Radiation Oncology/Medical Statistics/Variables

Random Variables
 * Quantity that theoretically may assume a wide variety of actual values, even though at any given time we only observe a single value
 * Probability distribution of the variable is both the specification of all values the variable can take on, as well as the frequency with which it occurs in the entire population
 * A set of values observed (x1, x2, x3, ...xn) is called a sample from the population (the population being defined by the probability distribution)
 * A random sample assumes that the characteristics of the sample reflects those of the entire population, of which the sample may be only a small part
 * Two types of random variables:
 * Discrete random variable: it is possible to identify all values that a variable may take. Example: gender
 * Continuous random variable: variable may take on any value (typically within a range), and the value is only limited by the precision of the measurements. Example: height
 * Probability distribution is often illustrated with a histogram:
 * Probability curve: x-axis specifies values, y-axis specifies number of occurrences
 * Cumulative probability curve: x-axis specifies values, y-axis specifies the probability that the variable value X is at most a, that is Pr(X<=a)