it was common in both Asian and European (well, somewhat) countries. thisisme98 (talk)

I added more detail on how emoticons are used in electronic nonverbal communication. Barrona (talk) 04:14, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I removed the link to a image that did not exist. [allumbt]

I corrected a sentence in the sign language section. The sentence didn't flow well so I turned it into two sentences. There was also a "be" that I think was accidentally inserted into the sentence that didn't make sense, so I got ride of it. (Tomlinson3500) (talk)

I edited a sentence's structure because it sounded awkward. I just flipped around the words to help it read smoothly. I did this in the Nonverbal Communication section. (Tomlinson3500) (talk)

I edited the grammar in one of the sentences of Bowing. The word bowing should have been pluralized in the specific sentence, so I pluralized it. (Tomlinson3500) (talk)

In the physical section, I added an s to the word shoulder, because it was meant to be said in a plural setting. I also got rid of a comma and added an and since there were only two words being listed. (Tomlinson3500) (talk)

There had to be commas surrounding a statement in the gestures section, so I added that in to correct the grammar of a sentence. (Tomlinson3500) (talk)

I edited the wording of the ASL section. (marti211) (talk)

I edited an awkward sentence in bowing. (johns588) (talk)

I edited my own section (Morphology) as well as some things in gestures, just to make it sound a little more academic. I also added my ethnography for morphology about the Bangla language Turner3393 (talk) 00:29, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited my own section "Personal Space" by fixing the link (that initially led to a blank page on Wiki for some reason) and I also fixed some grammatical errors and punctuation issues.--Reeh8419 (talk) 05:46, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Pidgin After much work, I added an anchor for your reference here. I believe I got it to work correctly now.

I added a link to the Wikipedia definition of Nonverbal communication. --Jamesk5 (talk) 01:07, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added an example of nonverbal communication in the US --Jamesk5 (talk) 01:12, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added a link to Charles Darwin in the History subsection Eck4068 (talk) 04:54, 9 March 2009 (UTC) Eck4068

I included more specific examples in the main Nonverbal Communication section Eck4068 (talk) 05:05, 9 March 2009 (UTC) Eck4068

I eliminated an unnecessary sentence in "eye gaze." Johns588 (talk) 06:04, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Does anybody know how to fix the size and font of the words so it's all the same? willarg

I added an internal Wikipedia link about Noam Chomsky to 1.2.6.9.1 Syntax so readers can find out more about his work. Anthronut12 (talk) 22:48, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Thank you for the editing! It looks better now! (Tomlinson3500) (talk)

I corrected some grammar and clarified the middle finger introduction. Lindner6320 (talk) 03:26, 10 March 2009 (UTC)Lindner6320

Edited grammar in the History section. Lindner6320 (talk) 03:29, 10 March 2009 (UTC)Lindner6320

Added historical context to Proxemics Lindner6320 (talk) 03:34, 10 March 2009 (UTC)Lindner6320

I added a link to the Nonverbal Communication section. I linked to Ray Birdwhistell who was the anthropologist that first studied nonverbal communication and kinesics. Cayab

There was a photo next to the "personal space" heading under this section of a street fight in China. I changed it to a diagram representation of personal space limits because looking at it initially, the street fight picture didn't make sense to me. Nataliza (talk) 11:35, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

The proxemics diagram is very interesting to me. I think that it is a very good representation of a person's 'bubble space'--Klukas8628 (talk) 00:12, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed the personal space discussion to 'when concentrated on' instead of 'when overlooked' because overlooked was not in the right context.

I changed a sentence order inorder to make it clear what was being said, i also made 3 grammatical changes to mispelled words. acdalm

I added an alternative definition to non verbal communication to make it more clear and also to give it more depth.Eangr (talk) 04:43, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

I added a paragraph about personal space in Latin American countries because the one paragraph only talked about the U.S..Muellep3

I added to the paragraph about eye contact, because it seemed to portray that eye contact or gaze is always negative. Gaze is often used as flirtation or a means of portraying attraction.

Bowing
I added some things to Bowing. It seemed very short. I was recently in Japan so I knew the basic things. I did a little research on the direct numbers of angles. I also saw the girls in the stores on Saturday mornings along all the shops and elevators. They were mostly women too. I don't quite know why. Maybe to seem more innocent and friendly. Allenc30 (talk)

Hello. I edited some punctuation and such in the bowing section. Nothing too big, but I think it'll flow better. thisisme98 (talk)

All i did was just add the bowing link to the paragraph nothing big just thought it would fit better incorporated in the paragraph :) emerson2781 (talk)

I just made a few more grammatical/punctuation changes. I also changed a few sentences that were written in 2nd person to be written in 3rd person and re-wrote the last sentence for clarification on what was going on. --Klokow7568 (talk) 23:27, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I added an image to this section from the wikipedia page Sinko6488 (talk) 00:45, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed the word "Oriental" to "Asian" the word Oriental is potentially racist and offensive, so I changed it to Asian to make it more non-biased Douglas772727 (talk) 07:28, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added a few more things about Bowing. I further explained what bowing meant in Korea because what was put before sounded like it was generalizing all of Asia when there are many aspects of bowing in the different countries that are not quite the same. Lima3 (talk) 21:26, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

I added more specific examples of bowing and kneeling in the passage about Korea. I felt that it added more depth and detail to the passage as a whole.Kimt7 (talk) 00:07, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Haptics
I changed a couple of the words to make it flow better. --Sinko6488 (talk) 00:23, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I also just changed some of it to make sure it was in 3rd person Sinko6488 (talk) 00:34, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Fixed some spacing things. Johns588 (talk) 06:09, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

===Revisions=== I added some content to the "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis" entry, commenting on how the stuff about the Hopi ties in to my entry on "Chronemics". I added a link from the former to the latter-Bryant3113 (talk) 05:01, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I fixed some formatting errors in the "Focal Vocabulary" part of the "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis" entry. Nataliza (talk) 11:40, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Made two subheads bold, Linguistics and Gender Diversity. Lindner6320 (talk) 03:22, 10 March 2009 (UTC)Lindner6320

I added an example of what Displacement is. - egoronkin

I went through and did basic editing that people may have missed when typing their sections.

In gesture i moved the picture because it ran into the next article down Sinko6488 (talk) 00:37, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I tweaked to wording a little in the section about "paralanguage" so that is adhered a little more to the third person rule. It also sounded a little more fluid.

I added a picture to the sociolinguistics page also that went with the text Sinko6488 (talk) 00:41, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

(Snowden2661) In section 5 (Sociolinguistics) I made various editing and grammatical corrections so the content was more readable and more fluid. Such as changing:

I added a link that was interesting to the section on the Griots Seidens (talk) 07:34, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for adding that link! It was quite an engaging read, really absorbing! Anthronut12 (talk) 23:43, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

There are many differences between the way that men and women speak, one may not realize this when in everyday conversation but it is very apparent and obvious once looked into and studied. In Western societies, women typically have a more standard way of speaking. They are more likely to changes the way they speak in order to elevate their status in the community. Women are more status conscious, this explains their use of standard speech forms.
 * Gender Speech Contrasts

I added a little bit about the close-talker in the proxemics section. It's something most can relate to and I thought it fit in well. I also fixed a few typos. Barrona (talk) 04:24, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I removed a few sentences added above to my original paragraph because I found them to be highly irrelevant to the point. Thanks for fixing my typos.

In secton 5 i also removed an extra space that i saw, it made it look weird. Sinko6488 (talk) 00:33, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I added a few more sentences to the bowing section & added a link to the the word bowing so people can click there are go into wikipedia. Barrona (talk) 04:38, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed the losing the wallet to pickpocketing, i think it is more concise. Also added an advantage to the Chinese outlook of grocery lines in order to balance the disadvantage.--Ely4205 Contribution (talk) 00:36, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

To:

There are many differences between the way that men and women speak. O ne may not realize this during everyday conversation, but it is very apparent and obvious once looked into and studied. In Western societies, women typically have a more standard way of speaking. They are more likely to change the way they speak in order to elevate their status in the community. Women are more status conscious, which explains their use of standard speech forms.Snowden2661 (talk) 22:26, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Gender Speech Contrasts

I fixed some run-on sentences, grammatical errors, and the like in the Sociolinguistics section. I also added some content to make the paragraphs more fluid. Hamilton8152 (talk) 01:05, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I edited my section on semantics, i felt that it needed to be better organized, and wanted to use some of my own ideas to help explain the topic better. Anderson2917 (talk) 04:55, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

I added more information on Morphology-how words are coined. I think the info i added is very important to this topic. I also tried to explained everything I've typed. Feazings (talk)Wilson Wu

Thanks for doing that! I used the link to morphology (I think? It may have been the wikipedia link...) in my section on the Oral Tradition. --Emily Pierce (talk) 00:58, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

I added information from personal experience to the Phonology section about the different sounds and emphases on various syllables.

I removed "On the other side there are advantages, there is not any "dinking-around" when it comes to getting into a line. Either you stand in a formal line, or you lose your spot. " from the second paragraph from proxemics because it was not very relevant to the context.--ZacharyShaffer (talk) 03:20, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed the order of this chapter and put the section I added to the chapter (Contact Language) after the topic "Language and Thought" because it might be easier for one to understand the concept of pidgins and creoles once after they grasp the concept of language. Arielle Amoranto (talk) 03:38, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

A student added a personal experience to my section about phonology which I had not considered up to this point. This will allow a connection to the student from the text.

I added a some more information to "Displacement," and added another term that it connects to so it can be explained a little more.

I fixed some grammatical problems in the "Gestures" section to make it read more clearly.

I changed the sizing of the picture in the personal space section. Minshull9320 (talk) 03:39, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I also moved the picture to the top of the section instead of the bottom. Minshull9320 (talk) 03:39, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed a little of the structure in the Chronemics section to make it flow better. Minshull9320 (talk) 04:23, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I cleaned up some of the grammar and punctuation in the morphology section, as well as clarified the distinction between morphemes and words a bit. Douglas0393 (talk)

I made grammatical edits and added words to the "songs and words" subsection of music under Cultual Arts. --21:16, 26 April 2009 (UTC)W00887377 (talk)

Standards in Language
I added the difference between written and spoken language to the morphemes section. - whitefj

I edited the language ideology section to make it more clear that they development of the ideology of indirectness for African Americans developed back in the roots of America's history, since it kind of sounded like it was more recent. - omoto16

I added a sentence to the Semantics part that I thought fit in. - egoronkin

I added more in the Pidgin section about the Africans developing their own pidgin language. - egoronkin

On the second sentence, I believe, I originally said that the term 'standard' was used in many different ways, and continued to talk about a working definition in sociolinguistics. However, I changed that to mean, "in sociolinguistics, standards are used in different ways". That keeps the meaning in the scientific realm, rather than mixing popular terminology and scientific jargon. --ArkieOptrix (talk) 14:28, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

In that first paragraph, I also said linguistics were written down or codified in some way. I included the dictionary as an example, so there would be more clarity as to the use of codification in language. --ArkieOptrix (talk) 15:31 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I changed "traditional and important ceremonies" to simply 'ceremony' to fit in with the rest of the list that included governence and education. ArkieOptrix (talk) 15:32, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I separated the opening paragraph of the second paragraph to make it more readable. It is now a sentence to say that understanding standards are important, and another sentence saying why. This allows more flow and doesn't put too much information in one thought. --ArkieOptrix (talk) 15:40, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I had mentioned that languages usually don't become a standard, since so few are codified. However, there was no reason, in my initial paragraph, as to why they wouldn't be codified. Therefore, I altered it to say that many vernacular languages or native languages become overshadowed by standard languages, and therefore languish and usually die. --ArkieOptrix (talk) 15:40, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I made a small grammatical change. I removed a comma that broke up the sentence wrong. User wilber6199

I made grammatical edits and added words to the "songs and words" subsection of music under Cultual Arts. --21:16, 26 April 2009 (UTC)W00887377 (talk)

Under the "Nonverbal Communication" heading I re-organized it by putting "History" section underneath the headin, and above "Bowing section" instead of in the middle of types of nonverbal communication. Makes more sense this way.

In the "Children Playing in U.S." section I edited some grammar and sentences to be more concise/clear.--True7302 (talk) 23:02, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Under the "Call Systems" section I bulletted the 6 call signals of humans, making them stand out more within the section.--True7302 (talk) 23:09, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Under "Symbolism" I added an example to give the reader a better understanding of what symbolism consists of. I thought it helped to give an example that could be relevant to real life.--Reeh8419 (talk) 05:39, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

For the Symbolism section I just added another example of how from culture to culture symbols can change. I thought it would help explain and make it easier to understand symbolism.--Grotjahn2975 (talk) 21:24, 9 March 2009 (UTC) I did some editing under ‘play’ under non-verbal communication and symbolism. I just made a few revisions to some of the sentences in order to make them flow more smoothly. --Reeh8419 (talk) 06:57, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I really liked the page about personal space, I thought it was very informing. I added the phrases of how to tell someone to give you more space. You may want to rewrite the sentence if you don't like how its written. --Woolsey8578 (talk) 17:22, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Under the Creole section I added an extra explanation of what a Creole is and an example of a culture that used a pidgin and it became the native language after being taught to the next generation of speakers.--Auldj (talk) 19:17, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

I removed a broken gif link. Lindner6320 (talk) 03:37, 10 March 2009 (UTC)Lindner6320

Sociolinguistics
You should really attach your references to the list at the bottom instead of at the bottom of your article.

I'm sorry I attached the references in the middle instead of the bottom. I didn't know how to.Snowden2661 (talk) 04:21, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

nonverbal communication
I edited a little of the Relation Explanation/Analogy to be more fluid. I also added my own ethnographic example. Eck4068 (talk) 04:51, 9 March 2009 (UTC) Eck4068

I divided paragraphs for Nonverbal Communication Eck4068 (talk) 04:52, 9 March 2009 (UTC) Eck4068

I elaborated on the ethnographic example in Relating Explanation/Analogy. Eck4068 (talk) 05:01, 9 March 2009 (UTC) Eck4068

Symbolism and Communication
I contributed more information on symbolism and what a symbol is. I also added the types of symbols there and accompanied it with the explanations of those types. I also added another section under the symbolism and communication chapter on metaphors. I explained what a metaphor is as well as describing the types of metaphors. Both edits I added the wikipedia link for the specific subjects and provided specific examples for certain points.--Marianna White (talk) 06:45, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Language and Thought
I contributed to Universal Grammar in relation to Noam Chomsky. I wrote of language acquisiton and how children are born with an inherent idea of all languages and are then brought up in an environment with a specific language that they then pursue to learn and speak.

I also wrote of cognitive therapy and how it is used to help patients with their inner turmoils--Klukas8628 (talk) 00:09, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Language Change
I made some changes to the section that cited pidgin languages as being only monogenerational and only used for first-time contact between people groups. I included a reference to Tok Pisin, the pidgin language of Papua New Guinea because not only is it a multi-generational pidgin language but the tribal groups of the island who use it had already been in contact with one another before the introduction of Tok Pisin, but had simply had no common language of communication unless members of one group learned the language of another group. --Whiteh (talk) 06:42, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

I added some more information about Native American language and storytelling because the previous information was detailed enough. Chamblc (talk) 19:28, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

In the humor section, i not only added many new ideas to the section, but i completely revised the whole paragraph, keeping only 20 percent of the old insufficient one, reorganizing and contributing to a new, better and more insightful section.User:druryj

I added an example of a culture that uses a creole as their native language in order to explain the concept of creoles a little bit more fully and to help people understand what exactly creoles are. I also added some information to a chunk in this section that is very out of place in order to make it seem like it was in the right place and also so it seemed like it pertained to the subject at hand. There were a few small minor edits I made in order for the section to make sense too. Hurleyn2 (talk) 03:01, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

I added some information on the background of Creole's and their place in history. I also edited a statement in order to clarify what the difference was between a Pidgin and a CreoleHiattm (talk) 19:19, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

I revised the Hawaiian Pidgin section to clarify why the language came about. The immigrants to Hawaii came to work on the sugar plantations, not to do business. They were brought in by the American plantation owners because they provided cheap labor. Also, I added more information on the current use of Pidgin in Hawaii to clarify that the language is still in use.

I made a small change to the section about Noam Chomsky and his theories. There was a part that mentioned something having to do with his personal character I thought was a little unnecessary and unrelated to the topic. Ketchoa (talk) 04:02, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Speech Sounds
This section could use more info. I added a paragraph before the IPA chart which was previously directly under the heading, which is less than ideal. If the chart (or this section, for that matter) is important to the article, then the chart should be discussed and explained further, and otherwise removed.--Capronk (talk) 22:32, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Glossary Terms
Use this section to propose key terms from this chapter that can be included in the text Glossary. If you plan to implement edits associated with this key term, please claim it here with your username, or signature of four tildes. Paul James (discuss • contribs) 22:16, 27 October 2017 (UTC) 1.call system- a limited vocal communication system used by apes, birds, and some other animalRosalee2 (discuss • contribs) 21:31, 8 December 2017 (UTC) Rosalee2 2. foraging- a way of producing food where plants are gathered from the wild and animals are hunted 3. horticulture- the practice of maintaining gardens to produce food 4. pastoralism- the herding of animals to use as a source of food 5. agriculture- farming food on owned land, which often results in surplus of food 6. consumption- the use of a product either for your self or someone else 7. currency- an object used as a medium of exchange 8. modes of production- the different ways that societies gather/ produce what they need in order to survive 9. call systems- patterned forms of communication that express meaning 10. slang- slang is a spoken part of language, which cannot be found in the dictionary. It is influenced by culture, music, and history of the country 11. Family farming- a farm that is run by an entire family and is passed on to the next generation 12. metaphor- a metaphor is a figure of speech that explains one situation by putting it into a different context 13. syntax- rules for arranging words into more complex utterances Rosalee2 (discuss • contribs) 21:31, 8 December 2017 (UTC)Rosalee2

Call System - Vocal communication system with limited meaning.

Chronemics - The study of how time is used in conversation.

Emoticon - Symbols which provide/add context in digital communications.

Haptics - Refers to the sense of touch.

Monochronic Culture - Meersmg (discuss • contribs) 22:49, 27 October 2017 (UTC) (Claimed Term) are societies made up of people that appreciate doing one task at a time without interruption or tardiness, people in these cultures tend to believe that time is linear.

Nonverbal Communication - Communication that exists without words.

Phonology - Relationships among speech and sounds of a language.

Proxemics - The spacing between two people as they interact. It can be personal or physical territory surrounding a person. The space range for a person can vary depending on the culture, personal preference, ect.

Cline - the changing of species over time.

Polychronic Culture - Seen as flexible with time and punctually/interruption are acceptable. These cultures like to do multiple things at one time. For example, Mexico and Egypt prefer open schedules.

Sign Language - Form of communication in which hand gestures are used instead of speech.

1. Emoticons - symbolic images used to convey emotions and/or context through digital visual communication such as text messaging, online instant messaging, and email. These are made of symbols that can be created on a standard computer keyboard, which are arranged in the form of human facial expressions, hand gestures, and actions. Not to be confused with emojis, which are pictographs that serve the same purpose as emoticons. Leea61 (discuss • contribs) 22:38, 27 October 2017 (UTC) 2. Proxemics - social boundaries for physical space among people, which is divided into three subcategories: public space, social space, and personal space. 3. Chronemics - the study of time uses among different cultures, this applies to verbal communication, nonverbal communication, attention span, and organization in daily life. 4. Monochronic culture - a culture that views time as separated segments and places value on adhering to schedules. An example of this type of culture is the United States. 5. Polychronic culture - a culture that views time as fluid, often moving from one task to another depending on the mood. Adherence to schedules is not often desired and often leads to "double-booking". An example of this type of culture is Mexico. 6. Haptics - the sense of touch and the perceptions that are made with various kinds of touch. This applies to communication with other humans via touch as well as perception when feeling objects to recognize them. 7. Phonology - the utilization of sounds to encode messages in a human language that varies among spoken human languages. Sounds that may be common in one language may be rare or nonexistent in another language, an example of this would be the use of clicks in Africa and their nonexistence in European languages. 8. Pastoralism - a mobile society that is dependent on the herding of domesticated animals, they move according to the needs of their herd(s). The animals are used as both food and currency, the utilization varies among different societies. These societies tend to live in marginal lands where their herd(s) can live. 9. Reciprocity - the exchange of services and gifts, which have varying expectations among different cultures and social relationships, it is divided into 3 types: generalized, balanced, and negative. 10. Potlach - a ceremonial feast held by First Nations peoples on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. The host demonstrates their wealth through gift giving, and in return the recipients are expected to reciprocate when they host their own potlach. 11. Nonverbal communication - A type of communication that uses visual/auditory cues to convey meaning, rather than spoken words. 12. Displacement - The ability to discuss abstract concepts or absent objects, as well as events that have happened in the past or will happen in the future. 13. Gesture - A form of nonverbal communication expressed by specific movements or positions of the hand, arm, body or face to convey ideas, opinions, or emotions. 14. Call system - vocal communication system that varies depending on the species. 15. Ecology - relationships between organisms and their physical surroundings. 1. Action Anthropology: Research based on social change and devoted to assisting local communities 2. Participant Observation: a research strategy that entails more than just field notes. It requires, in some aspects a strategy of “hanging out.” 3. Proxemics: The amount of space that people feel necessary to put between themselves and others as they interact. Hradams2 (discuss • contribs) 01:41, 4 December 2017 (UTC) 4. Chronemics: the study of the role of time in nonverbal communication 5. Arbitrariness: When word meanings and their sounds have no particular association. 6. Phenome: the smallest part of a language that has a distinctive meaning. 7. Horticulture: A branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of growing plants. 8. Pastoralism: A branch of agriculture that is concerned with the raising of livestock. 9. Agriculture: Cultivation of breeding animals, plants, and fungi for food and benefits to sustain and enhance human life. 10. Phonology: A branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds. 11. Semantics: The branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning and logic of words. 12. Morpheme: The smallest unit of grammatical language. 13. Kinesics: The study of the way in which certain body movements and gestures serve as a form of nonverbal communication. 14. Haptics: The sense of touch, in particular relating to the perception and manipulation of objects using the sense of touch. 15. Morphology: The study and description of how words are formed in language. 16. Nonverbal Communication: communication through sending and receiving wordless clues; includes uses of visual clues such as body language, distance, physical environments/ appearance, voice, and of touch. 17. Call Systems: A limited type of communication without the use of words, such as crying or laughing.

Non-Verbal Communication: the transferring of information without using words Proxemics: the proximity or spacing between two people as they interact Posture Lea20 (discuss • contribs) 21:25, 6 December 2017 (UTC) : a type of nonverbal communication that can relay information between two people in an interaction based on body position Eye contact: a custom that varies from culture to culture but uniformly can be used as a nonverbal cue to define dominance within a relationship Phonology: the use of sounds to create messages in spoken language Pidgin: a grammatically simplified form of language derived from other languages with no native speakers Creole: a language that has become a developed pidgin and therefore turns into a native tongue Call system: a type of limited vocal communication that is used by animals such as apes, birds, and dolphins Chronemics: studying the effect of time in nonverbal communication Kinesics: the study of how certain body movements can serve as nonverbal communication Haptic communication: the way people communicate based solely through touch Morphology: the study of words, how they are formed, and how they fit with other words within a language Oral tradition: the sharing of cultural information through vocalized stories, songs, speeches, and rituals Language ideology: characterizes people's beliefs about language in relation to social status Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: the belief that language is the defining characteristic in how a person behaves or thinks
 * Slang: the development of new informal words or phrases that have meaning within a specific social group

Pauperize:to reduce poverty Monochronic cultures: within a culture time is linear, do one thine at a time, no lateness or interruptions Polychronic: time is thought to be cyclical, many things at once, prone to a change of plans at anytime Kinesics: the study of the way body movements and gestures serve as nonverbal communication Sonjayd (discuss • contribs) 15:35, 7 December 2017 (UTC) Haptics: the science of applying touch, sensation and control to interaction with computer applications Lexicon: the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge Pauperization:reffering to the poverty or poorness of the people in a society Foraging society: a society full of primarily hunters and gatherers, such as many indigenous and or native American tribes Egalitarian: the belief that all people are equal and or deserve equal rights as well as equal opportunities Ostracization: to exclude (by the general consent) from society, friendship, conversation, etc... Monocropping: growing only one crop on the same land year after year with no rotation of new crops to it Amalgamate: to combine or unite and form one organization or structure

Communication - behavior that affects the behavior of others Language - a series of codes made up of codes made up of words Phonology - the use of sounds to encode messages within a spoken human language Morphology - the study of the structure of words formed together Semantics - the study of meaning Synonymy - same meaning Homophony - same sound Categorical Grammar - An approach that attributes the syntactic structure to the properties Dependency Grammar - Structure is determined by the relations between a word and its dependents Chronemics - A field of study examining the utilization of time in non verbal communication W01371299 (discuss • contribs) 14:58, 8 December 2017 Connotation - Additional meetings that derive from the typical contents in which they are used in everyday speech Ecology - The adaptation of humans culturally to environments

Nonverbal Communication: The use of body language, eye contact, gestures, facial expressions, posture, or symbolic clothing in order to communicate with another. Kinesics: The meaning and interpretation of nonverbal communication in different cultures. Language: Communication through a series of codes with meaning from words and rules. Morpheme: Part of a word that adds meaning to the root word but usually is not used alone. Ex: suffix, prefix, etc. Syntax: Rules and principles applied when forming sentence structure. Horticulture: The maintaining and cultivation of a garden, crop field, or orchard for household needs. Foraging: Obtaining food by searching for it, as opposed to growing it or rousing it. Pastoralism: The breeding, care, and use of domesticated bearding animals. Ecology: Relation of a species to one another and their environment. Environmental Justice: A social movement that addresses racial discrimination, injustice, social equality, or environment equality. Lexicon: The vocabulary of a person, language, system, and branch of knowledge; dictionary. Monochronic: A type of culture that is punctual and dependable, seen in Germany, Great Britain, and America. Reciprocity: Practice of exchanging items for mutual benefit. --WalkerOli (discuss • contribs) 01:00, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

1. Communication: The exchanging of information to create understanding, provoke action, and/or convey emotion

2. Gesture: A distinguished physical movement that is an expression of inner thoughts and emotions.ewaddele (discuss • contribs) 21:14, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

3. Sociolinguistics: The study of the interconnections and differences between language and social factors.

4. Call Systems: The creation of sounds that are unstructured.

5. Syntax: The structure in which sentences are created to form cohesive meanings.

6. Language Ideology: An ideology in which differences in language cause a group or individual to find others inferior or superior.

7. Symbolism: The representation an item or action is for the something beyond the physical.

8. Humor: A specific form of communication intended to amuse others.

9. Historical Linguistics: The study of the evolution of language in the context of history.

10. Linguistic Diversity: The differences across locations in verbal and nonverbal communication, inclusive of all structures of language

11. Pidgin: A structure of language which does have solidified rules, nor is fully accepted as a language/tongue.

12. Creole: A language derived from pidgin, however has solidified rules and is considered to be a language.

13. Posture: A placement of the body which can relay an emotion or thought to others without speaking

14. Haptic Communication: Communication solely via touch

1.Call systems- a restricted way of communicating through vocalization

2.Linguistic Relativity- variety in language structure affect people’s thoughts and actions Mckeea3 (discuss • contribs) 01:54, 11 December 2017 (UTC)Mckeea3

3.Haptic Communication- ways to communicate without using sounds but instead using sensations brought on through touch

4.Pidgeon Language- a language created by two or more speakers who do not share the same language in order to create a simplified way of communicating with one another

5.Natural Language- language that has progressed ordinarily in humans to become the native dialect of a people

6.Language Ideology-beliefs people hold on the superiority of different languages

7.Regional dialects- a way of speaking based on the area in which someone lives

8.Intonation- the change in tone of one’s voice when speaking

9.Key scenario- ideas that form goals and persuade people to take action within a culture

10.Implicit comparison- suggesting a similarity without directly affirming it

11.Empirical reality- the assumptions that things are real based on what we can see and test