Sidux/System and packages management, applications intallation

Sidux_-_czyli_Debian_sid_krok_po_kroku_dla_każdego/Zarządzanie_systemem,_pakietami,_instalacja_programów

In Terminal

 * You have to softwares for packages management : "dpkg" and "apt-get".
 * 1. If you want to install new software/package from repositories just type in Terminal as root:

apt-get update apt-get install package_name
 * 2. If you want to install a package "deb" downloaded from other site:

cd download_folder dpkg -i package_name.deb
 * a. If a package needs additional dependences and installation has been stoped, then:

apt-get install -f
 * b. If a package has been not configurated correctly, fix it:

dpkg --reconfigure -a
 * 3. Removing packages:

apt-get remove package_name
 * 4. Removing package with it's dependences:

apt-get --purge remove package_name apt-get autoremove
 * 5. Removing old versions of installation packages:

apt-get autoclean
 * 6. If you don't know a package name look for it using:

apt-cache search package_name or apt-file search package_name
 * 7. If you want to install "bin" package, make:

sh package_name.bin
 * If the package doesn't have execute rights, change it:

chmod a+x package_name

Packages installation with Synaptic

 * sidux developers suggest to install packages using "apt-get" command only.
 * But you can do it with "apt-get" GUI called Synaptic, if you prefer:

apt-get install synaptic
 * Run Synaptic from: Menu-> System-> Synaptic Package Manager-> type your root password.
 * 1. First icon "Reload" will refresh packages list.
 * 2. "Search" icon will help you to find exec software.
 * 3. When you receive the package list mark your one clicking on "Mark for installation" and "Apply".


 * 4. Confirm it and wait for completion, then close Synaptic down.

System upgrading

 * 1. sidux developers suggest to make system upgrade using only "apt-get" command:

apt-get update apt-get upgrade or apt-get dist-upgrade
 * 2. If you want to keep older version of a package (upgrading will not be made), just block it:

echo package_name hold|dpkg --set-selections
 * a. To check blocked packages agains upgrading:

dpkg --get-selections | grep hold
 * b. If you want unblock blocked package for upgrading it:

echo package_name install|dpkg --set-selections

Other repositories and public key

 * If you want to install a package from other server, just add an address to repositories list
 * using any text editor as a root to file:

/etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian.list
 * 2. Then refresh package list with command:

apt-get update
 * 2. If you recive a missing public key message so install it:
 * a. Software makers have public key sometimes to download so take it.
 * b. If not add a key using command:

gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv key_ID gpg --export key_ID | apt-key add -

Removing old system kernel

 * sidux makers upgrade system kernel often but they have given a small script to help removing old one easy.
 * 1. Menu-> System-> kernel-remover
 * 2. Mark a kernel version with lower number-> then OK.


 * 3. Should I remove this kernel? -> OK.


 * The software doesn't show present version of kernel for removing just old ones but I suggest to not
 * removing all of theme, keep one old just in a case.

System administration

 * If you want to make any system changes just run: Menu-> Settings-> Xfce4 Settings Manager.


 * I'll show you the most important only.
 * 1. Preferred Applications.
 * a. If you want to change any application for your one choose it from the list or "Other".


 * b. If you've selected "Other" choose an execute script from "/usr/bin" or your own folder.


 * 2. Removable Drives and Media.
 * a. Storage tab: I suggest to not mark "Auto-run" and "Auto-open" programs and files on new drives.


 * b. Multimedia tab: Play audio or video CD's - choose any media player or do not mark it,
 * so you will run CD's files manually.


 * c. Cameras tab: Import digital photos when connected - use one of theme: gThumb, F-spot or DigiKam.


 * 3. File Manager: Bahavior tab - Single or Double click to activate items to choose.


 * 4. Workspaces: choose one or more.


 * 5. Desktop: choose a wallpaper, icon size or media mounting on Desktop.


 * 6. Display: choose a screen if you have more then one, its resolution and refresh rate.


 * 7. Window Manager.
 * a. Style tab: choose a theme.


 * b. Keyboard tab: shortcut to manage.


 * 8. Session and Startup.
 * a. Splash tab: choose any.


 * b. Application Autostart: you may add any application to start it when system starts.


 * 9. Panel: customize the panel settings - size, position, autohide or add new one.


 * 10. Appearance: change windows style, icons theme or fonts.



Midnight Commander

 * Sometimes you have to work on files and folders (often as a root).
 * One of the best way is using terminal's Midnight Commander:

su root password mc
 * a. To copy a file/folder mark it in one window and click F5 key, it do that to a folder in second window.
 * b. To move a file/folder use F6 key.
 * c. If you want to delete a file/folder use F8.
 * d. F7 key creates new folder.
 * e. If you want to make a view for a file use F3 key, to edit it F4.

In Terminal

 * 2. Another way to make all the works is typing a command in Terminal:
 * a. To create a file:

touch /home/user_name/new_file
 * b. To create folder:

mkdir /home/user_name/folder_name
 * c. To copy a file:

cp /path_to_file /path_to_new_folder
 * d. To copy a folder:

cd -r /path_to_folder /path_to_new_folder
 * e. To remove a file:

rm /path_to_file
 * f. To remove folder:

rm -r /path_to_folder
 * g. If a folder is not empty:

rm -rf /path_to_folder
 * h. To check files in a folder:

ls
 * i. To go to a folder one level lower:

cd folder_name
 * j. To go to a folder one level upper:

cd ..
 * k. To go to other folder:

cd /folder_patch

Thunar

 * Another way to do that with graphic application is using Thunar File Manager with mouse helps menu.

GRUB boot loader

 * GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader) is a boot loader package installed in main drive sector.
 * It can run many operating systems.
 * There is Grub version 2 provided with sidux.
 * 1. If you can't find all installed systems on your hard drive on boot loader list, type in Terminal as root:

su update-grub
 * Changes will be effective after reboot system.
 * 2. If you want to change system startup delay (it's normally 5 sec.) just edit the file as root:

sux mousepad /etc/default/grub
 * and change the line: GRUB_TIMEOUT=5 for any you'd like and save the file.




 * More about GRUB2 read on the project page: http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-2.en.html
 * And on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB

Time zone

 * If your system's clock doesn't display exect time, just reconfigure it:
 * Terminal as root:

dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
 * Choose a continent first and a town after.

Default system language

 * To change it just type in Terminal as root:

dpkg-reconfigure locales
 * Depending of "locales" package version mark your language or choose from a list (I suggest UTF8).

Adding new entry to Menu

 * Most applications installers have scripts adding entry to Menu but sometimes you have to do it yourself.
 * Terminal as a root:

sux mousepad /usr/share/applications/application_name.desktop
 * And type it in the new file:

[Desktop Entry] Name=Application name Comment=What is it for Exec=/path_to_execute_file Icon=/path_to_graphic_file(icon) Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;Software-categorie
 * Save the file and close Mousepad down. There is en example for "Touchepad" application below:

[Desktop Entry] Name=Touchpad Exec=gsynaptics Icon=/home/pavroo/Icons/touchpad.png Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;Settings;
 * The icon file patch can be different.

Desktop theme changing

 * 1. Wallpaper: download new one from: gnome-look.org for example or use any picture.
 * a. Right click on your picture and choose: "Set as wallpaper"
 * 2. Icons: download a set of icons from the same website.
 * a. Extract it.
 * b. Open Terminal as root and run "mc" then move extracted new icon folder to: "/usr/share/icons".
 * c. Choose new icon theme from: Menu-> Settings-> Appearance-> Icons tab-> choose the new one or any.
 * d. Icon size changing: Menu-> Settings-> Desktop-> Icons tab-> Icon size.
 * 3. Style: Menu-> Settings-> Appearance-> Style tab-> choose any.
 * 4. Login window: download new one from the same website from DGM Themes department.
 * a. Open: Menu-> Settings-> Login Window-> Local tab.
 * b. Click on "Add" and choose downloaded package.
 * c. Mark it and close the window down, the new login style will be working after next log in.

Panel castomize

 * Panel applets make faster access to many system and personal functions. I'll show you a few only.


 * 1. Action Buttons lets you block desktop or shut system down in quick way.


 * 2. DateTime adds a clock, date and calendar.


 * 3. Weather Update brings temperature, atmosphere pressure, humidity, wind speed, etc.


 * 4. Mail Watcher checks all your e-mail boxes on "pop3, imap, gmail" servers.


 * 5. Network Monitor shows incoming and outgoing speed trafic.


 * 6. Mixer Plugin lets you controling sound level for speakers and microphones.


 * 7. Xfce4 Stopper just let you set a timer up.



User account changes

 * 1. To add new user type in Terminal as root:

adduser new_user_name
 * 2. If you want to change your password type in Terminal (not as root):

passwd Changing password for your_name Old password: type your present password Enter the new password (minimum 5, maximum 8 characters). Please use a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers. New password: type your new password Re-enter new password: re-type your new password Password changed
 * 3. Removing an user:

userdel user_name
 * 4. Removing an user with its home folder and all files:

userdel -r user_name

Root account changes

 * 1. To change root password make (if you know it):

su type present root password passwd root New password UNIX: type new root password Re-enter new password for UNIX: re-type new root password
 * 2. To change root password (if you forgot or don't know it):
 * a. Run computer from sidux LiveCD or any Linux Live distribution.
 * b. Open Terminal as root:
 * check root "/" partition name (it's "/dev/sda6" on my computer):

su or sudo (depends of Live distribution) fdisk -l
 * create new folder "sid_temp" for example in "media" folder:

mkdir /media/sid_temp
 * mount root "/" partition of hard drive file system in Live system:

mount /dev/sda6 /media/sid_temp
 * check has been it mounted correctly:

cd /media/sid_temp ls
 * and change unknown root password for new one:

chroot /media/sda6 passwd Enter new UNIX password: Retype new UNIX password: passwd: password updated successfully

Operations on groups

 * 1. To create a new group:

groupadd group_name
 * 2. To remove a group:

groupdel group_name
 * 3. To add an user to a group:

adduser user_name group_name

Basic informations

 * 1. The main system security thing is the system itself becouse the system is locked with root password;
 * demaging it is very difficult.
 * 2. Linux file system is virus-proof for most known malwares.
 * 3. Regular updating remove mistakes and provides new applications functions.

Firewall

 * The firewall keeps out incoming access to your computer from outside.
 * So the first thing after system installation is the firewall activation.
 * You can do that in a few ways, just have a look: Sidux/Post-installation work/Firewall

Antivirus application

 * Sincerely - you don't need it at all but you can use it for outgoing e-mails scanning
 * - most our friends use different operating system; and for external drives scanning befor
 * connecting theme to the different OS.


 * If you'd like try an antivirus application available from Debian's repositories ClamAV with KlamAV GUI:

apt-get install clamav klamav
 * More about ClamAV here: clamav.net and on Wikipedia: Clam AntiVirus


 * Try others antivirus applications for Linux:


 * 1) avast!
 * 2) f-prot
 * 3) Panda
 * 4) AVG
 * 5) Dr.Web

Rootkits

 * Rootkit is a dengerous tool hidding processes with can take control of your computer over.
 * A tool for looking for and removing rootkits from linux system is chkrootkit.
 * Install it in Terminal:

apt-get install chkrootkit
 * To scan your operating system run the command:

chkrootkit


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