On spies and stratagems/Target

Operational targets
In economic terms operation targets are the goals that a given action wants to reach as an outcome. This can be a bit more complicated when used in reference to a security agency activities, at a higher planing stage it may be the same but at operational level it signifies the real targets of the operation. These targets may be persons, information or items.

Due to the problematic and sensitive nature of operations it is also normal to give the targets a code or avoid using real identifiers, they are often referred as "The package", or a similar alias.

Types of operations
There are two root types of operations, those that have an official cover and those that have no official cover (NOC).

Official cover means that the agency is not only fully aware of the operation, but if there is a blow-back or agents are captured or detected, it will acknowledge its involvement. This type of decision is mostly political and has at root diplomatic and public relations interests. The mission's definition also clarifies the operative agents on how secure they will be if the mission fails, it may not only mean life or death but spending long times in captivity at times even without an acknowledgment of their capture.

A mission that is acknowledged and taken responsibility for does permit some form of mitigation and containment of any blow-back. It may even become part of some form of misdirection or part of a more general political or diplomatic pressure effort. It is even possible to have an allied agency take responsibility for the operation or use it shape public opinion. Ultimately the acknowledgement of operations is the result of the calculated political risks and the impact it may have the overall agencies activities. By acknowledging some operation the opposition is also informed of awareness, interests, personnel and modus operandi (protocols) and a myriad more of data points.

For the agents involved the official cover permits a diplomatic/political resolution as a possible outcome of getting caught. From a general pardon to becoming part of prisoner exchange or any other form of negotiated solution.

Operational subgroups (OSGs)
Self-contained support operations or activities. It can cover many aspects of non specific functions transport, resource gathering even multi-agency operation coordination.

Intelligence classification
A large part of the work of an Intelligence Agency is to process raw data and turn it into relevant information, from rumors to the information gathered from direct operation it becomes one of the most hardiest task to sift all the data into what if valid and relevant, not only today but in the predictable future. This has of course a large parallel (if not similar relation as general war and technology) to the evolution of information technology from categorization, communications to computing, as we have seen.

Solid intelligence is the gold standard in the real of information gathering. It is the top quality of the information that results from the data processing. There are basic similitudes in the general process, even if some points varies from agency to agency. From establishing source credentials, target analysis and channel safety there are a myriad of steps that are required, and mostly automated so as to validated and categorize information. Do not ever get eluded, if this carefully crafted process fails there can only be one reason, the failing was intentional and carefully planned. Note that lack of information is never a failing of the data validation and categorization process.

Source analysis
The concept of a rouge source is that of someone to pass or create false intelligence that not only is found acceptable by the agent (or agency). Most sources as we have seen pass some levels of scrutiny to verify that they are not a plant or source of misdirection. The problem is when a source has no clear ties to the target it is providing information or when the agent (or agency) fails to understand the motivation behind the false information provided.
 * Rouge source

Intelligence gathering / Data acquisition
"no time ever spent in reconnaissance is ever wasted"

Surveillance
Intelligence agencies often engage in extensive surveillance and monitoring of communications and activities within their jurisdictions. This can involve collecting data from phone calls, emails, social media, and other digital platforms. Such surveillance allows them to monitor dissent, track individuals of interest (social economical agitators), and gather intelligence (signal patterns).

Its important to understand that data is distinct from information, it is its raw amorphous form. While all data will generate information of some sort, especially with moderns tools (computers, record keeping) and techniques (mathematics, statistics and algorithms) it is only treated and picked information that is ultimately the goal and actable upon.
 * Data vs Information

Passive surveillance is all the information gathered from operations that did not have as a primary goal acquiring it or results from automation or protocol and bureaucracy.
 * Passive surveillance

Active surveillance is all the information gathered form directed operations against defined targets with the intent of obtaining data.
 * Active surveillance

Technological Advances Any science as it develops into practical technology can and will be used to do harm. The problem is clearly not about the science or the technology but how people use it. This is one of the reasons Governments in general try to suppress, even control knowledge, even more since the state will always try to monopolize the capability to exert violence, from its citizens and from other states. There is also an effect on research; as the state is often the major founder of it and it is undoubtedly the one that sets policy into motion. No one will like to be involved with research that is seen as "problematic".

Leveraging data
This type of surveillance is often silent so operational secure and broad-spectrum (multiple targets) even detecting targets the agency was not aware. One form of keeping tabs on technology is to over regulate and create layers of red tape to workers on the sensitive fields, enough that it generates a bureaucratic trail of data points that can, even more so today, be sieved for usable data. The weaker the civil rights are especially regarding to their privacy and the state stronger the ability, from state or enterprise, to data-mine and correlate information the easier it is to control a population, especially against their will and often without their knowledge.


 * Fiscal Information

One example amongst many is how the FBI attempts to monitor book uses in the public libraries (see American Library Association (ALA) page regarding Intellectual Freedom Issues).
 * Basic Utilities
 * Libraries


 * "Dangerous" substances
 * People
 * Chemicals
 * Pathogens; Even if there is already a large bureaucratic control over the storage and access to dangerous pathogens, and often the repositories are under military control, there is a rising risk that civil research (that is public information) regarding technological processes will become problematic. The U.S. government today regulates 15 biological agents and in Set. 2014 asked universities to flag risky pathogen experiments.
 * Avian influenza virus (highly pathogenic)
 * Bacillus anthracis
 * Botulinum neurotoxin
 * Burkholderia mallei
 * Burkholderia pseudomallei
 * Ebola virus
 * Foot-and-mouth disease virus
 * Francisella tularensis
 * Marburg virus
 * Reconstructed 1918 Influenza virus
 * Rinderpest virus
 * Toxin-producing strains of Clostridium botulinum
 * Variola major virus
 * Variola minor virus
 * Yersinia pestis


 * Social Media

Tracking
Reading ground tracks becomes more difficult at midday as the sun's position will reduce the tracks' shadow.

"Brush-pass"
In sum this is somewhat a reversal of pickpocketing, the idea behind it is to describe a quick transfer of items without any observer noticing it. It may require the connivance of the recipient but it may also serve as to plant something, like a "bug", a "tracer"/"tracker" or any other item.

"dead drop"
A dead drop is an indirect delivery or even an exchange. The object will be of a physical nature, information media or specific hardware. The dead drop is defined by pre-establishing a specific location for dropping the package, this will sometimes also include some sort of protocol to indicate that the drop will take place to the receiver, and may also include countermeasures in case the agent that will execute the drop thinks he is under observation, as to indicate that the content is false or that the receiver should stay away as to avoid himself being identified or captured.

Intelligence suppression / Data poisoning
Consists in any activity aimed at controlling, manipulating, or silencing information or individuals deemed threatening to their interests or objectives. This can manifest in various forms, such as surveillance, censorship, disinformation, and even physical harm to individuals or medium of signal transmission. Intelligence agencies in act different, depending on the context, when engaging in intelligence suppression. One of the more insidious ways is when an organization uses psychological pressure to attack an individual. Even in what we define as lawful advanced states history shows a record of nefarious actions against their own citizens, by the state or organizations working under its supervision. For example the anonymous (at the time) letter and blackmail package sent in 1964 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) meant to blackmail Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. into committing suicide.

This step is above simple surveillance or profiling, it leverages that information to negate external agencies intelligence gathering, data acquisition and dissemination.

In democracies this, weaponization of state intelligence agencies can and often does violate the law and even constitutional safeguards and basic human right, as it corrupts their operational parameters it makes them vulnerable to exposition to the public opinion. This is a distinct disadvantage in comparison to authoritarian states. In fact, due to this type of forces (not only by intelligence agencies) any hierarchic organized organization that can obtain enough power will take hold of the "democratic" process to serve its own goals. This is how any state is formed in the first place, disregarding the political government process.

This can go as to establish a secret laws and regulations system (even a complete independent legal system, like it exists in some states for the military personnel) that can allow intelligence agencies to operate outside of normal civilian legal frameworks, enabling them to conduct activities that would otherwise be illegal or unethical and remain outside of citizen scrutiny. This can include surveillance, detention, and interrogation practices that are kept hidden from the public.

Information control by states or intelligence agencies can take several forms, aiming to shape public perception, maintain power, or achieve strategic advantages. Based on common practices observed globally, we can identify key strategies:


 * Censorship and Propaganda - Censorship involves restricting access to certain types of information, whether through legal measures, blocking internet content, or controlling media outlets. Propaganda, meanwhile, involves spreading misinformation or biased information to sway public opinion in favor of specific agendas or policies.
 * Disinformation and Fake News - Disinformation is deliberately false or misleading information spread with the intent to deceive the public. It can be used to undermine opponents, create divisions, or justify actions taken by the state or intelligence agencies. Fake news, while sometimes conflated with disinformation, specifically refers to fabricated stories presented as true.


 * Control Over Media and Information Sources - By owning or influencing major media outlets, states and intelligence agencies can control the narrative and ensure that information aligns with their interests. This can involve direct ownership, financial support, or indirect pressure on journalists and editors.


 * Co-opting Academia and Think Tanks - States and intelligence agencies may also seek to influence academic research and think tanks, either by funding studies that support their agenda or by recruiting researchers who can produce reports and analyses that align with their interests.


 * Manipulation of Public Opinion Through Social Media - Social media platforms provide powerful tools for spreading information rapidly and reaching large audiences. States and intelligence agencies can exploit these platforms to disseminate propaganda, disinformation, or targeted messaging campaigns designed to influence public opinion.

Managing Elections / Political change
Watergate scandal, Trump–Russia dossier, Oleg Deripaska & FBI, Latest Explanation for Cuban Embassy Symptoms: Microwave Weapons

"to turn someone"
The direct action of subversion of an opposing agent or asset, the creating a defector, to "bring over" that asset to work toward the agency objectives. A good operative path to advance counter intelligence, not only as a source of intelligence about the opposition but also as a way to infiltrate them, if the one turned agrees to act as a double agent or indicates someone that can be put to that task. A rotten apple can spoil the barrel if not detected in time.

There are many ways to reduce the chance of "being turned". The spy should reduce ones attachments or at least reduce the access to information about one's life, since they can be used to exert pressure, also, by not living shamefulness life that can be used to blackmail or in other ways compromise the spy.

The agency can only act pre-emptively on the selection of agents, grooming, monitor and check. This include spot checks of actions and performance, controlled dissemination of misinformation as to non-authorized sharing of information and by increasing loyalty factors and stakes. It is not by chance that traitors are often shoot.

Scamming
A scam, is the art of using misdirection as to gain advantage over someone with the collaboration of one or more third participants that are kept unaware of the ultimate goal but are motivated by their own self-interest. That are often kept in check by criminal or moral liability at the end of the process, when realizing their own uninformed implication in the affair.

Agents my be required to use this type of tactic to convince and motivate someone to work against their own best interests. More common in criminal activities this type of tactic is also used in many other contexts, even by police forces. A scam can have the secondary objectives of creating a fragility in loyalties even as to permit to establish control of a human asset trough blackmail/social coercion/exposure of liability.

A scam ultimately hinges on a combination of persuasion, misplaced trusts and self-delusion, often motivated by greed.

Planning
This type of operations is extremely complex and time sensitive and is predicated in a very deep knowledge of human nature. In the operation those that define the plan are often called the brains. Even if this type of operations can fallow a preset configuration, they need be fluid enough to adapt to the specifics and be sufficiently robust to deal with rapid changes.

Hooking
Set the target(s) up with a lure or bait. This is done by setting up a motivator or the convincer. Consisting in starting the other parties in motion in accordance to the plan. The one placing a lead or leading is often called the roper, it does not only sets the operation in motion but will often intervene to keep those involved motivated, that is hooked.

"the tail"
This can be the function of a specific operator or a designed set of prearranged circumstances that will permit the monitoring of the evolution of the plan and keeping at the same time those that are not aware of the process, distracted from any event that would permit a premature unveiling of the operation.

"blow off"
This is the end stage. It consists in terminating the action in a way that the targets are kept unaware of what transpired or put into a position that it is in their own self-interest to keep silent.

Assassination
The spy may be required to perform an assassination, that is to "take down", terminate, silence or retire someone.

Dry cleaning
Dry cleaning, is a response to a non-wet operation (wet meaning bloody). A dry cleaning is the removal of all traces of agent(s) presence on a possible crime scene or in a location that any adversary agency must not detect interference.

It may constitute the removal of finger prints, DNA traces and other indications of any or specific physical presence at the location.

It can also be an indication to procedures to detect if one is under surveillance, but in that meaning the term has fallen in disuse.

Interrogation
Most agents are trained on how to perform at least basic interrogation. This includes how to handle non invasive psychology pressure points and trough observation of reactions read the subjects body language. There are also several mechanical or computational tools to ascertain state of mind and even a crude form of computer aided mind reading is possible today. Other more proactive forms do involve mental and physical torture.

Agents are not only trained on how to perform but how to resist interrogation. There is no way to avoid being coerced into providing information even one that is not valid or complete, the "game" most favored is to first negate, then provide partial truth mixed with some form of previous established set-up that actions by the enemy on it will warn that one has been compromised, fallowed by endurance to the coercion as delaying effort to make the information as less useful as possible or to enable the agency to take any possible countermeasures.

Body language
Today most agents should have at least a crude understanding on how to read body language, from a nervous walk and suspicious behavior, to at least have indication if the target is cooperating and telling truth of lying.

This has all to do with perception of minute details and micro-expressions that are not easy to consciously replicate, one should be aware that body language accounts a great part of how we communicate, this is often disregarded, but something that is of crucial importance in an interrogation. It provided a line of obtaining important feedback.

Most body language falls into commonsense, something that most of us learn to read without a conscious effort, but at times without a full conscious understanding of the meaning. In is not only important to understand what you read but what you transmit, how the target perceives the interrogator is almost as important as what the interrogator can read from the target. Interrogation ultimately is a dialog, a mental contest.

The brain functions are mostly all located today in the brain's structure and general to all persons, and it is why and how we known that eye movement normally fallows the increased activity on one side of the brain or the other.

Normal "tells" (indications), include shifting of eyes (indicating unease, nervousness). Eye contact indicates interest and attempt to empathize, if it last longer it can be interpreted as dominance assertion (and even threatening or an indicative of deception, depending on the setting) while eye contact avoidance indicates fear or recognition of dominance.

Disclosed Operations
US vs USSR: (Project Azorian - 1974) US vs IRAN: (Operation Merlin - 2000, Operation Olympic Games - 2008)