Polish/Nouns - Gender

Dialogue
Łukasz and Beata are friends who meet on the street and exchange a few quick words.

Dialogue Notes
 * The word cześć means both hi and bye, similar to ciao in Italian.
 * The word dobrze is an adverb and can mean fine, well, or okay.
 * Cię, meaning you, is capitalized out of respect. Oftentimes, when writing to someone, the pronoun you and your will be capitalized.
 * The verb porozmawiamy is not preceded by the pronoun we. Pronouns in Polish are implicit in the verb form and may be dropped just like in Spanish.

Grammar I: Greetings and Farewells
Different greeting and farewells are used depending on the time of day: The words dobry and dobra mean good and are used for masculine and feminine nouns, respectively. Notice that while dzień dobry and dobry wieczór are written separately, dobranoc is written together.
 * dzień dobry
 * greeting used for good morning, good afternoon, and good day
 * dobry wieczór
 * greeting used for  good evening
 * dobranoc
 * farewell used for good night

Other farewells include:
 * cześć
 * means both hi and bye
 * very informal; used between friends
 * do widzenia
 * standard way to say goodbye
 * lit. means until seeing
 * do zobaczenia
 * slightly more cordial and warm than do widzenia
 * lit. means until seeing
 * do usłyszenia
 * used when one expects to hear from the other person but not necessarily see them
 * lit. means until hearing
 * żegnaj
 * used when saying goodbye forever or a very long time

On the phone:
 * halo - hello
 * słucham
 * standard way of answering the phone
 * lit. means I am listening
 * the two can be combined into halo słucham

Exercises
Determine the appropriate greeting or farewell in the following cases (Click "▼" to check your answer):

Grammar II: Introduction to Nouns
Polish nouns can generally be classified into three genders:
 * masculine (m) - męski
 * feminine (f) - żeński
 * neuter (n) - nijaki

The gender of a noun can be usually determined by its ending.

If the noun ends in -a, it is usually feminine. Notable exceptions include the word for man and male occupations
 * ulica - street
 * mężczyzna (m) – man
 * okulista (m) – eye doctor
 * poeta (m) – poet
 * kierowca (m) – driver

If the noun ends in -o, -e, -ę, and -um (of Latin origin), it is usually neuter.
 * okno - window
 * pole - field
 * imię - name
 * muzeum - museum

If the noun ends in a consonant, it is usually masculine. Notable exceptions include Latin-derived words ending in -um which are neuter, words ending in -ść which are feminine, and a few others.
 * kot - cat
 * akwarium (n) - aquarium
 * miłość (f) – love
 * krew (f) - blood
 * noc (f) - night

Exercises
Determine the gender of the following nouns (Click "▼" to check your answer):