Polish Sign Language/Overview

Polish Sign Language has its own grammar different from the Polish language. Unlike spoken Polish language which belongs to the slavic familty PJM is part of the German Sign Language family. However, Polish language is still widely used by the Deaf in written communication and for spelling proper names and unknown words.

Word order
Both SOV and SVO word orders are possible, eg:





Objects are followed by possessive adjectives (your, my, her, his), eg:

Omission of verbs
Omission of verbs in sentences is quite common, eg:

Omission of prepositions
Prepositions are not as frequent in PJM as in the English or Polish language, eg:

Signs
PJM just like other sign languages is marked by the higher iconicity of the signs used compared to the spoken languages. Most signs are still arbitrary and do not resemble the things they describe. Many iconic signs like the sign for home/house are based on a prototypical depiction. Signs do not undergo inflection. Signs have their etymology, certain signs may become obsolescent and eventually replaced by new forms.

Polysemy
The majority of signs can function as different parts of speech. For example can function as an adjective, adverb and a noun. The sign can function as a noun, verb, adjective and an adverb; it can be translated into help, helps, helping and helpful.

Negations
For basic signs expressing actions like there is a negative equivalent -. These signs are often analogical and are produced using a similar hand gesture

Plural number
Most of the signs do not have plural forms.

There are exceptions, like:

Direction
Signs can change their meaning simply by directing them at certain persons. For example the sign can be directed at the speaker and one other person or a whole group of people. Realization of this sign is totally different in both cases, but it is still just one sign.

The sign can be directed at the speaker which changes its meaning to help me.

Dialects
There are different dialects of PJM mostly concentrated around schools for the Deaf. Native speakers of PJM are aware of differences and there are some attempts at creating lists of regionalisms. The existence of many different dialects makes it really difficult to create one comprehensive dictionary of the Polish Sign Language

Polish Sign Language vs system of signs
It is important to mention the system of signs (pol. system językowo-migowy, SJM) which is used by many translators. It is a combination of Polish grammar and signs that either come from the Polish Sign Language or were created for the system to make word by word translation possible. SJM usually requires more signs in order to convey the same meaning as one sign of PJM can stand for several words.