Proto-Finnic/Later phonological changes

This is a list of post-Proto-Finnic phonological changes, ordered from the most divergent to the most conservative languages.

Livonian

 * Loss of consonant gradation, with single consonants merge to unvoiced consonants (voiced between sonorants, vowels, and word-finally), while long and semi-long consonants merge to unvoiced consonants. *Vettä → *vetä → vietā "some of the water".
 * Palatalization of and  after voiced consonants and vowels to  and  before, later phonemized following the loss of.
 * Elisions of unstressed short vowels in an interlocking style:
 * Apocope of word-final, and this must have happened before the next change: *magon → *mago → ma'g "of the belly". This often caused syncretism between nominative and genitive, but some cases do not: nominative ve'ž "water" vs. genitive vied "of the water".
 * Elision of vowels preceding weak grade consonants : *kalada → *ka'ldõ → ka'llõ. The elided vowel results on the rising tone of the preceding short vowel.
 * Apocope of unstressed vowels other than : *veci → ve'ž "water", but *jalka → jālga "leg" (compare Estonian jalg). The elided vowel also results on the rising tone of the preceding short vowel.
 * Clipping of unstressed long vowels (e.g. *aa), umlauted vowels (e.g. *ä), and diphthongs (e.g. *ai) to short vowels (a) unumlauted vowels (a), and monophthongs with first components (a), respectively.
 * Lengthening of certain syllables:
 * All closed syllables lengthened their vowel, except when following another closed syllable.
 * Open syllables following another open syllable lengthen their vowels: *kala → kalā "fish". This was originally an allophonic development, as in Finnish where an open syllable following another open syllables pronounced with a semi-long vowel.
 * Open syllables following another open syllable lengthen their vowels: *kala → kalā "fish". This was originally an allophonic development, as in Finnish where an open syllable following another open syllables pronounced with a semi-long vowel.

Estonian

 * Elision of vowels in certain circumstances:
 * After a heavy syllable: *suuri → suur "big".
 * Apocope of word-final, and this must have happened after the previous change, unlike in Livonian: *suuren → suure "of the big one".