Radiation Oncology/Thyroid/Workup

Thyroid nodules

 * 95% of palpable thyroid nodules in adults are benign.
 * Prevalence is around 4% in the general population by palpation. Prevalence is 30-50% by ultrasound.
 * FNA biopsy is the most reliable diagnostic test for a thyroid nodule. Can be positive for malignancy, negative, or indeterminate.

If positive for malignancy, should proceed to definitive treatment.

If negative, serial follow-up is recommended.

Indeterminate biopsies can be:
 * Suspicious for papillary carcinoma: patients with biopsy suspicious have a high likelihood (82%) of having papillary carcinoma. Recommend total thyroidectomy.
 * Suspicious for follicular or H&uuml;rthle cell carcinoma: Only 15-20% chance of invasive carcinoma. Usually proceed to thyroidectomy with frozen section analysis.

Reviews:
 * PMID 12588078, 2003 &mdash; "Thyroid nodules." Welker MJ et al. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Feb 1;67(3):559-66.

Guidelines:
 * Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (2004)
 * PMID 16304103 Full text -- "Management of thyroid nodules detected at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference statement." (Frates MC, Radiology. 2005 Dec;237(3):794-800.) -- 2004 consensus statement
 * Solitary nodule:
 * Microcalcifications - strongly consider U/S guided FNA if &ge; 1 cm
 * Solid (or almost entirely solid) or coarse calcifications - strongly consider U/S guided FNA if &ge; 1.5 cm
 * Mixed solid and cystic or almost entirely cystic with solid mural component - consider U/S guided FNA if &ge; 2 cm
 * None of the above, but substantial growth since prior U/S - consider U/S guided FNA
 * Almost entirely cystic and none of the above and no substantial growth (or no prior U/S) - U/S guided FNA probably unnecessary
 * Multiple nodules - consider U/S guided FNA of one or more nodules on basis of criteria (in order listed) for solitary nodule
 * AACE/AME Guidelines (2006) - Website PDF
 * PMID 16596732 &mdash; "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules." (Endocr Pract. 2006 Jan-Feb;12(1):63-102.)
 * ATA Guidelines - Website
 * 2009: PMID 19860577 PDF &mdash; "Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer." (Cooper DS, Thyroid. 2009 Nov;19(11):1167-214.)

Thyroid incidentalomas
Thyroid incidentalomas are thyroid nodules discovered incidentally by an imaging procedure (e.g. US or CT) performed for an unrelated incidcation.

Prevalence:
 * PMID 15009911, 2004 &mdash; "Prevalence, clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics of thyroid incidentalomas."
 * PMID 15840794, 2005 &mdash; "Rates of malignancy in incidentally discovered thyroid nodules evaluated with sonography and fine-needle aspiration."

Diagnosis:
 * PMID 14678283, 2004 &mdash; "Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid incidentaloma: correlation with pathological findings."

Reviews:
 * PMID 15145242, 2004 &mdash; "Management of thyroid incidentalomas."

Guidelines

 * see Radiation Oncology/Thyroid/Guidelines

Management/Treatment:
 * AACE/AAES Guidelines (2001) - Website PDF
 * PMID 11430305 &mdash; "AACE/AAES medical/surgical guidelines for clinical practice: management of thyroid carcinoma. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. American College of Endocrinology." (Endocr Pract. 2001 May-Jun;7(3):202-20.)