Persian/Lesson 13

In lessons ... through ..., you learned ....

In this lesson, you will learn about personal clitics used after noun phrases, alternative pronomial direct objects as clitics, and differences between spoken and written forms.

Dialogue:
... talks with ...:


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Explanation
 * ... and ... are....

Vocabulary

درس 13
 * ق چ


 * [[media:Fa-زيبا دوچرخه سواري را دوست دارد.ogg|زيبا دوچرخه سواري را دوست دارد]]


 * [[media:Fa-قاشق.ogg|قاشق]] – lepel
 * [[media:Fa-بشقاب.ogg|بشقاب]] – bord
 * [[media:Fa-سفره.ogg|سفره]] – tafelkleed
 * [[media:Fa-اتاق.ogg|اتاق]] – kamer
 * [[media:Fa-دوچرخه.ogg|دوچرخه]] – fiets
 * [[media:Fa-چاي.ogg|چاي]] – thee
 * [[media:Fa-پيچ.ogg|پيچ]] – schroef
 * [[media:Fa-سفت.ogg|سفت]] – zacht
 * [[media:Fa-آوردن.ogg|آوردن]] – brengen
 * [[media:Fa-ريختن.ogg|ريختن]] – schenken
 * [[media:Fa-آچار.ogg|آچار]] – gereedschap
 * [[media:Fa-باز.ogg|باز]] – open
 * [[media:Fa-بسته.ogg|بسته]] – dicht
 * [[media:Fa-دوچرخه سواري كردن.ogg|دوچرخه سواري كردن]] – fietsen, (werkwoord)
 * [[media:Fa-قند.ogg|قند]] – suikerklontje
 * [[media:Fa-شيرين.ogg|شيرين]] – zoet
 * [[media:Fa-زيبا.ogg|زيبا]] – mooi, ook een meisjesnaam
 * [[media:Fa-خراب.ogg|خراب]] – kapot
 * [[media:Fa-دانستن.ogg|دانستن]] – weten, (werkwoord)
 * [[media:Fa-امين واكرم به مادر خود كمك مي كنند.ogg|امين واكرم به مادر خود كمك مي كنند]] – Amin en Akram helpen hun eigen moeder
 * [[media:Fa-اكرم سفره و قاشق و بشقاب را به اتاق مياورد.ogg|اكرم سفره و قاشق و بشقاب را به اتاق مياورد]] – Akram brengt het bord, de lepel en het tafelkleed naar de kamer
 * [[media:Fa-مادر زيبا چاي درست كرد.ogg|مادر زيبا چاي درست كرد]] – De moeder van Ziba zet thee
 * [[media:Fa-زيبا دوچرخه سواري را دوست دارد.ogg|زيبا دوچرخه سواري را دوست دارد]] – Ziba houdt van fietsen


 * تكليف. شب. – Huiswerk
 * جمله بسازيد .   دوچرخه . قاشق . چاي .  – Een zin maken
 * فعل بسازيد . مي داند .   مي آورد.  ريختن   - werkwoord vervoegen



Personal clitics with noun phrases
Grammar: (bound) personal enclitics after (singular or plural) noun phrase:
 * After consonant: /am/, /at/, /aš/, /emân/, /etân/, /ešân/
 * After و or ا, /yam/, /yat/...
 * After ه or ی, singular suffixes are spelled with leading zwnj+ا.

Often expresses possession /pedaram/ ("my father"), /dust-e xubam/ ("my good friend")

alternative pronomial direct objects as enclitics

Colloquial
Differences between spoken and written forms
 * written را colloquially ‹o› or ‹ro›. With possessive endings:
 * colloquial ‹e›, ‹s› for است
 * colloquial verb endings: ه ‹eh›
 * written ان ‹ân› vs spoken ‹un›, but not in خانم ‹xânom›
 * colloquial ‹e›, ‹s› for است
 * colloquial verb endings: ه ‹eh›
 * written ان ‹ân› vs spoken ‹un›, but not in خانم ‹xânom›
 * colloquial ‹e›, ‹s› for است
 * colloquial verb endings: ه ‹eh›
 * written ان ‹ân› vs spoken ‹un›, but not in خانم ‹xânom›

Colloquially, when ‹â› comes before ‹a›, the latter elides:
 * pronounced ‹dastâm›
 * pronounced ‹pâm›