Raku Programming/Perl History

Perl 1 - 5
The Perl programming language was created by Larry Wall, a linguist and a computer systems administrator for Unisys in 1987. Perl is a dynamic programming language which for much of its history was considered to be a "scripting language" or a command-line administration tool. However, as of version 5 of the language, Perl became a powerful and useful general-purpose programming language that is consistently popular among web developers, system administrators and hobbyist programmers.

The Perl programming language was developed as an open-source free-software project, and gradually expanded until the release of Version 5, the current state-of-the-art in Perl. Through all these developments, Perl remained backwards compatible with previous versions. The Perl 5 interpreter can read, understand and execute (for the most part) programs that were written in Perl 1, Perl 2, Perl 3 and Perl 4. Unfortunately, this made a mess of the internals of the Perl 5 interpreter and made many programming tasks harder than they need to be.

Another tripping point is in the Perl 5 language specification; it isn't a specification at all. The Perl interpreter itself is the standard: the behavior of the interpreter is the "standard" behavior of Perl. The only way to duplicate all the strange and idiosyncratic behavior of the Perl language is to use that standard software only.

Intermission: The Jon Orwant Mug-Throwing Incident in 2000
By 2000, it was evident that Perl needed an infusion of life:

"The [P5P / Perl Conference] meeting was originally a gathering of Chip Salzenberg, Jarkko Hietaniemi, Elaine Ashton, Tim Bunce, Sarathy, Nick Ing-Simmons, Larry Wall, Nat Torkington, brian d foy and Adam Turoff, brougt together to draft a constitution of sorts since the community seemed to be fragmenting. Jon showed up to the meeting late and found us talking about the community and started throwing things to express his discontent with how perl itself was stagnating, possibly even dying, and that we should be talking about reviving Perl. The cup incident was planned theatre from what I was told later. So, it was already a fait accompli but the tantrum was it's outing." 

Perl 6
The time was ripe for Perl 6: a rewrite of the Perl language from the ground up. Compatibility with Perl 5 is forfeited, in order to resolve fundamental problems with the language, and add necessary new features. It is therefore completely different from Perl 5 but at the same time unmistakably in the same 'language family'. Unlike Perl 5, which developed organically over time and was completely idiosyncratic, Perl 6 started out from a set of specifications, and is instantiated in multiple separate and equal implementations.

Perl 6 started with a long period of community involvement and an RFC process. Community members were asked to contribute ideas and suggestions for the new language. Larry went through the suggestions, saved the good ones, removed the bad ones, and tried to bring everything together in a unified way. Perl 5 had been criticized for being "hacky" and inconsistent, so Perl 6 should avoid that from the very beginning. Once all the suggestions were tabulated and discussed, Larry released a series of design documents known as the Apocalypses. Each Apocalypse was numbered to roughly correspond with a chapter in the book "Programming Perl" and were meant to be a revelation of the concepts and trade-offs that were being considered in the design of Perl 6. From these documents (which were short on specifics), Damian Conway produced a corresponding series of explanatory documents called Exegeses. While an Apocalypse revealed some of the design, an Exegesis explained what that meant to the everyday programmer in terms of the code that would be written. Later, as the design matured, design specifications called the Synopses were created to synthesize and document the design of Perl 6. The Synopses currently stand as the official design documents for the Perl 6 language.

At October 2019, the Perl 6 community voted the rename process to Raku name.

Raku Philosophy
Perl has always been a flexible and capable programming language. One of the most important mantras of the Perl team is There's More than One Way To Do It (TIMTOWTDI, pronounced "Tim Toady"). Raku is a very flexible language that combines a number of different programming paradigms to support various programmers and varying programming tasks. Because of this TIMTOWTDI philosophy, Raku is a very big programming language with lots of different features and capabilities.

Another way to say this is that Perl gives you plenty of rope, but you have to be careful not to trip yourself with it. There are lots of big ideas floating around in Raku, but not all of them are going to be useful for all programming tasks. Also, there are plenty of things that are possible in Raku that might not be considered "best practices" by the programming community at large. It's important to learn not just how to write certain things in Raku, but when to write things in certain ways. Without that knowledge, programs could easily descend into meaningless unreadable gibberish.

Throughout this book we'll try to show you some best practices and try to talk about where each feature is and is not useful.