Nanotechnology

=The Opensource Handbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology=

Nanotechnology and nanoscience is about controlling and understanding matter on the sub-micrometer and atomic scale. This wikibook on nanoscience and nanotechnology gathers information about the various tools, methods and systems to provide students, researchers and everyone else an open-source handbook and overview guide to this vast interdisciplinary and expanding field - a book that can be adjusted as new things appear and improved by you!


 * Latest major additions in: /Health effects of nanoparticles/, /Environmental Impact/, and Nanotechnology Demonstration Experiments
 * Sections Nano & Society, nanooptics and electron beam lithography are in preparation.

Chapter 1: Introduction
Why is nanotechnology such a 'hot' subject - and is it more hype than substance? This part gives a brief introduction to the visions of nanotechnology and why so many people are working on it around the world. To help set a perspective there are overview tables with timelines, length scales and information resources.

/Perspective/

 * 1) Nanotechnology in the Middle Ages?
 * 2) A perspective on Nanotechnology
 * 3) Nanocomponents, Tools, and Methods
 * 4) Hot and hyped

Overviews

 * 1) Internet Resources
 * 2) Journals
 * 3) Nanotech Products
 * 4) A nano-timeline
 * 5) A nano-scale overview

About the Book

 * 1) Vision
 * 2) How to contribute
 * 3) History
 * 4) Authors and Editors
 * 5) Support and Acknowledgments
 * 6) How to Reference this Book

Reaching Out

 * 1) Teaching Nanotechnology
 * 2) Outreach projects
 * 3) Demonstration experiments

Chapter 2: Seeing 'Nano'
Microscopes allow us to probe the structure of matter with high spatial resolution, making it possible to see for instance individual atoms with tools such as the scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic force microscope, and the transmission electron microscope. With the related spectroscopic methods, we can study the energy levels in nanosystems. This part gives an overview of the tools and methods used in microscopy and spectroscopy of nanostructures.

Optical Methods

 * 1) Optical Microscopy
 * 2) STED Microscopy
 * 3) Confocal Microscopy
 * 4) X-ray Microscopy
 * 5) UV/VIS Spectrometry
 * 6) Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
 * 7) Terahertz Spectroscopy (THz)
 * 8) Raman Spectroscopy
 * 9) Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

Electron Microscopy

 * 1) The Electron Optical System
 * 2) Electron Range
 * 3) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
 * 4) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

/Additional methods/

 * 1) Point-Projection Microscopes
 * 2) Low energy electron diffraction (LEED)
 * 3) Reflection High Energy Electron diffraction (RHEED)
 * 4) X-ray Spectroscopy and diffraction
 * 5) Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
 * 6) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
 * 7) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR /ESR)
 * 8) Mössbauer spectroscopy
 * 9) Non-Contact Measurements

Chapter 3: Physics at the Nanoscale
On the nanoscale force that we in everyday life do not consider strong, such as contact adhesion, become much more important. In addition, many things behave in a quantum mechanical way. This chapter looks into the scaling of the forces and fundamental dynamics of matter on the nanoscale.

Intro to Nanophysics

 * 1) Scaling laws
 * 2) Quantized Nanosystems
 * 3) Bulk matter and the end of bulk: surfaces
 * 4) The Tyndall Effect

/Modelling Nanosystems/

 * 1)  The Schrödinger equation
 * 2)  Hartree-Fock (HF) or self-consistent field (SCF)
 * 3)  Density Functional Theory (DFT)
 * 4)  Transport phenomena

/Physical Chemistry of Surfaces/

 * 1) Hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces
 * 2) Surface Energy
 * 3) Surface Diffusion
 * 4) Mass transport in 1, 2, and 3D

/Background material/

 * 1) Dispersion relations

Chapter 4: Nanomaterials
Many unique nanostructured materials have been made, such as carbon nanotubes that can be mechanically stronger than diamond. This part provides an overview of nanoscale materials such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires, quantum dots and nanoparticles, their unique properties and fabrication methods.

/Overview of Production methods/

 * 1) Commercial suppliers of nanomaterials

/Semiconducting Nanostructures/

 * 1) Carbon nanotubes
 * 2) Buckyballs
 * 3) Nanowires
 * 4) Semiconducting nanoparticles

Chapter 5: Nanosystems
To understand the novel possibilities in nanotechnology, this part gives an overview of some typical nanoscale systems - simple experimental devices that show unique nanoscale behavior useful in for instance electronics.

/Nanoelectronics/

 * 1) Diffusive and Ballistic Electron Transport
 * 2) Double barrier systems
 * 3) Moletronics

/Nanomechanics/

 * 1) Mechanics of beams and cantilevers
 * 2) The harmonic oscillator

Chapter 6: Nanoengineering
Combining nanodevices into functional units for real life application is a daunting task because making controlled structures with molecularly sized components requires extreme precision and control. Here we look at ways to assemble nanosystems into functional units or working devices with top-down or bottom-up approaches.

See also the Wikibook on Microtechnology which contains information about many fabrication and processing details.

/Top-down and bottom-up approaches/

 * 1) Microfabrication made smaller

/Self assembly/

 * 1) Selfassembled monolayers
 * 2) Bottom-up chemistry
 * 3) Molecular engineering

/Lithography/

 * 1) Electron beam lithography (EBL)
 * 2) Nano imprint lithography (NIL)
 * 3) Focused Ion Beam (FIB)

/Nanomanipulation/

 * 1) AFM manipulation
 * 2) STM manipulation
 * 3) In-situ SEM manipulation
 * 4) In-situ TEM manipulation

Chapter 7: Nano-Bio Introduction
Your body is based on a fantastic amount of biological nanotechnology operating right now in each of your body's cells, which has evolved over aeons to an awesome level of complexity. Much of current nanotechnology research is aimed at bio-applications, such as bio-sensors and biologically active nanoparticles for medical therapy or targeting cancer. This part is an introduction to this cross-disciplinary field.

/Nano-bio Primer/

 * 1) Biological building blocks
 * 2) Lengths and masses
 * Cells
 * 1) Virus
 * 2) Bacteria
 * 3) The body

/Biosensors/

 * 1) Typical applications and Analytes
 * 2) Sensor principles

Nanomedicine - Targeting diseases

 * 1) Nanomedicine
 * 2) Cancer
 * 3) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Chapter 8: Environmental Nanotechnology
People are very enthusiastic about the visions of nanotechnology, but at the same time there is a natural worry about the environmental issues of the emerging technologies. This area is being increasingly brought into focus to ensure a healthy development.

Health Effects of Nanoparticles

 * 1) Nanotoxicology
 * 2) Production and applications of nanotech
 * 3) Exposure of environment and humans
 * 4) Nanoecotoxicology
 * 5) Identification of key hazard properties
 * 6) Hazard identification
 * 7) Surface chemistry and coatings
 * 8) Interactions in the Environment
 * 9) Conclusion

/Environmental Impact/

 * 1) Potential environmental impacts of nanotechnology
 * 2) Exploitation and loss of scarce resources
 * 3) Energy intensity of materials
 * 4) Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Imagining Nanotechnology

 * 1) Scenarios for the Plausible Implications of Nanotechnology
 * 2) Anticipatory Symptoms
 * 3) Early Ontological Technologies

Nanoethics

 * 1) Impact on Developing Countries
 * 2) Collective Open Source Design
 * 3) The Prisoner's Dilemma

Open Source Nanotechnology

 * 1) Application
 * 2) Collective Design and Risk