Nature/Matter

Introduction
The world consists of matter (substance) and energy (radiation). These two can have a variety of ordered and random forms (structures). They can also be converted into one another under certain conditions.

An unanswered question is whether the structure ( = information) is only a property of matter and energy, or whether it is an independent basic substance. The currently prevailing doctrine does not see any independent substance in information.

What is matter?
 is a general term for everything material that surrounds us and of which we ourselves are made.

Physical
In the physical sense, matter is everything that has a non-zero. The defining properties of matter are its, volume, and internal. Matter in a broader physical sense includes matter in the narrower sense as well as.

Properties of Matter
Matter has some important properties:



States of Matter
Gif files of the different states of matter

There are several manifestations of matter, for example:
 * solid
 * fluid
 * gaseous

When matter transitions from one state of aggregation to another, the inner of matter changes greatly. The entropy changes significantly even if the temperature remains the same. Entropy is a measure of the random structure of matter particles.

No Matter

 * Electromagnetic radiation, just like all other (rest massless), is not conceived as matter in a narrow sense.
 * Mathematical concepts like points, lines, and planes are immaterial.
 * contains little or no matter.

Creation of matter
According to the current standard model, large amounts of energy were released during the Big Bang.

These massive amounts of energy led to the formation of large amounts of densely packed elementary particles. In the so-called hadron era between 10-32 and 10-4 seconds after the Big Bang, the first stable and  came into existence.

In the so-called Lepton era up to the 1st second after the big bang, the first stable were created. Up until this time, matter and annihilated each other. In the end, the matter was left behind. Why only matter remained and not antimatter is unexplained.

In the following radiation era,,  and  were formed.

Today's matter era began about a million years after the Big Bang. The hydrogen clouds formed and stars and in those the hydrogen fused into  and onto carbon and iron, the most common chemical elements in our universe.

It is assumed that the heavier, rarer elements such as gold, lead, and uranium were created by the collision of, but especially in.

Extension of the term: Matter
With the development of his Special Theory of Relativity Albert Einstein provided the well-known formula $$E = mc^2 \ (\mathrm{energy} = \mathrm{mass} \times \mathrm{speed of light}^2)\,$$

This means that electromagnetic radiation (light, heat rays, etc.) can also be assigned a 'dynamic' mass. Hence the condition that matter must have mass is satisfied by the condition that matter must have mass at rest.

Conversely, massive matter particles also have wave properties (see the theory of by ). This means that the particles can no longer be precisely located. Instead, however, a statement can be made about the probability of their location.

Matter is built up from atoms. And atoms are made up of. In the group of fermions the three well-known particles are found.
 * the electron,
 * the proton and
 * the neutron,

Protons and neutrons are made out of.

Philosophically
The concept of matter is a central concept of philosophy. What matters actually is has been the subject of controversy since the beginning of philosophy. Today, this discussion has died down completely, since physics and chemistry have very successfully adopted the term and partially clarified it. On the other hand, the philosophical discussion about the is still in heat today.

Antiquity
According to the Greek n, the building blocks of reality were the 4 'elements': This theory is outdated today and only of historical interest.
 * Fire,
 * Water,
 * Air and
 * Earth.

Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, the doctrine of matter is based on the basic concepts of  and expands on them. The starting point is the problem of becoming. To explain this requires a permanent and changing part. The remaining part is matter (also called cloth). The changing part is the immaterial form (forma).

Modern Times
According to, matter primarily has 2 properties: Expansion and mass. It is matter
 * about an understandable term implying space (extent), and
 * a comprehensible view in which the mass has been added to the space.

Matter as a philosophical category is not defined by the by enumerating physical properties, but by formulating the opposite to consciousness. Matter in this philosophical sense includes everything that exists independently of consciousness.

is the philosophical teaching, according to which the entire reality can be structured materially and accordingly understood purely materially. It was especially popular in the 19th century.

Most scientists today believe in an informed materialism, i.e. the world consists of matter (and energy). The structure of matter contains all of its spiritual possibilities. It is not yet clear if there is an independent basic substance of information.

, the founder of, said: '''Information is information, neither matter nor energy. No materialism that does not take this into account can survive today.'''