Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation

Introduction

 * In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels.


 * The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of base words and derived words.
 * The vocabulary is built on base words, that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by:


 * The meaning of each letter of the word.
 * The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: fixed vs. variable.
 * How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language.
 * The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about).
 * The logic of its composition.
 * The mnemonic associations this word suggests.


 * The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called vocabulary-building rules, which are spelled out below.

Base Words

 * Base words are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups:


 * Group 1: consisting of nouns
 * Group 2: consisting of  prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs.

Base words of Group 1

 * Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters:


 * The first, a consonant called the classifier
 * The second, a vowel or vowel cluster called the ordinal
 * The third, a consonant called the generic


 * Examples:

Base words of Group 2

 * Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*).  If two letters, they  consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination.  Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as -er (verb infinitive marker) or -a (adjective marker):


 * * As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include complex vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides y or w. So, for purposes here, ya, ye, yi, yo, yu, wa, and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "complex vowels".

Consonants and Their Meanings

 * The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant.  So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart:


 * The following consonants have semantic functions rather than, or in addition to semantic values:


 * l and r:   Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: baer....to lean, baler....to press, barer....to crush;
 * y:  Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. voa....negative -> vyoa....false, or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. ama....hot -> ayma....warm.
 * h:  Used functionally only in certain interjections like hoy....goodbye and determiners like his....this, and has no semantic value.
 * w:   Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. tob....person -> twob....man, or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. uber....to send -> ubwer....to be sent, or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. awa....one, or 4) sometimes to substitute for y when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. jwo....late, instead of jyo.
 * n:   In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in ana....only, or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as fian....goodness from fia....good, or from a verb, such axnen....behaving from axner....to behave.

Vowels and Their Meanings

 * Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types:
 * meronymic
 * hierarchical
 * scalar
 * geo-specific
 * oppositional/polar
 * vectorial
 * directional and positional
 * special

Ordinal Vowel Values

 * The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with y are considered pre-y-glided vowels.  These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words.  See the section on Vowels.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em"

! Ordinal Vowel !! o !! a !! e !! i !! u !! yo !! ya !! ye !! yi !! yu !row=1| Cardinal Number
 * + Numeric Values of Vowels
 * 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
 * }

Meronymic Vowel Gradation

 * Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a meronymic series. (This gradation can also be called taxonomic.  The top element, or hypernym, has zero (o) as its defining vowel.  The others are hyponyms or meronyms, and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. T a b (body) is the first meronym of t o b (human being), the hypernym or zeroth element.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em"

!colspan=1| Rank !colspan=3| Meronymic ! 0 ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5
 * + Meronymic Series
 * tob....human || fob....plant || vob....crop
 * tab....body || fab....tree || vab....grass
 * teb....head || feb....fruit || veb....tuft
 * tib....trunk || fib....trunk || vib....stalk
 * tub....arm || fub....branch || vub....shoot
 * tyob....leg || fyob....root || vyob....tuber
 * }
 * The words that descend from the base word are called subordinal words, hyponyms, or meronyms. A hypernym is a word that is higher in the taxonomy.

Hierarchical Vowel Values

 * Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a hierchical series where the top element has zero (o) as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element.

Scalar Vowel Gradation

 * Ordinal vowels can also be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a scalar series, where each member of the series is a smaller or less important component as it descends.

Geo-specific Vowel Gradation

 * Ordinals can have geo-specific values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground.

Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation

 * The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels:


 * 1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. The colors black and white are rendered in Mirad by the words molza and malza, which are polar opposites based on the roots mo for dark and ma- for light.
 * 2) Properly indigo, but humans have a hard time distinguishing purple and indigo.

Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values

 * In Group 2 stems:


 * positive a contrasts with negative o   (av....for vs. ov....against)
 * positive ya contrasts with negative yo   (yava....innocent vs. yova....guilty)
 * positive i contrasts with negative u   (fia....good vs. fua....bad)
 * positive yi contrasts with negative yu   (yiva....free vs. yuva....bound)
 * e and ye are in-between values   (eva....neutral, yeva....fair)


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em"

! positive !! intermediate !! negative
 * + Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation
 * aga....big || ega....normal || oga....small
 * yava....innocent || yeva....just|| yova....guilty
 * ava....for || eva....neutral || ova....against
 * aker....to win || eker....to risk || oker....to lose
 * yak....expectation || yek....attempt || yok....surprise
 * fia....good || || fua....bad
 * ifer....love || || ufer....hate
 * yifa....brave || || yufa....afraid
 * }
 * Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit oppositional values:
 * The Group 1 base word bok (illness) is a good example:
 * fia....good || || fua....bad
 * ifer....love || || ufer....hate
 * yifa....brave || || yufa....afraid
 * }
 * Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit oppositional values:
 * The Group 1 base word bok (illness) is a good example:
 * Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit oppositional values:
 * The Group 1 base word bok (illness) is a good example:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller; margin-let:3.2em"

! NEGATIVE !! INTERMEDIATE !! POSITIVE
 * + Group 1 base word with oppositional values
 * - valign=top
 * bak....health||bek....treatment||bok....illness
 * byak....hygiene||byek....cure||byok....pain byoyk....ache blok....suffering brok....agony
 * baak....sanitation|| ||book....fatigue
 * bik....care|| ||buk....wound buyk....sore
 * }
 * bik....care|| ||buk....wound buyk....sore
 * }
 * }

Vectorial Vowel Values

 * These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc.


 * a
 * u ←     e     →  i
 * o
 * o
 * o


 * a....on, above, north (ab....on, zamer....north)
 * e....center, middle, equator (eb....between, ze....center)
 * o....off, below, south (ob....off, zomer....south)
 * i....right, east (zi....right, zimer....east)
 * u....left, west (zu....left, zumer....west)

Directional and Positional Vowel Values

 * Explanation of the above chart:


 * If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
 * The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
 * If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs
 * Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words.

Special value of certain vowels

 * The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular.
 * aot....person
 * anot....individual


 * Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.
 * yanber....to compose
 * yonber....to separate


 * The letter y is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural:
 * at....I, me as opposed to yat....we, us
 * et....you as opposed to yet....you (pl.), you all
 * it....he, she, him, her as opposed to yit....they, them


 * The letter y is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine:
 * it....he, she, him, her as opposed to iyt....she, her
 * tob....person, human being as opposed to toyb....woman


 * The letter w is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine:
 * it....he, she, him, her as opposed to wit....he, him
 * tob....person, human being as opposed to twob....man

The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words

 * The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants.
 * The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values.
 * The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity:

Special Arrangement

 * Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart.

The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words

 * The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival (-a), adverbial (-ay), and verbal inflections (-er, -ser, -xer, etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem.


 * The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative.


 * Examples:


 * * Mixed root. taj/tej/toj instead of yaj/yej/yoj, because the human letter root t is more intuitive.


 * Note: The opposition (y)a-(y)e-(y)o is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but (y)i-(y)u is two-way, without any intermediary sense.

Derived Word Formation Rules

 * Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building:


 * These consist of the following rules:


 * Compounding
 * Affixation
 * Ordinal Vowel Scaling
 * Overlapping
 * Adding Ordinal Vowels
 * Swapping Generic Consonants
 * Marking Words for Gender
 * Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels
 * Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels
 * Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern
 * Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically

Rule #1: Compounding

 * Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines.  Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations.


 * Examples:


 * Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for rain, for example, is ma(m) (sky) + mil (water), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, mamil.


 * When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg:
 * uzra....twisted + tep....mind ---> tepuzra....crazy
 * kyoa....fixed + tep....mind > kyotepa....stubborn, obsessed
 * aza....strong + tep....mind > tepaza....intelligent
 * fua....bad + tip....mood > futipa....cross, ill-tempered
 * aga....big + tip....mood > tipaga....magnanimous, generous

Rule #2: Affixation

 * Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes:

Prefixes

 * Prepositional prefixes ending in b with verbs per and ber (and their derivations) lose the b before verbal elements based on per (go) and ber (put), as shown in the following chart:


 * The loss of the b in the above words in one of the only cases of fusion in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form.  Another case of fusion is when so-called stubs are combined.  For example, doyijem (public square), which is composed of do(m)....city + yij(a)....open + (n)em....place.  The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix a- can have many different meaninings.


 * The adjective ending a is often dropped1, as is the er or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that tyoyab becomes tyoya-.


 * 1: Sometimes, the adjective ending a is retained when an adjective is compounded with xer or ser. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs.  For example, aga + xer can produce agaxer....to magnify or agxer....to grow.  Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.

Suffixes

 * Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes.


 * Semantic Stub Suffixes


 * Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material.

Derviational Suffixes

 * Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech.


 * *Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker -i fall under the latter category.

Normal Semantic Suffixes

 * Augmentative Suffixes


 * Diminutive Suffixes


 * Semantic Adjectival Suffixes


 * Other Semantic Suffixes

Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling

 * Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object.  This process is called first-level ordinal scaling.

First-level Ordinal Scaling

 * * The palatal glide y in these words, which follows a palatal j is hard to pronounce, so the y is replaced with a w, giving jwob, jwab, and jweb.

Second-level Ordinal Scaling

 * A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding a vowel immediately after the ordinal vowel of the word stem.


 * Examples:

Third-level Ordinal Scaling

 * A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing a third ordinal number vowel to the word.


 * Example:


 * So, to sum up, we have:

Scaling with Prefixed Numbering

 * We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words through prefixed numbering even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first subordinal level usually begins with a.


 * Example:

Rule #4: Overlapping

 * When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in overlapping or a portmanteau.


 * Examples:


 * In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided.

Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels

 * When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an o, replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word.


 * Examples:


 * edob....kingdom     -> deb....chief  -> edeb....monarch (edweb....king, edeyb....queen)
 * udob....principality -> deb....chief -> udeb....prince (udweb....prince, udeyb....princess)


 * By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant:


 * Examples:


 * mil....water  +   mal....air  ->  mial....vapor, steam

Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants

 * When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant.


 * Example:


 * * This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.

Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender

 * Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix w and the feminine infix y. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked.  If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female.


 * To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with w.
 * To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with y.


 * Examples:


 * Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for woman, rather than men, eg.:


 * Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness:


 * In nouns that end in -ut, the agentive suffix meaning -er, one who..., the nouns can be feminized by changing -ut to -uyt, eg. dezut....actor -> dezuyt....actress. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing -ut with w to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the w can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker.  For this reason, a word like dezut can mean actor of neutral or male gender.


 * Animate nouns having the ending -et (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding w or y to the semantic base of the word, eg. tobet....child, youth -> toybet....girl or twobet....boy.

Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels

 * A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings.


 * Geo-specific Vowels:


 * o =  outer space, abstract object, initial stuff
 * a =  sky, air, gas
 * e =  land, soil, solid
 * i =  sea, water, liquid
 * u =  underground, mineral, concrete object, other


 * Examples:


 * This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns.  See the chapter on Hybrids for more on this subject.


 * Examples:

Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels

 * The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema:


 * Explanation of the above chart:


 * If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
 * The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
 * If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact.
 * Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement.

Special value of certain vowels

 * The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular:
 * aot....person, individual
 * anota....alone, solitary
 * anay....only
 * aun....unit
 * The prefixes ya- or yan- meaning collection, plural:
 * yat....we, us
 * yanot....constituent
 * yanota....communal
 * yanotyan....community
 * yan....together
 * Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.
 * yon....apart
 * yanota....communal vs. yonota....private
 * yanxer....to combine vs. yonxer....to separate

Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns

 * Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning.


 * For example, the mnemonic eu pattern from the word for mouth, teud can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning:


 * A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion.


 * Examples:


 * Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long.


 * Examples:


 * The clipped word bil now gives rise to other compounds:


 * bilyig....cheese
 * bilyigem....cheese factory
 * bilyug....butter
 * bilyugyena....butter-like
 * The word mufyeg (Lit: hollow stick) means pipe, reed, cylinder

Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically

 * Words which follow Rule #12 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation.


 * These nuances are obtained by:


 * Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel.


 * These vowels are:


 * a for a and ya
 * e for e and ye
 * i for i and yi
 * o for o and yo
 * u for u and yu


 * Examples:


 * Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of less intensity:


 * Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of greater intensity:


 * Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid l or the further intensifying liquid r:


 * Adding consonants other than l or r as the generic consonant:


 * Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like t, f, s, k, and z are used, eg.:


 * Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa:

Technical Nomenclature

 * The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard.  Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features.

Zoological Nomenclature

 * The names of animals are formed in a systematic way.

Base Names

 * First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with p (mobile) and end with t (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures.


 * The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air (a), water (i), land (e), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild (o), tame, or predatory (y); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below:

Derived Names

 * The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the | Linnaean taxonomy. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name Canidae (canids).  The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin.  Ca in Latin is pronounced ka.  See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad.  In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory.  So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix ka to the base name for domestic land animal pet, yielding kapet (dog).  All other members of the dog family end in pot (feral animal) or pyot (predatory animal).  The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel.  If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, prairie dog (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by ci3xi2ro1pot from  Ro 1dentia Sci 2uridae Cy 3nomys, where pot is the basic animal type wild animal.  All rodents have the taxonomic syllable ro from the Latin "order" taxon Rodentia, while all squirrel names will have the syllable xi from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon  Sci uridae ( xi uriday).  The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family:


 * Ca nidae (dog family) >
 *  ka pet...the common domestic dog (only one species, Canis familiaris)
 *  ka pot...wild dog
 *  ka pyot...predatory dog


 * Species under kapyot are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names:
 * Canis lu pus >  lu kapyot...gray wolf (or just wolf)
 * Canis la trans >  la kapyot...coyote, prairie wolf
 * Canis latrans les tes >  les lakapyot...mountain coyote
 * Canis au rus >  aw kapyot > jackal, golden jackal
 * Canis aurus cur ensis >  kur awkapyot....Indochinese jackal
 * Canis vul pus >  vul kapyot...fox, red fox


 * If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is awkapyot and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from curensis would normally be ku, but it has to be extended to kur because the base begins in a vowel.


 * The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart:


 * Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for Cinnamomum would be cin.
 * The Latin letter j is represented in Mirad with j even though it is pronounced like a y. This is for better recognizability.

Genderized and Other Forms

 * Form the female of an animal by inserting a y before the t of the base adult name:


 * kapet....dog ====> kape y t....bitch
 * vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkapyo y t....vixen


 * Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a w right after the p of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with py in which case the w is inserted just before the t of the base name:


 * ekpet....horse ====> ekp w et....stallion
 * ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbop w et....ram
 * vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkpyo w t....dog fox


 * Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an o after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name:


 * bopet....bovine ====> bopwe o t....ox
 * gafapat....cock ====> gafapwe o t....capon


 * The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing -ud, the stub for tud....child:


 * ekpet....horse ====> ekpet ud ....colt
 * kapet....dog ====> kapet ud ....pup
 * ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopet ud ....lamb


 * The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing -if:


 * kapet....dog ====> kapet if ....puppy
 * fepet....cat ====> fepet if ....kitty


 * The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing -og:


 * supet....pig ====> supet og ....piggy
 * ekpet....horse ====> ekpet og ....pony


 * Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal ekpet....horse can serve as an example:

Animal Sounds

 * The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the t of the base name with d, the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in -der:


 * ekpet....horse ====> ekpeder....to neigh
 * kapet....dog ====> kapeder....to bark
 * pat....bird ====> pader....to tweet, chirp
 * serpyet....snake ====> serpyeder....to hiss


 * A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing -yan or -nyan:


 * lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotyan....a pride of lions
 * ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopetyan....a herd of sheep
 * pit....fish ====> pityan....a school of fish


 * Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final t of the base name with -per....to go:


 * serpyet....snake ====> serpeper....to slither
 * lapet....rabbit ====> lapeper....to hop
 * ekpet....horse ====> ekpeper....to gallop


 * The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in l (a stub for tel, meaning food):


 * supet....pig ====> supel....pork
 * supetyob....hog leg ====> supetyol....ham
 * bopet....steer ====> bopel....beef
 * ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopel....mutton
 * bopetud....calf ====> bopetul....veal
 * appelat....bee ====> appelatil....honey


 * The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing -am....house, -um....cage, etc. to the base name:


 * supet....pig ====> supetam....pigsty
 * gafapayt....chicken ====> gafapaytam....chicken coop
 * lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotam....lion's den
 * kapet....dog ====> kapetam....doghouse
 * forpelt....ant ====> forpeltam....anthill
 * appelat....bee ====> appelatam....bee hive
 * pat....bird ====> patum....birdcage, patsum....nest, patyanam...aviary
 * pot....wild animal ====> potam....lair

Dog Breeds

 * Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to kapet....dog that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site []. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership.


 * The base of the dog breed name is kapet....dog. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants (b, c, d, etc.).  The top or zeroth group is assigned the the ordinal vowel o, so bokepet is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs.  The sections underneath this group change the o....zero to a....one, e....two, etc.  The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with a....one, e....two, etc.  A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized.  If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed.


 * As an example:


 * To get the name for basset hound:
 * Start with the word for dog: kapet.
 * This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is h. This is prefixed to kapet, with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with a for one.  The basset hound is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes ha-.
 * hakapet is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with ha kapet....the dog.).

A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel i.... three is prefixed:
 * ihakapet is a "small-sized scent hound"
 * A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word a.... one is prefixed (with a w buffer vowel when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, Gebaroma is placed in front, separated by a space:
 * Gebaroma awahikapet is a basset hound, a dog breed name owned by Great Britain.


 * Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site.

Group 1 =  b okapet....sheepdogs/cattledogs
 * Section 1 = b a kapet....sheepdogs
 * Belgian only entry = Belima bakapet....Belgian shepherd dog
 * German only entry = Deuma bakapet....German shepherd
 * Section 2 = bekapet....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs
 * Great Britain 2 nd entry = Gebaroma e bekapet....Welsh corgi (Cardigan)

Group 2 =  c okapet....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs
 * Section 1 = c a kapet....pinscher/schnauzer type
 * Section 2 = c e kapet....Molossian type
 * Section 3 = c i kapet....Swiss mountain/cattledogs

Group 3 =  d okapet....terriers
 * Section 1 = d a kapet....large and medium-sized terriers
 * Great Britain 9 th entry = Gebaroma yu dakapet....Welsh terrier
 * Section 2 = d a kapet....small-sized terriers
 * Section 3 = d e kapet....bull type terriers
 * Great Britain 3 rd entry = Gebaroma i dekapet....Staffordshire bull terrier
 * Section 4 = d a kapet....toy terriers

Group 4 =  f okapet.... dachshunds
 * Germany only entry = fakapet....dachshund

Group 5 =  g okapet....spitz and primitive types
 * Section 1 = g a kapet....nordic sledge dogs
 * USA 1 st entry =  a gakapet....Siberian husky
 * Section 2 = g e kapet....nordic hunting dogs
 * Section 3 = g i kapet....nordic watchdogs/herders
 * Section 4 = g u kapet....European spits
 * Section 5 = g yo kapet....Asian spitz and related breeds
 * Section 6 = g ya kapet....primitive types
 * Section 7 = g ye kapet....hunting dogs

Group 6 =  h okapet....scent hounds and related breeds
 * Section 1 = h a kapet....scent hounds
 * Subsection 1. 1 =  a hakapet....large-sized hounds
 * USA 1 st entry = Usoma aw ahakapet....American foxhound
 * Subsection 1. 2 =  e hakapet....medium-sized hounds
 * Great Britain only entry = Gebaroma ehakapet....harrier
 * Subsection 1. 3 =  i hakapet....small-sized hounds
 * Great Britain 1 st entry = Gebaroma aw ihakapet....basset hound
 * Great Britain 2 nd entry = Gebaroma ew ihakapet....beagle

Group 7 =  j okapet....pointing dogs
 * Section 1 = j a kapet....continental pointing dogs
 * Section 2 = j e kapet....British and Irish pointers and setters

Group 8 =  k akapet....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs
 * Section 1 = k a kapet....retrievers
 * Section 2 = k e kapet....flushing dogs
 * Section 3 = k i kapet....water dogs

Group 9 =  l okapet....companion and toy dogs
 * Section 1 = l a kapet....bichons
 * Section 2 = l e kapet....poodles
 * France only entry = Ferama lekapet....poodle
 * Section 3 = l i kapet....small Belgian dogs
 * Section 4 = l u kapet....hairless dogs
 * Section 5 = l yo kapet....Tibetan breeds
 * Tibet 2 nd entry = Ferama e lekapet....shih tzu
 * Section 6 = l ya kapet....Chihuahueno
 * Mexico only entry = Ferama lyakapet....chihuahua
 * Section 7 = l ye kapet....English toy spaniels
 * Section 8 = l yi kapet....Japan Chin and Pekingese
 * Section 9 = l yu kapet....continental toy spaniel and others
 * Section 10 = l alo kapet....Kromforhl&auml;nder
 * Section 10 = l ale kapet....small Molossian type dogs

Group 10 =  m okapet....sight hounds
 * Section 1 = m a kapet....long-haired sighthounds
 * Great Britain 1 st entry = Gebaroma a makapet....greyhound
 * Great Britain 2 nd entry = Gebaroma e makapet....whippet
 * Section 2 = m e kapet....rough-haired sighthounds
 * Section 3 = m i kapet....short-haired sighthounds

Cat Breeds

 * The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See . You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them.  Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat fepet.


 * This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list:

Color Nomenclature

 * The word for color in Mirad is volz, which is mnemonically related to the word for flower (vos). The diminutive of color is voylz, meaning tint, shade, hue.


 * The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub -lza. The last historically-defined divisions of the spectrum are called indigo and violet, but even scientists themselves admit that the human eye does not distinguish these shades very well, and so Mirad divides the last two as purple and pink for convenience.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;"

! 1 - red !!2 - orange !!3 - yellow !!4 - green !! 5 - blue !! 6 - purple !! 7 - pink
 * + Basic Color Words
 * bgcolor="#d30000" |  ||bgcolor="#fc6600"|  ||bgcolor="#fff200"|  ||bgcolor="#3bb143"|  ||bgcolor="#0018f9"|  || bgcolor="#b200ed"| || bgcolor="#fc0fc0"|
 * alza || elza || ilza || ulza || yolza || yalza || yelza
 * }
 * There are four other basic colors:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;"
 * There are four other basic colors:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;"


 * + Other Basic Color Words
 * bgcolor="white"|     || malza....white ||(Associated with man (light)
 * bgcolor="#7c4700"|     || melza....brown ||(Associated with mel (soil)
 * bgcolor="#222021"|     ||molza....black ||(Associated with mon (dark)
 * bgcolor="#828282"|     ||maolza....gray ||(A blend of malza and molza)
 * }
 * Plus:
 * olza....of no color, blank, clear
 * bgcolor="#828282"|     ||maolza....gray ||(A blend of malza and molza)
 * }
 * Plus:
 * olza....of no color, blank, clear


 * All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example:
 * mecirufeb-ulza....lime green from mecirufeb....lime fruit + ulza....green
 * mim-yalza....aquamarine from mim....sea + yalza....blue
 * licirufeb-ilza....lemon yellow from licirufeb....lemon + ilza....yellow
 * salpyit-alza....salmon red
 * magmef-alza....firebrick red
 * mim-yalza....sea blue, aquamarine


 * Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner:
 * A "light" shade by changing lza to ylza: uylza....light green
 * A "-ish" shade by changing lza to lzyena: ulzyena....greenish
 * A "bright" shade by changing lza to lzayna: ulzayna....bright green
 * A "dark" shade by changing lza to lzoyna: ulzoyna....dark green


 * Some in-between colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel:


 * maolza....gray from malza....white and molza....black
 * yaulza....blue-green, cyan from yalza....blue and ulza....green
 * maelza....beige from malza....white and melza....brown


 * Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix -a:


 *  Ulz se via volz..... Green is a beautiful color.
 * At gafe yalzayn .....I prefer dark blue .


 * Colors can also be used to form verbs:
 * Iyta teobi alzasa .....Her cheeks turned red (= blushed) .
 * His se fia teubip malzaxus .....This is a good teeth whitener .
 * Eta teupibi ilzaseye .....Your teeth are yellowing .

Rarely Used Colors

 * The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors expressed in Mirad + -lz. For example, the color golden yellow has the RAL number 1004.  Divided by 10 yields the number 104 (ase, in Mirad), thus, the color is named aselz.  The adjectival form of this color is aselza.  One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40.  For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names.

Skin colors

 * When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix tayo(b)- is used. The final -b of tayob is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for skin-color itself is tayovolz.  Thus:
 * (tayo-)molzat....black(-skinned) person
 * (tayo-)malzat....white(-skinned) person
 * (tayo-)melzat....brown(-skinned) person
 * (tayob)omalzat....non-white(-skinned) person
 * (tayob)omolzat....non-black(-skinned) person
 * (tayob)omelzat....non-brown(-skinned) person
 * (tayob)eymolzat....half-black(skinned) person
 * (tayob)eymalzat....half-white(-skinned) person
 * (tayo-)maolzat....mulatto, mixed-skinned person
 * (tayob)olzat....albino
 * hyetayovolza....of any skin-tone
 * hyatayovolzati....people of all colors
 * Iyt se duhotayovolza?....What skin color is she?

Hair Colors

 * Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, tayeb. The final -b of tayeb is dropped before a consonant or y. The word for hair color is tayevolz.
 * tayebalza....red-headed, auburn
 * tayebalzayt....an auburn female
 * tayemolza....brunette
 * tayemelza....brown-haired
 * tayebiylza....blond
 * tayemaolza....gray, gray-haired
 * It gwa tayemaolzaso.....He will go gray early.
 * Duhotayevolza iyt se?....What color hair is she?

Eye Colors

 * Eye colors are expressed by the prefix tea(b) followed by the color. The word for eye color is teavolz. In the following examples, teab (eye) becomes tea before any consonants or glides:
 * teayolza....blue-eyed
 * teabulza....green-eyed
 * teamelza....brown-eyed
 * teamelzat....brown-eyed person
 * teamolz....a black eye
 * teamalz....the white of the eye
 * Duhoteavolza et se?....What color eyes do you have?

Chemical Nomenclature

 * The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding lk, a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for hydrogen is H.  So we replace that with the word for lowercase h in Mirad: he.  By adding the stub suffix lk, we get helk.


 * Use the the names of the small letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name ca is pronounced cha as in English cha-cha.

Coding Chemical Elements

 * The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed:


 * In chemical compounds, the lk is used only on the last element of the compound.


 * Chemical compounds such as H2O (hydrogen dioxide) are coded in the following manner.


 * The H for hydrogen is rendered as he (without the -lk).
 * The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for two, bi-, en- is prefixed to the h, giving enhe.
 * The word for oxygen, ol is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the lk is suffixed.
 * The English word ends in -ide, which is rendered in Mirad as -iyd, giving enheolkiyd


 * Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below:


 * Given the chemical element sulfur, which has the abbreviation S, the Mirad equivalent for this solid is solk. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are:

Chemical Compound Suffixes

 * Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in -n. : The numeral prefixes 5 and 6 end in -on instead of -n so as to distinguish them from the words yan....together and yon....apart.


 * The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes:


 * Examples:
 * carbon di oxide (C2O)....calk en olkiyd
 * sodium bi carbonate (Na2C)....nialk en calkayt
 * calcium di hydrogen phosphate....caalk en helk polkayt
 * glucose (C6H12O6).... yaon ca alan he yaon olk (or: levelos)
 * methanol (C3HOH)....ca in heohelk
 * Note: the -lk is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings -iyd, -iyt, and -ayt, etc.

Names of Atomic Parts

 * The word for atom in Mirad is gwomulk, which literally is least particle.
 * The main particles in an atom are:
 * vamulk....proton
 * vemulk....neutron
 * vomulk....electron


 * Every atom contains mulki (subatomic particles).


 * The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See Subatomic_particle ).


 * hamulk....hadron
 * mi-hamulk....meson
 * pimi-hamulk....pion
 * kami-hamulk....kaon
 * ba-hamulk....baryon
 * lambda-ba-hamulk....lambda baryon


 * vomulk....proton
 * vemulk....neutron
 * zemulk....nucleon
 * alfamulk'....alpha particle
 * fermimulk....fermion
 * goryumulk....nanoparticle
 * kyiazon mulk....graviton


 * bamulk....boson particle
 * agha-bamulk....higgs particle
 * agwu-bamulk....W boson
 * agzu-bamulk....Z boson
 * gamma-bamulk....photon
 * ge-bamulk....gluon


 * qomulk....quark
 * ba-qomulk....bottom quark
 * ca-qomulk....charm quark
 * da-qomulk....down quark
 * ov-qomulk....antiparticle, antiquark
 * penta-qomulk....penta quark
 * tetra-qomulk....tetra quark
 * to-qomulk....top quark
 * u-qomulk....up quark
 * so-qomulk....strange quark


 * limulk....lepton
 * gamma-limulk....photon (also: manmulk)
 * mu-limulk....muon
 * pi-limulk....pion
 * tau-limulk....tau
 * vu-e-limulk....electron neutrino
 * vu-mu-limulk....muon neutrino
 * vu-tau-limulk....tau neutrino
 * e-limulk....electron (also: vamulk)
 * vamulk....electron


 * The nucleus of an atom is called zemulk. Therefore, zemulka means nuclear.

Musical Instruments

 * The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument (duzar < duz (music) + -ar (instrument). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played.



Voice Ranges

 * Suffix these nouns with -a to make them adjectives, eg.:
 * His se yabdeuzwuta duznod.....This is a tenor note.

Solmization Syllables

 * The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world:

Musical Score Elements

 * The semitone or accidental symbols are:


 * Some staff notation:

Dynamics

 * Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left as is in Mirad.


 * These include:


 * a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo, and others.

Music Genres

 * Some genres and styles of music:

Geographic Placenames

 * As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants.

Countries of the World


Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter m is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.:


 * Example 1:
 * Burundi is translated as follows:
 * The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI.
 * BDI is lowercased to bdi
 * b is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell ba.
 * Since d is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: d.
 * The vowel i is left as is: i
 * m is appended for place: badim
 * The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Badim
 * BDI (Burundi) = Badim.


 * Example 2:
 * Uzbekistan is translated as follows:
 * The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB.
 * UZB is lowercased to uzb
 * u is left as is: u.
 * z is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: zu
 * b is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: ba
 * m is appended for place: uzubam
 * The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Uzubam
 * UZB (Uzbekistan) = Uzubam.


 * The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker a, eg:
 * Feram....France ==> Ferama....French
 * Usom....United States ==> Usoma....American
 * Deum....Germany ==> Deuma....German


 * The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final m of the placename to t (meaning person), eg:
 * Feram....French ==> Ferat....a French person, a Frenchman


 * The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg:
 * Ferat....a French person ==> ha Ferati....the French
 * Etohet....an Ethiopian ==> Etohwat....an Ethiopian male
 * Finit....a Finn ==> Finiyt....a Finnish woman


 * Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: Ferama refers to the country of France, not the language French. French the language is Ferad.

Continents

 * The word for continent in Mirad is yanmel (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word yanmel with vectorial prefixes.


 * The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing -a:
 * Iyanmela....Asian
 * Uyanmela....European


 * By appending -t(i) to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants:
 * Eyanmelat....an African
 * Ayanmelati....North Americans


 * Note:


 * The Americas is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word Aoyanmel (a combination of North and South America).
 * Central America is expressed in Mirad by Ebaoyanmel (Inter-America)
 * The word Usom means United States or USA. The word America by itself is not used in Mirad; only North America or South America. United States of America is expressed by Usom bi Ayanmel (United States of North America), abbreviated as UA.
 * The word Usomati is used for Americans when referring to inhabitants of the U.S.
 * The word Eyanmel-Usomat, or more briefly, Eusomat is used for African American.
 * Latin America is expressed as Liada Oyanmel.
 * A Latino is Liadut.
 * A latinx in the U.S. is called Usoma Liadut.
 * In some geographic systems, Ausom....Australia is considered a continent.


 * The word for island is yonmel (= separate land).

Oceans

 * The Mirad word for ocean is mimag. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word mimag:

Compass Directions and Poles

 * The compass directions (merizoni) and poles (mernodi) are as follows:


 * zamer....north /   zamera....northern  /  zamernod....north pole
 * zomer....south /   zomera....southern  /  zomernod....south pole
 * zimer....east  /   zimera....eastern
 * zumer....west  /   zumera....western


 * The words Yibzamer....Arctic and Yibzomer...Antarctic(a) both use the prefix yib....far.


 * Prefixing the directions with iz-....due- yields:


 * iz zamer....due north
 * iz zomer....due south, etc.


 * Directional words can be hybridized, eg:


 * zaomera....north-south
 * zuimera....east-west
 * zaumera....north-west
 * zaimera....north-east

Earth Grid Lines

 * The earth grid lines (mernadi) are as follows:


 * zamernad....Arctic Circle
 * zomernad....Antarctic Circle
 * zaomernad....longitude
 * zuimernad....latitude
 * zemernad....equator
 * abzemernad....Tropic of Capricorn
 * obzemernad....tropic, Tropic of Cancer
 * yizobzemernad....subtropic
 * eymernad....meridian
 * mamnad....horizon
 * aonada....vertical
 * uinada....horizontal
 * zyenada....perpendicular

Languages of the World

 * Mirad names of languages are based on either:
 * the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or:
 * the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [|Library of Congress ISO639-2 Codes].


 * If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final m or the country name with d. For example, Enigem (England), becomes Eniged (English).  See Countries of the World.


 * If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and d is suffixed to the word.  A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel.  For example, ba + e becomes be.


 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! ISO LANGUAGE NAME !! COUNTRY or ISO CODE !! MIRAD LANGUAGE NAME ...and so on...
 * + Mirad Language Names
 * Abkhazian || abk || Abakid
 * Afar ||  aar || Aarod
 * Afrikaans || Zafem....South Africa  || Zafed
 * Akan ||  aka || Akad (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka)
 * Albanian ||  Alibam....Albania || Alibad
 * Amharic ||  amh || Amihed
 * Arabic ||  ara || Arad
 * Aragonese ||  arg || Aroged
 * Armenian ||  Aromim || Heyud
 * Assamese ||  asm || Asomid
 * Avaric ||  ava || Avad
 * Avestan ||  ave || Aved
 * Aymara ||  aym || Ayumid
 * Azerbaijani ||  Azem....Azerbaijan || Azed
 * Bambara ||  bam || Bamid
 * Bashkir ||  bak || Bakirod
 * Basque ||  baq || Baqod
 * Belarusian ||  Balirom....Belarusia || Balirod
 * Bengali ||  Bagedim....Bangladesh || Bagedid
 * Bislama ||  bis || Bisod
 * Bosnian ||  Bihem....Bosnia || Bihed
 * Breton ||  bre || Bared
 * Bulgarian ||  Bagerom....Bulgaria || Bagerod
 * Burmese ||  Mimirom....Miyanmar || Mimirod
 * }
 * Aymara ||  aym || Ayumid
 * Azerbaijani ||  Azem....Azerbaijan || Azed
 * Bambara ||  bam || Bamid
 * Bashkir ||  bak || Bakirod
 * Basque ||  baq || Baqod
 * Belarusian ||  Balirom....Belarusia || Balirod
 * Bengali ||  Bagedim....Bangladesh || Bagedid
 * Bislama ||  bis || Bisod
 * Bosnian ||  Bihem....Bosnia || Bihed
 * Breton ||  bre || Bared
 * Bulgarian ||  Bagerom....Bulgaria || Bagerod
 * Burmese ||  Mimirom....Miyanmar || Mimirod
 * }
 * Bislama ||  bis || Bisod
 * Bosnian ||  Bihem....Bosnia || Bihed
 * Breton ||  bre || Bared
 * Bulgarian ||  Bagerom....Bulgaria || Bagerod
 * Burmese ||  Mimirom....Miyanmar || Mimirod
 * }
 * Bulgarian ||  Bagerom....Bulgaria || Bagerod
 * Burmese ||  Mimirom....Miyanmar || Mimirod
 * }
 * Burmese ||  Mimirom....Miyanmar || Mimirod
 * }


 * The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing -a, eg:
 * Eniged....(the) English (language) ==> Enigeda....(in the) English (language)
 * Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.....This English language document is incomprehensible.


 * The language names can be verbalized with the addition of -der....to say, -daler....to speak, and -xer....to translate into, eg:
 * Ferad....French ==> Ferader....to say in French
 * Esopod....Spanish ==> Esopodaler....to speak Spanish
 * Arad....Arabic ==> Aradxer....to Arabicize/translate into Arabic
 * Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.....French has many Anglicizations.


 * The speaker of a language is created by adding -ut or -alut, eg:
 * Eniged....English ==> Enigedut (or) Enigedalut....English speaker
 * Duven et Enigedale?....Do you speak English?
 * Aradu hia dun.....Say this word in Arabic.
 * At se Itadut/Itadalut.....I am a speaker of Italian.


 * Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! VARIATION CATEGORY !! EXAMPLE
 * + Language Variants
 * Ajna....Old/Ancient || Ajna Eniged....Old English, Anglo-Saxon
 * Ejoba....Modern || Ejoba Perod....Modern Persian, Farsi
 * Visauna....Classical || Visauna Gerocad....Classical Greek
 * Vyirina....Puristic || Vyirina Gerocad....Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)
 * Tyoda....Vulgar/Popular/Demotic || Tyoda Latod....Vulgar Latin Tyoda Gerocad....Demotic Greek
 * Fyaxela....Liturgical || Fyaxela Hebad....Liturgical Hebrew
 * Fyadyesa....Biblical || Fyadyesa Hebad....Biblical Hebrew
 * Egona....Standard || Ejoba Egona Arad....Modern Standard Arabic
 * Egema....Egyptian || Egema Arad....Egyptian Arabic
 * Usoma....American || Usoma Eniged....American English
 * }
 * Fyaxela....Liturgical || Fyaxela Hebad....Liturgical Hebrew
 * Fyadyesa....Biblical || Fyadyesa Hebad....Biblical Hebrew
 * Egona....Standard || Ejoba Egona Arad....Modern Standard Arabic
 * Egema....Egyptian || Egema Arad....Egyptian Arabic
 * Usoma....American || Usoma Eniged....American English
 * }
 * Egema....Egyptian || Egema Arad....Egyptian Arabic
 * Usoma....American || Usoma Eniged....American English
 * }
 * }


 * There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself.
 * Mirad....Mirad (Mir....world)
 * Meurad....Martian (Meur...Mars)


 * Celtic, which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called Celid in Mirad.
 * Indo-European, with the code "ine", translates to Inied in Mirad.

Cities and Their Residents

 * Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in -a or -yena.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! CITY !! ADJECTIVE !! INHABITANT
 * + Cities and Their Residents
 * Paris....Paris || Paris yena ....Parisian || Paris at ....Parisian
 * Ejna York....New York || Ejna York a ....of New York || Ejna York at ....New Yorker
 * Rom....Rome || Rom a ....Roman || Rom at ....Roman
 * Beijing....Beijing || Beijing a ....of Beijing || Beijing at ....resident of Beijing
 * Berlin....Berlin || Berlin a ....from Berlin || Berlin at ....Berliner
 * }
 * Examples:
 * Beijing....Beijing || Beijing a ....of Beijing || Beijing at ....resident of Beijing
 * Berlin....Berlin || Berlin a ....from Berlin || Berlin at ....Berliner
 * }
 * Examples:
 * Examples:


 * Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.....Berlin citizens are called Berliners.
 * Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.....Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.

Playing Cards Notation

 * The playing card suits and prime denominations are:


 * Some useful terms:
 * eker drafi....to play cards
 * zyabuer ha drafi....to deal the card
 * ebnapxer ha drafi....to shuffle the cards
 * goler ha nyan....to cut the deck
 * ujber....to fold
 * durer....to bid
 * lokoxer draf....to turn over a card
 * lokoxer ota tuyab....to show one's hand
 * abnabxer....to trump
 * ekdrafnyan....deck of cards
 * nab....suit
 * joper nab...to follow suit
 * kyesdraft....wild card
 * abnaba draf....trump card
 * ha yannas....the pot
 * ha nax....the ante
 * yaber ha nax....to up/raise the ante

Chess Piece Nomenclature

 * The game of chess is called xahifek in Mirad.
 * The chess pieces (xahifek gouni) are as follows:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! IMAGE
 * + Chess Piece Names
 * edweb || king || Chess_klt45.svg
 * edeyb || queen || Chess_qlt45.svg
 * efyaxeb || bishop || Chess_blt45.svg
 * apetaput || knight || Chess_nlt45.svg
 * tamaz || rook || Chess_rlt45.svg
 * melyexut || pawn || Chess_plt45.svg
 * }
 * Some chess terms:
 * to checkmate....xahtojber
 * Check!....Xah!
 * Checkmate!....xahtoj!
 * chess board....xahifek seym, xahifek drof
 * to move a piece....paxer goun
 * to capture a piece....pixler goun
 * chess clock....xahifek jwobar
 * chess set....xahifek gounyan
 * chess tournament....xahifekanyan
 * chess player....xehifekut
 * my turn....ata nayb
 * score....aoksag
 * world champion....miraklut
 * chess set....xahifek gounyan
 * chess tournament....xahifekanyan
 * chess player....xehifekut
 * my turn....ata nayb
 * score....aoksag
 * world champion....miraklut

Botanical Nomenclature

 * The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the |international Linnaean taxonomy.

Base Names

 * So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words:
 * fab....trees
 * feb....fruits and nuts
 * fayb....vines and shrubs
 * feyb....berries
 * vob....crops
 * vol....vegetables
 * veel....legumes and beans
 * vos....flowers

Specific Names

 * To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, pine tree is rendered as pifab.  The pi prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees  Pi naceae.  To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. cedar tree is  ce pifab from Pianaceae Ce drus.  A cedar of Lebanon is  li cepifab from the more specific Pinaceae Cedrus li bani.



Product Names

 * Products derived from plants are formed with the following words:
 * -fel....juice
 * -feel....-ade
 * -feyl....juice
 * -fil....alcoholic drink
 * -fyel....oil/jam/syrup
 * -fyeyl....jelly
 * -fol....grounds/powder
 * -fayel....leaf juice


 * Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section Zoological Nomenclature. For example, an apple is from the Ro saceae family of trees, the genus being  Ma lus.  So the word for apple becomes marofeb.  Apple tree is marofab and apple juice is marofel.

Crops

 * Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base vob with taxonomic syllables.




 * The base words of this group are:


 * -vob....crop
 * -vab....grass
 * -vayeb....leaf
 * -veb....ear, cob, head, spike, tuft
 * -veeb....seed, germ
 * -veel....bean, legume
 * -veeyb....grain, kernel, pip
 * -vib....stem
 * -vub....blade, sprig, twig
 * -vyob....tuber
 * -vel....edible product
 * -vil....drinkable product, beer
 * -vyel....syrup
 * -vol....vegetable


 * From the above base words are derived these products, among others:


 * sakol....sugar < sakvob....sugarcane
 * povel....bread < povob....cereal
 * zepovyel....corn syrup, corn oil < zepovob....corn
 * zepovil....whiskey, bourbon
 * sepovil....rye whiskey < zepovob....rye
 * povil....beer
 * epovil....ale
 * avpovob mekil....oatmeal < avpovob....oat
 * orpovob zyiglal....rice cake < orpovob....rice
 * mekuvol....melon

Vegetables and Legumes

 * Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base vol (vegetable) or veel (legume, bean) with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy.  Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks.



Flower Parts

 * Flower names are built on the base name vos, meaning flower. First, here is a list of flower parts:

Flower Names

 * Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base vos that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples:


 *  som pavos....opium poppy ( Pa paver som niferum)
 *  mag vos....magnolia ( Mag noliaceae Magnolia)
 *  or vos....orchid ( Or chidaceae Orchis)
 *  krokir vos....crocus ( Ir idaceae Cro cus)


 * For a fuller list, see the section Flower Words.

Computer Terminology

 * This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges.

Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology

 * This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages.

Medical Diseases

 * Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg.
 * balyoganbok....asthma (lit: shortness of breath illness)
 * tiebbok....pneumonia (lit: lung illness)
 * teibbok....rhinitis (lit: nose illness)
 * tayibblok....neuropathy (lit: nerve suffering)
 * tebbyoyk....headache (lit: head ache)
 * teibzyegikanbok....osteoporosis (lit: bone porosity illness)

Pharmaceuticals

 * Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized.
 * aspirin....aspirin
 * Ibupropen....Ibupropen


 * Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose:
 * bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol....analgesic, painkiller (Lit: pain reliever)
 * tikebilokxol....emetic (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance)


 * Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see |International Nonproprietary Names). For example, phenobarbital.  In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! GRECO-ROMAN SPELLING !! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
 * + INN names pronunciation
 * ch || k
 * ph || f
 * x || ks
 * y || i
 * qu || kw
 * rh || r
 * th || t
 * ae || ay
 * oe || oy
 * c before i, e, or y || c
 * c otherwise || k
 * final e || silent
 * double consonant || single consonant
 * }
 * Examples:
 * acetaminophen....a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN
 * amphetamine....am-fe-ta-MIN
 * trimethroprim....tri-me-tro-PRIM
 * sulfamethoxazole....sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL
 * oxacillin....o-ksa-si-LIN
 * c otherwise || k
 * final e || silent
 * double consonant || single consonant
 * }
 * Examples:
 * acetaminophen....a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN
 * amphetamine....am-fe-ta-MIN
 * trimethroprim....tri-me-tro-PRIM
 * sulfamethoxazole....sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL
 * oxacillin....o-ksa-si-LIN
 * trimethroprim....tri-me-tro-PRIM
 * sulfamethoxazole....sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL
 * oxacillin....o-ksa-si-LIN

Common Crystals

 * The common crystals end in -mez and are listed here:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Names of Common Crystals
 * mez || crystal
 * amez || diamond
 * emez || topaz
 * imez || ruby
 * umez || emerald
 * yomez || sapphire
 * yamez || lapis lazuli
 * yemez || amethyst
 * yimez || amber
 * yumez || topaz
 * alomez || opal
 * alamez || tourmaline
 * alemez || garnet
 * alimez || zirconia
 * alumez || jasper
 * alyomez || jade
 * alyamez || marganite
 * alyemez || quartz
 * }
 * yumez || topaz
 * alomez || opal
 * alamez || tourmaline
 * alemez || garnet
 * alimez || zirconia
 * alumez || jasper
 * alyomez || jade
 * alyamez || marganite
 * alyemez || quartz
 * }
 * alumez || jasper
 * alyomez || jade
 * alyamez || marganite
 * alyemez || quartz
 * }
 * alyemez || quartz
 * }
 * }

Other Minerals

 * All other minerals end in -muk with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings.  For example:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! ENGLISH!! IMA SYMBOL !! MIRAD SPELLINGS !! MIRAD NAME
 * + Some Mineral Names
 * argyrodyte || Agy || a-ge-yu || ageyumuk
 * brochantyte || Bct || ba-ca-to || bacatomuk
 * chromite || Chr || ca-he-ro || caheromuk
 * }
 * chromite || Chr || ca-he-ro || caheromuk
 * }
 * }


 * There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.:


 * Lemmleinite-K (Lem-k) is liemikomuk in Mirad.

Rock Classification

 * The naming of individual rock types is based on the [| BGS Rock Classification Scheme].
 * All rocks end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type:
 * ameg....sedimentary rock
 * emeg....igneous rock
 * imag....metamorphic rock


 * The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final e is dropped from names that end in yte or ite.  For example, trachydacite in the scheme becomes trachydacit in Mirad.  This word is then followed by one of the rock types above (emeg igneous rock).  So trachydacite becomes trachydacitemeg in Mirad.  For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary.


 * The word meg rock has some common subordinal elements:
 * meag....marble
 * meeg....slate
 * meig....granite
 * meug....clay, dough
 * meyog....china
 * meyag....chalk
 * meyeg....limestone
 * meyig....alabaster
 * meyug....gypsum
 * mealog....sandstone, stoneware


 * There is also:
 * megag....boulder
 * megog....stone
 * yanmeg....cement
 * megyog....gravel
 * mameg....coal
 * maameg....anthracite
 * eymameg....coke
 * maemeg....peat
 * maimeg....lignite
 * mieg....pebble


 * Related are:
 * mek....dust
 * miek....sand
 * myek....powder
 * muk....mineral
 * meil....mud
 * mez....gem, crystal
 * muz....ore

Measurements

 * Mirad uses the International System of Units (SI)) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet.  Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big).  Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names (alpha, gamma, etc.) preceded with the word ag- if majuscule (aggamma for &gamma;)  The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ohm (Ω) is agomega.  All metric units end in the word nak.

SI Base Units

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

!ENGLISH UNIT NAME !SYMBOLIC ABBREVIATION !QUANTITY UNIT !MIRAD PRONUNCIATION !second !meter !kilogram !ampere !kelvin !Mole !candela
 * + SI base units
 * style="text-align:center" |s
 * time
 * style="text-align:center" |sonak
 * style="text-align:center" |m
 * length
 * style="text-align:center" |minak
 * style="text-align:center" |kg
 * mass
 * style="text-align:center" |kigenak
 * style="text-align:center" |A
 * electric current
 * style="text-align:center" |aganak
 * style="text-align:center" |K
 * thermodynamic temperature
 * style="text-align:center" |agkinak
 * style="text-align:center" |mol
 * amount of substance
 * style="text-align:center" |miolinak
 * style="text-align:center" |cd
 * luminous intensity
 * style="text-align:center" |cadanak
 * }

SI Derived Units

 * Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! ENGLISH NAME ! SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION ! QUANTITY UNIT ! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
 * + SI derived units with special names and symbols
 * radian
 * align="center" | rad
 * plane angle
 * align="center" |roadanak
 * steradian
 * align="center" | sr
 * solid angle
 * align="center" |soronak
 * hertz
 * align="center" | Hz
 * frequency
 * align="center" |aghezunak
 * newton
 * align="center" | N
 * force, weight
 * align="center" |agninak
 * pascal
 * align="center" | Pa
 * pressure, stress
 * align="center" | agpoanak
 * joule
 * align="center" | J
 * energy
 * align="center" | agjinak
 * watt
 * align="center" | W
 * power
 * align="center" | agwunak
 * coulomb
 * align="center" | C
 * electric charge
 * align="center" |agcanak
 * volt
 * align="center" | V
 * electrical potential difference
 * align="center" | agvunak
 * farad
 * align="center" | F
 * capacitance
 * align="center" | agfenak
 * ohm
 * align="center" | Ω
 * electrical resistance
 * align="center" | agomeganak
 * Siemens
 * align="center" | S
 * electrical conductance
 * align="center" | agsonak
 * Weber
 * align="center" | Wb
 * magnetic flux
 * align="center" | agwubanak
 * tesla
 * align="center" | T
 * magnetic flux density
 * align="center" | agtonak
 * henry
 * align="center" | H
 * inductance
 * align="center" | aghenak
 * degree Celsius
 * align="center" | °C
 * temperature
 * align="center" | nogagcanak
 * lumen
 * align="center" | lm
 * luminous flux
 * align="center" | liminak
 * lux
 * align="center" | lx
 * illuminance
 * align="center" | lixunak
 * becquerel
 * align="center" | Bq
 * radioactivity
 * align="center" | agbakonak
 * gray
 * align="center" | Gy
 * absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)
 * align="center" | aggeyunak
 * sievert
 * align="center" | Sv
 * equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)
 * align="center" | agsovunak
 * katal
 * align="center" | kat
 * catalytic activity
 * align="center" | kiatonak
 * byte
 * align="center" | B
 * 8 bits of information
 * align="center" | agbanak
 * bit
 * align="center" | b
 * one bit of information
 * align="center" | banak
 * }
 * Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:
 * absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)
 * align="center" | aggeyunak
 * sievert
 * align="center" | Sv
 * equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)
 * align="center" | agsovunak
 * katal
 * align="center" | kat
 * catalytic activity
 * align="center" | kiatonak
 * byte
 * align="center" | B
 * 8 bits of information
 * align="center" | agbanak
 * bit
 * align="center" | b
 * one bit of information
 * align="center" | banak
 * }
 * Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:
 * one bit of information
 * align="center" | banak
 * }
 * Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:

Convenient Non-SI Units

 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! ENGLISH NAME ! SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION ! QUANTITY UNIT ! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
 * + Convenient non-SI units
 * litre
 * align="center" | L
 * volume
 * align="center" |aglinak
 * hectare
 * align="center" | ha
 * area
 * align="center" |heabak
 * ton
 * align="center" | t
 * area
 * align="center" |tonak
 * decibel
 * align="center" | dB
 * loudness
 * align="center" |daagbanak
 * }
 * align="center" | dB
 * loudness
 * align="center" |daagbanak
 * }

Metrical Formulae

 * The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol.  The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal.  The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number).  The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number).  See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! NAME ! SYMBOLIC FORMULA ! DERIVED QUANTITY ! TYPICAL SYMBOL ! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
 * + Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units
 * square meter
 * align="center" | m2
 * area
 * align="center" |$A$
 * align="center" | mi-gar-ewa
 * cubic meter
 * align="center" | m3
 * volume
 * align="center" | $V$
 * align="center" | mi-gar-iwa
 * meter per second
 * align="center" | m/s
 * speed, velocity
 * align="center" | $v$
 * align="center" | mi-gol-so
 * meter per second squared
 * align="center" | m/s2
 * acceleration
 * align="center" | $a$
 * align="center" | mi-gol-so-gar-ewa
 * rowspan=2| reciprocal meter
 * rowspan=2 align="center" | m−1
 * wavenumber
 * align="center" | $σ$, $ṽ$
 * align="center" | mi-gor-awa
 * vergence (optics)
 * align="center" | $V$, 1/$f$
 * kilogram per cubic meter
 * align="center" | kg/m3
 * density
 * align="center" | $ρ$
 * align="center" | kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa
 * kilogram per square meter
 * align="center" | kg/m2
 * surface density
 * align="center" | $ρ$A
 * align="center" | kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa
 * cubic meter per kilogram
 * align="center" | m3/kg
 * specific volume
 * align="center" | $v$
 * align="center" | mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige
 * ampere per square meter
 * align="center" | A/m2
 * current density
 * align="center" | $j$
 * align="center" | aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa
 * Amperes per meter|ampere per meter
 * align="center" | A/m
 * magnetic field strength
 * align="center" | $H$
 * align="center" | aga-gol-mi
 * mole per cubic meter
 * align="center" | mol/m3
 * concentration
 * align="center" |$c$
 * align="center" | mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa
 * kilogram per cubic meter
 * align="center" | kg/m3
 * Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration
 * align="center" | $ρ$, $γ$
 * align="center" | kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa
 * candela per square meter
 * align="center" | cd/m2
 * luminance
 * align="center" | $L$v
 * align="center" | cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa
 * }
 * align="center" | mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa
 * kilogram per cubic meter
 * align="center" | kg/m3
 * Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration
 * align="center" | ᙭᙭᙭, ᙭᙭᙭
 * align="center" | kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa
 * candela per square meter
 * align="center" | cd/m2
 * luminance
 * align="center" | ᙭᙭᙭v
 * align="center" | cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa
 * }
 * align="center" | cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa
 * }

Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes

 * The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit).  The SI symbol for b (byte) is pronounced ba in Mirad.  A terabyte ( Tb) is therefore pronounced ag-to-ba, which  This amounts 1012 bytes.  Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! colspan=4 | MACRO !! colspan=4 | MICRO ! BASE 10!! US/UK NAME!!MIRAD PREFIX SI PREFIX MIRAD PRON. !!SI SYMBOL !! BASE 10 !! (US/UK NAME) !! MIRAD PREFIX SI PREFIX !! SI SYMBOL MIRAD PRON.
 * + Scalar Metrics
 * 1 || one || an- ... mono-, uni- || ||1/1 ||whole || ayn- holo-, uni- ||
 * 2 ||two || en- bi- || || 1/2 ||half||eyn- demi-, di-||
 * 3 ||three || in- tri- || || 1/3 ||third ||iyn- terci-||
 * 4 ||four || un- tetra- || || 1/4 ||fourth || uyn- quadri-||
 * 5 ||five || yoon- penta- || || 1/5 ||fifth ||yoyn quinti-||
 * 6 ||six || yaon- hexa- || || 1/6 ||sixth ||yayn sexti-||
 * 7 ||seven || yeon- hepta- || || 1/7 ||seventh || yeyn septi-||
 * 8 ||eight || yion octo- || || 1/8 ||eighth || yiyn octi-||
 * 9 ||nine || yuon nona- || || 1/9 ||ninth || yuyn novi-||
 * 10 ||ten || alo- deca- || da da-a- || 1/10 ||tenth || aloy- deci-|| d da-
 * 102 ||hundred || aso- hexa- || h hi- || 10-2 ||hundredth || asoy- centi-|| c ca-
 * 103 ||thousand || amso- kilo- ||k ki- || 10-3 ||thousandth)|| amsoy- milli-|| m mi-
 * 106 ||million || amlo- mega- || M agmi- || 10-6 ||millionth || amloy- micro-|| r ro-
 * 109 ||billion /milliard || amro- giga- || G agge- || 10-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || amroy- nano-|| n ni-
 * 1012 ||trillion /billion || garale- tera- || T agto- || 10-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| gorale- pico-|| p po-
 * 1015 ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| garalyo- peta- || P agpo-||10-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || goralyo- femto-||f fe-
 * 1018 ||quintillion / trillion || garalyu- exa- || E age-||10-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || goralyu atto-||a a-
 * 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela- zetta- || Z agzu-||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorela zepto-||z zu-
 * 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu- yotta- ||  Y agyu ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| gorelu yocto-||y yu-
 * }
 * 102 ||hundred || aso- hexa- || h hi- || 10-2 ||hundredth || asoy- centi-|| c ca-
 * 103 ||thousand || amso- kilo- ||k ki- || 10-3 ||thousandth)|| amsoy- milli-|| m mi-
 * 106 ||million || amlo- mega- || M agmi- || 10-6 ||millionth || amloy- micro-|| r ro-
 * 109 ||billion /milliard || amro- giga- || G agge- || 10-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || amroy- nano-|| n ni-
 * 1012 ||trillion /billion || garale- tera- || T agto- || 10-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| gorale- pico-|| p po-
 * 1015 ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| garalyo- peta- || P agpo-||10-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || goralyo- femto-||f fe-
 * 1018 ||quintillion / trillion || garalyu- exa- || E age-||10-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || goralyu atto-||a a-
 * 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela- zetta- || Z agzu-||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorela zepto-||z zu-
 * 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu- yotta- ||  Y agyu ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| gorelu yocto-||y yu-
 * }
 * 1015 ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| garalyo- peta- || P agpo-||10-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || goralyo- femto-||f fe-
 * 1018 ||quintillion / trillion || garalyu- exa- || E age-||10-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || goralyu atto-||a a-
 * 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela- zetta- || Z agzu-||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorela zepto-||z zu-
 * 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu- yotta- ||  Y agyu ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| gorelu yocto-||y yu-
 * }
 * 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela- zetta- || Z agzu-||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorela zepto-||z zu-
 * 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu- yotta- ||  Y agyu ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| gorelu yocto-||y yu-
 * }
 * }


 * *Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (109) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power).  The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6.  The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.

Abbreviated Symbols

 * The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-.  Here is a table showing grams:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO ! SYMBOL (EXPANSION) !! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION !! SYMBOL (EXPANSION) !! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
 * + Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols
 * dag (decagram)|| daage || dg |(decigram)||dage
 * hg (hexagram)|| hege || cg (centigram)||cage
 * kg (kilogram) || koge || mg (milligram) ||mige
 * Mg (megagram)|| agmige ||rg or μg (microgram)|| roge or helmuge
 * Gg (gigagram)|| aggege || ng (nanogram)|| nige
 * Tg (teragram)|| agtoge || pg (picagram)|| poge
 * Pg ( petagram)|| agpoge || fg (femtogram)|| fege
 * Eg (exagram)|| agege || ag (attogram)|| age
 * Zg (zettagram)|| agzege || zg (zeptogram) || zege
 * Yg (yottagram)|| agyuge || yg (yoctogram) || yuge
 * }
 * Tg (teragram)|| agtoge || pg (picagram)|| poge
 * Pg ( petagram)|| agpoge || fg (femtogram)|| fege
 * Eg (exagram)|| agege || ag (attogram)|| age
 * Zg (zettagram)|| agzege || zg (zeptogram) || zege
 * Yg (yottagram)|| agyuge || yg (yoctogram) || yuge
 * }
 * Zg (zettagram)|| agzege || zg (zeptogram) || zege
 * Yg (yottagram)|| agyuge || yg (yoctogram) || yuge
 * }
 * }


 * The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar ewa (squared) and gar iwa (cubed), respectively:
 * 10 kg2....(pronounced as:) alo koge gar ewa
 * 12 mm3....(pronounced as:) ale mimi gar iwa

Trigonometric Nomenclature

 * This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by -naz (value).


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! Function (Symbol) !! Mirad Technical Name !! Mirad Ordinary Name
 * + Trigonometry Functions
 * sine (sin) || soini-naz || uznaz
 * cosine (cos) || caoso-naz || yanuznaz
 * arccosine (arccos, cos-1) anticosine inverse cosine|| arocacaoso-naz || ovuznaz
 * hyperbolic sine (sinh) || soinihe-naz|| enuza uznaz
 * hyperbolic cosine (cosh) || caosohe-naz || enuza yanuznaz
 * secant (sec) || soeca-naz || golus naz
 * cosecant (csc) || casoca-naz || yangolus naz
 * arccosecant (arccsc) || arocacasoca-naz || enuza yangolus naz
 * }
 * hyperbolic cosine (cosh) || caosohe-naz || enuza yanuznaz
 * secant (sec) || soeca-naz || golus naz
 * cosecant (csc) || casoca-naz || yangolus naz
 * arccosecant (arccsc) || arocacasoca-naz || enuza yangolus naz
 * }
 * arccosecant (arccsc) || arocacasoca-naz || enuza yangolus naz
 * }
 * }

Forming Adjectives

 * You can form an adjective by adding the suffix a to a substantive, adverb, or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized.


 * Examples:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! NOUN !! ADJECTIVE ! PRONOUN !! ADJECTIVE ! GERUND !! ADJECTIVE ! VERB FORM !! ADJECTIVE (= PARTICIPLE)
 * + Deriving Adjectives
 * taam....home || taama....domestic
 * doob....nation || dooba....national
 * tej....life || teja....vital
 * tyoyapyaf....ability to walk || tyoyapyafa....ambulatory
 * martun....astronomy || martuna....astronomical
 * tej....life || teja....vital
 * tyoyapyaf....ability to walk || tyoyapyafa....ambulatory
 * martun....astronomy || martuna....astronomical
 * martun....astronomy || martuna....astronomical
 * martun....astronomy || martuna....astronomical
 * at....I, me || ata....my
 * eut....yourself || euta....your own
 * hiyen....this kind || hiyena....this kind of
 * duhot?....who? || duhota?....whose?
 * hiyen....this kind || hiyena....this kind of
 * duhot?....who? || duhota?....whose?
 * duhot?....who? || duhota?....whose?
 * duhot?....who? || duhota?....whose?
 * ifeken....recreation || ifekena....recreational
 * ifeken....recreation || ifekena....recreational
 * teje....(he) lives || tejea....living
 * tojo....will die || tojoa....moribund, about to die
 * tojbu....would kill || tojbua....lethal
 * twa....was known || twaa....known (usu. shortened to twa)
 * }
 * tojbu....would kill || tojbua....lethal
 * twa....was known || twaa....known (usu. shortened to twa)
 * }
 * }

Adjectival Suffixes

 * Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just a.


 * Examples:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! NOUN !! ADJECTIVE ! rowspan=3|-ava !!rowspan=3| pro-, for !! !! ! rowspan=3|-ova !!rowspan=3| anti-, against !! !! ! rowspan=5|-aya !!rowspan=5| full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly !! !! ! rowspan=3|-oya !!rowspan=3| bereft of, -less, un- !! !! ! rowspan=2|-ika !!rowspan=2| full of, -ous, -ful, -y !! !! ! rowspan=2|-uka !!rowspan=2| bereft of, without, -less !! !! ! rowspan=4|-yena !! rowspan=4|-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al !! !! ! rowspan=5|-wa or -awa !! rowspan=5|-ed, past passive participle (added to verb stem) !! VERB STEM !! PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE ! rowspan=4|-ea !!rowspan=4| -ing (added to verb stem) !! VERB STEM !! PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE ! rowspan=5|-yea !!rowspan=5| -ive, prone to Xing, given to X (added to verb stem) !! VERB STEM !! PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE ! rowspan=5|-uwa !!rowspan=5| -able, apt to be Xed (added to verb stem) !! VERB STEM !! POTENTIAL PASSIVE PARTICIPLE ! rowspan=3|-yafa !!rowspan=3| -able, capable of Xing (added to verb stem) !! VERB STEM !! POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED ! rowspan=5|-yafwa !!rowspan=5| -able, possible to be Xed (added to verb stem) !! VERB STEM !! POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED ! rowspan=5|-yofa !!rowspan=5| incapable of Xing (added to verb stem) !! VERB STEM !! NEGATIVE POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED ! rowspan=5|-yofwa !!rowspan=5| un-X-able (added to verb stem) !! VERB STEM !! NEGATIVE POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED ! rowspan=6|-ifa !!rowspan=6| fond of, -phile !! NOUN STEM !! ADJECTIVE ! rowspan=4|-ufa !!rowspan=4| adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic !! NOUN STEM !! ADJECTIVE ! rowspan=5|-ef(w)a !!rowspan=5|needful of, (necessary to be X-ed) !! NOUN OR VERB STEM !! ADJECTIVE ! rowspan=4|-yef(w)a !!rowspan=4| worthy of, due to be (deserving of being X-ed) !! NOUN OR VERB STEM !! ADJECTIVE ! rowspan=3|-yuk(w)a !!rowspan=3| easy to, (easily X-ed) !! VERB STEM !! ADJECTIVE ! rowspan=3|-yik(w)a !!rowspan=3| hard to, (hard of X-ing) !! VERB STEM !! ADJECTIVE
 * + Deriving Other Adjectives
 * Usom U.S. || Usomava pro-U.S.
 * yuvrin slavery || yuvrinava pro-slavery
 * yuvrin slavery || yuvrinava pro-slavery
 * yuvrin slavery || yuvrinava pro-slavery
 * dobvyabyan constitution || dovyabyanova anti-constitutional
 * dota social || dotova anti-social
 * dota social || dotova anti-social
 * dota social || dotova anti-social
 * volz color || volzaya colorful
 * futax resentment || futaxaya resentful
 * tiibil blood || tiibilaya bloody
 * yiflan courage || yiflanaya courageous
 * tiibil blood || tiibilaya bloody
 * yiflan courage || yiflanaya courageous
 * yiflan courage || yiflanaya courageous
 * yiflan courage || yiflanaya courageous
 * volz color || volzoya colorless, pale
 * tajyaf talent || tajyafoya untalented
 * tajyaf talent || tajyafoya untalented
 * tajyaf talent || tajyafoya untalented
 * map wind || mapika windy
 * map wind || mapika windy
 * nas money || nasuka broke, penniless
 * nas money || nasuka broke, penniless
 * tudet child || tudetyena childish, infantile
 * tot god || totyena divine, godly
 * pit fish || pityena fish-like, fishy
 * tot god || totyena divine, godly
 * pit fish || pityena fish-like, fishy
 * pit fish || pityena fish-like, fishy
 * t- know || twa known
 * dal- speak || dalwa spoken, oral
 * nixbu- sell || nixbuwa sold
 * dr- write || drawa written
 * nixbu- sell || nixbuwa sold
 * dr- write || drawa written
 * dr- write || drawa written
 * dr- write || drawa written
 * ot- not know || otea ignorant
 * tej- live || tejea living, alive
 * tuj- die || tujea dying
 * tej- live || tejea living, alive
 * tuj- die || tujea dying
 * tuj- die || tujea dying
 * tujb- kill || tujbyea murderous
 * tex- think || texyea pensive, thoughtful
 * tox- forget || toxyea forgetful
 * axl- act || axlyea active
 * tox- forget || toxyea forgetful
 * axl- act || axlyea active
 * axl- act || axlyea active
 * axl- act || axlyea active
 * ex- operate || exuwa operable
 * tos feel || tosuwa palpable
 * tex- think || texuwa conceivable
 * tel- eat || teluwa edible
 * tex- think || texuwa conceivable
 * tel- eat || teluwa edible
 * tel- eat || teluwa edible
 * tel- eat || teluwa edible
 * teat- see || teatyafa sightful, able to see
 * dyed- read || dyedyafa literate
 * dyed- read || dyedyafa literate
 * dyed- read || dyedyafa literate
 * teat- see || teatyafwa visible
 * tax- remember || taxyafwa memorable
 * teet- hear || teetyafwa audible
 * tel- eat || telyafwa edible
 * teet- hear || teetyafwa audible
 * tel- eat || telyafwa edible
 * tel- eat || telyafwa edible
 * tel- eat || telyafwa edible
 * teat- see || teatyofa blind
 * tyoyap- walk || tyoyapyofa lame
 * teet- hear || teetyofa deaf
 * dal- speak || dalyofa dumb, incapable of speaking
 * teet- hear || teetyofa deaf
 * dal- speak || dalyofa dumb, incapable of speaking
 * dal- speak || dalyofa dumb, incapable of speaking
 * dal- speak || dalyofa dumb, incapable of speaking
 * teat- see || teatyofwa invisible
 * teet- hear || teetyofa inaudible
 * tox- forget || toxyofa unforgetable
 * dal- speak || dalyofa unspeakable
 * tox- forget || toxyofa unforgetable
 * dal- speak || dalyofa unspeakable
 * dal- speak || dalyofa unspeakable
 * dal- speak || dalyofa unspeakable
 * pot animal || potifa pet-friendly
 * hyitoob- same-gender || hyitoobifa homophile
 * tobot child || tobotifa pedophile
 * fitel food || fitelifa gourmand
 * doob nation || doobifa patriotic
 * tobot child || tobotifa pedophile
 * fitel food || fitelifa gourmand
 * doob nation || doobifa patriotic
 * doob nation || doobifa patriotic
 * doob nation || doobifa patriotic
 * tob human || tobufa misanthropic
 * hyut- other person || hyutufa xenophobic
 * toyb- woman || toybufa misogynist
 * hyut- other person || hyutufa xenophobic
 * toyb- woman || toybufa misogynist
 * toyb- woman || toybufa misogynist
 * til drink || tilefa thirsty
 * tel food || telefa hungry
 * nas money || nasefa poor, needy
 * yelb- to oil || yelbefwa squeaky, in need of oil
 * nas money || nasefa poor, needy
 * yelb- to oil || yelbefwa squeaky, in need of oil
 * yelb- to oil || yelbefwa squeaky, in need of oil
 * yelb- to oil || yelbefwa squeaky, in need of oil
 * fid praise || fidyefa praiseworthy
 * dud answer || dudyefa responsible
 * tax- remember || taxyefwa memorable
 * dud answer || dudyefa responsible
 * tax- remember || taxyefwa memorable
 * tax- remember || taxyefwa memorable
 * vatex- believe || vatexyuka gullible
 * vatex- believe || vatexyukwa incredible, hard to believe
 * vatex- believe || vatexyukwa incredible, hard to believe
 * vatex- believe || vatexyukwa incredible, hard to believe
 * teat- see || teatyikwa opaque
 * teet- hear || teetyika hard of hearing
 * }
 * teet- hear || teetyika hard of hearing
 * }

Negating the Meaning of Adjectives

 * The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix o-.


 * Examples:


 * vlea....probable →  o vlea....improbable
 * fika....perfect →  o fika....imperfect
 * twa....known →  o twa....unknown
 * bosa....quiet →  o bosa....upset, unquiet


 * Note: Occasionally, the prefix lo- is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case:


 * fwa....wanted
 * →  o fwa....prohibited < ofer....to prohibit
 * →  yo fwa....impossible < yofer....to be unable
 * →  lo fwa....unwanted < fer....to want (disambiguated)


 * The prefixes lyo- and ov are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective:


 * data....friendly
 * odata....unfriendly
 * ovdata....hostile
 * lyodata....inimical


 * dota....social
 * odota....unsocial
 * ovdota....antisocial
 * lyodota....savage

Table of Adjective Prefixes

 * As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable collapsable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD PREFIX !! ENGLISH PREFIX !! ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES
 * + Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column
 * o- || un-, a(n)-, in-, non- || o baka....unhealthy  o yezyebeya....incontinent,  o yelpea....non-invasive  o totina....atheist
 * ov- || anti-, counter- ||  ov zuina....anti-leftist  ov iztida....counter-intuitive
 * av- || pro- ||  av hyitoosifa....pro-gay
 * kovyo- ||pseudo- ||  kovyo tepina....pseudo-intellectual
 * hya(s)- || all-, pan-, omni- ||  hyas tea....all-knowing, omniscient
 * voy-, gal- || re- ||  voy upya....returned  gal abwa.... re applied
 * vyo- || mis- ||  vyo seudxwa....mispronounced
 * eyn- || semi-, half- || eyn levelaya....semi-sweet  eyn tija....half-awake
 * yiz- || ultra-, super- ||  yiz doobina....ultra-nationalist  yiz mola....supernatural
 * gro- || under-, hypo- ||  gro jaga....under-aged
 * gra- || over-, hyper-, uber- ||  gra agxwa....overgrown  gra toseya....hypersensitive
 * gla- ||multi-, many-, poly- ||  gla kuma....multilateral  gla tadaya....polygamous
 * fu- || mal-, ill- ||  fu teyenxwa....ill-conceived  fu sanxwa....malformed
 * fi- || well- ||  fi tofabwa....well-dressed
 * yuyb- ||quasi-, almost ||  yuyb daba....quasi-governmental
 * ja- || pre-, (a)fore-, pro- || ja teyenxwa....pre-conceived  ja igdawa....aformentioned
 * jo- || post- ||  jo dropeka....post-war
 * oyeb-|| extra-, exo-,  ||  oyeb tada....extra-marital
 * yeb- || endo- ||  yeb tayoba....endo-dermal
 * agl(a)- || macro- ||  agla mora....macrocosmic
 * ogl(a)- || micro- ||  ogla mora....microcosmic
 * ut- || auto-, self-, sui- ||  ut pana....automatic  ut tojbua....suicidal
 * hyaewa- || ambi- ||  hyaewa tesea....ambivalent
 * en- || bi- ||  en toobifa....bisexual
 * yuz- || circum- ||  yuz teaxea....circumspect
 * gel- || homo- ||  gel sauna....homogeneous
 * ogel- || hetero- ||  ogel sauna....heterogeneous
 * oyb- || infra-, sub- ||  oyb ivoza....infrared
 * ge- || iso-, equi- ||  ge voza....isochromatic
 * agr(a)- || mega- ||  agra tipa....megamaniacal
 * ku- || para- ||  ku ega....paranormal
 * yuyb- || quasi-, almost, pen- ||  yuyb dobyena....quasi-official
 * yib- || tele-, far- ||  yib pyuxea....far-reaching
 * zey- || trans-, cross- ||  zey mimaga....transoceanic
 * aaj- || paleo- ||  aaj toba....paleoloanthropic
 * eej- || neo- ||  eej visauna....neoclassical
 * yibaj- || arch(a)eo-, ancient || yibajtuna....archaeological
 * yeb- || endo-, inner, intro- || yebzena....endocentric yebuzbwa....introverted
 * oyeb- || exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)- || oyebzena....exocentric oyebuzbwa....extroverted
 * yab(an)- || high-, up || yabnoga....upscale yabnayxa....high-priced
 * yaban- || acro- || yabanyufa....acrophobic
 * yob- || low-, down- || yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale
 * }
 * ut- || auto-, self-, sui- ||  ut pana....automatic  ut tojbua....suicidal
 * hyaewa- || ambi- ||  hyaewa tesea....ambivalent
 * en- || bi- ||  en toobifa....bisexual
 * yuz- || circum- ||  yuz teaxea....circumspect
 * gel- || homo- ||  gel sauna....homogeneous
 * ogel- || hetero- ||  ogel sauna....heterogeneous
 * oyb- || infra-, sub- ||  oyb ivoza....infrared
 * ge- || iso-, equi- ||  ge voza....isochromatic
 * agr(a)- || mega- ||  agra tipa....megamaniacal
 * ku- || para- ||  ku ega....paranormal
 * yuyb- || quasi-, almost, pen- ||  yuyb dobyena....quasi-official
 * yib- || tele-, far- ||  yib pyuxea....far-reaching
 * zey- || trans-, cross- ||  zey mimaga....transoceanic
 * aaj- || paleo- ||  aaj toba....paleoloanthropic
 * eej- || neo- ||  eej visauna....neoclassical
 * yibaj- || arch(a)eo-, ancient || yibajtuna....archaeological
 * yeb- || endo-, inner, intro- || yebzena....endocentric yebuzbwa....introverted
 * oyeb- || exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)- || oyebzena....exocentric oyebuzbwa....extroverted
 * yab(an)- || high-, up || yabnoga....upscale yabnayxa....high-priced
 * yaban- || acro- || yabanyufa....acrophobic
 * yob- || low-, down- || yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale
 * }
 * yib- || tele-, far- ||  yib pyuxea....far-reaching
 * zey- || trans-, cross- ||  zey mimaga....transoceanic
 * aaj- || paleo- ||  aaj toba....paleoloanthropic
 * eej- || neo- ||  eej visauna....neoclassical
 * yibaj- || arch(a)eo-, ancient || yibajtuna....archaeological
 * yeb- || endo-, inner, intro- || yebzena....endocentric yebuzbwa....introverted
 * oyeb- || exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)- || oyebzena....exocentric oyebuzbwa....extroverted
 * yab(an)- || high-, up || yabnoga....upscale yabnayxa....high-priced
 * yaban- || acro- || yabanyufa....acrophobic
 * yob- || low-, down- || yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale
 * }
 * oyeb- || exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)- || oyebzena....exocentric oyebuzbwa....extroverted
 * yab(an)- || high-, up || yabnoga....upscale yabnayxa....high-priced
 * yaban- || acro- || yabanyufa....acrophobic
 * yob- || low-, down- || yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale
 * }
 * yaban- || acro- || yabanyufa....acrophobic
 * yob- || low-, down- || yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale
 * }
 * }

English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison

 * Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! ENGLISH SUFFIX !! MEANING !! MIRAD SUFFIX !! ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES
 * + English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared
 * -ful || full of || -aya -ika || voz aya ....colorful tuz ika ....skillful
 * -ous || full of || -aya -ika || naz ika ....precious mil aya ....aqueous
 * -filled || full of || -aya -ika || mov ika / mov aya ....smoke-filled
 * -y || full of || -aya -ika || mov ika / mov aya ....smoky
 * -ous || of like || -a || totin a ....religious vyos a ....erroneous
 * -ly || like || -yena || tot yena ....godly toyb yena ....womanly
 * -like || like || -yena || pat yena ....bird-like
 * -ish || like || -yena || tobot yena ....childish
 * -y || like || -yena || fyab yena ....fruity
 * -ic || like || -yena || tuz yena ....artistic sil yena ....acidic
 * -ic || of related to || -a || tun a ....scientific bek a ....therapeutic
 * -ical || of related to || -a || zyunid a ....spherical iztex a ....logical
 * -ological || pertaining to the study of || -tuna || tej tuna ....biological
 * -ist(ic) || pertaining to the doctrine of || -ina || dopar ina ....militarist(ic) nasyan ina ....capitalist(ic)
 * -ophobic (and miso- prefix) || hating fearful of || -ufa || yudat ufa ....xenophonic tobyan ufa ....misanthropic
 * -ophilic (and philo- prefix) || loving || -ifa || tobot ifa ....pedophilic tob ifa ....philanthropic
 * -al || like || -yena || pyot yena ....bestial
 * -al || of pertaining to || -a || tej a ....vital aman a ....thermal
 * -less || without empty of || -oya -uka || tej uka ....lifeless tobot oya ....childless
 * -free || without empty of || -oya -uka || yom uka ....ice-free vyos oya ....error-free
 * -safe -proof || free not subject to || -vaka || mil vaka ....water proof 
 * }
 * -ical || of related to || -a || zyunid a ....spherical iztex a ....logical
 * -ological || pertaining to the study of || -tuna || tej tuna ....biological
 * -ist(ic) || pertaining to the doctrine of || -ina || dopar ina ....militarist(ic) nasyan ina ....capitalist(ic)
 * -ophobic (and miso- prefix) || hating fearful of || -ufa || yudat ufa ....xenophonic tobyan ufa ....misanthropic
 * -ophilic (and philo- prefix) || loving || -ifa || tobot ifa ....pedophilic tob ifa ....philanthropic
 * -al || like || -yena || pyot yena ....bestial
 * -al || of pertaining to || -a || tej a ....vital aman a ....thermal
 * -less || without empty of || -oya -uka || tej uka ....lifeless tobot oya ....childless
 * -free || without empty of || -oya -uka || yom uka ....ice-free vyos oya ....error-free
 * -safe -proof || free not subject to || -vaka || mil vaka ....water proof 
 * }
 * -al || like || -yena || pyot yena ....bestial
 * -al || of pertaining to || -a || tej a ....vital aman a ....thermal
 * -less || without empty of || -oya -uka || tej uka ....lifeless tobot oya ....childless
 * -free || without empty of || -oya -uka || yom uka ....ice-free vyos oya ....error-free
 * -safe -proof || free not subject to || -vaka || mil vaka ....water proof 
 * }
 * -free || without empty of || -oya -uka || yom uka ....ice-free vyos oya ....error-free
 * -safe -proof || free not subject to || -vaka || mil vaka ....water proof 
 * }
 * }

Forming Adverbs

 * Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix a, in other words, by adding a y to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.


 * Examples:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! ADJECTIVE !! ADVERB
 * + Deriving Adverbs
 * fi a ....good || fi ay ....well
 * vya a ....true || vya ay ....truly
 * gyu a ....easy || gyu ay ....easily
 * ig a ....quick || ig ay ....quickly
 * aut a ....personal || aut ay ....personally
 * }
 * ig a ....quick || ig ay ....quickly
 * aut a ....personal || aut ay ....personally
 * }
 * aut a ....personal || aut ay ....personally
 * }


 * For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example:


 * It tyoyape ig .....He walks fast .
 * Yit xa has fi .....They did it well .

Special Adverbs

 * Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in -ay.


 * Here are the principal such adverbs:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Special Adverbs
 * vay||indeed, really, certainly, do (cf. va....yes)
 * vey||possibly, may, might (cf. ve....maybe)
 * voy||not (cf. vo....no)
 * ga||more (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
 * gay||also, moreover, further, still
 * ge||as, equally (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
 * gey||even
 * go||less (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
 * goy||no longer, no more
 * gla||very
 * glay||quite, rather, so
 * gle||so
 * glo||not very, not so
 * gra||too
 * gre||enough, sufficiently, over-
 * gro||not...enough, inadequately, under-
 * gwa||most, super-
 * gwe||average
 * gwo||least, sub-
 * zay||ahead, forward
 * zey||across
 * zoy||back
 * zye||through
 * zya||throughout
 * }
 * glo||not very, not so
 * gra||too
 * gre||enough, sufficiently, over-
 * gro||not...enough, inadequately, under-
 * gwa||most, super-
 * gwe||average
 * gwo||least, sub-
 * zay||ahead, forward
 * zey||across
 * zoy||back
 * zye||through
 * zya||throughout
 * }
 * zay||ahead, forward
 * zey||across
 * zoy||back
 * zye||through
 * zya||throughout
 * }
 * zye||through
 * zya||throughout
 * }
 * zya||throughout
 * }


 * The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow:


 * AFFIRMATIVE: Va, at vay se taduwa.....Yes, I am indeed married.
 * DUBITIVE: Iyta dud se vey vyosa.....Her response is possibly wrong.
 * NEGATIVE: At voy se eta yuxrut.....I am not your slave.


 * The adverbs above beginning with g are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb:


 * Et se gla via.....You are very beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].
 * Et peya gra ig.....You were going too fast [=ADVERB].
 * It gra dale.....He talks [=VERB] too much.


 * Other special adverbs, which do not end in -ay, include the following, which can all be used in multi-word prepositions:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! SPECIAL ADVERB !! EXAMPLES
 * + Adverbs Used in Prepositional Phrases
 * yab....up || Ha pat papa yab bu ha mam.....The bird flew up to the sky.
 * yob....down || Teaxu yob bu ha mel.....Look down to the ground.
 * yub....near || Besu yub bi ha mas.....Stay near the wall.
 * yib....far || Ha tobi igpia yib bi ha yovbyokam.....The people ran far from the prison.
 * yeb....in, inward, inside || Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa yeb bu ha tam!....Guess who just walked into the house!
 * oyeb....out, outside || It tyoyapa oyeb zye bi ha zames.....He walked out through the front door.
 * yuz....around || Yit daza yuz bi yat.....They danced around us.
 * yiz....beyond || Et yefe teaxer yiz bi hia tistam av yux.....You must look beyond this school for help.
 * iz....directly, straight || Pu iz bu hat.....Go right up to him.
 * zi....right || Uzpu zi ub yat!....Turn right toward us!
 * zu....left || Hat uzpa zu ib at.....He turned left away from me.
 * zay....forward || Pu zay bu ha uj.....Go on to the end.
 * zoy....back || Upu zoy bi hua nem.....Come back from that place.
 * zye....through || Yat buxo ha muyv zye bi ha dref.....We will push the pin through the paper.
 * yan....together || Van yat tyopu yan .....Let's walk together .
 * yon....apart || Ha meri kyapeye yon .....The planets are drifting apart .
 * }
 * iz....directly, straight || Pu iz bu hat.....Go right up to him.
 * zi....right || Uzpu zi ub yat!....Turn right toward us!
 * zu....left || Hat uzpa zu ib at.....He turned left away from me.
 * zay....forward || Pu zay bu ha uj.....Go on to the end.
 * zoy....back || Upu zoy bi hua nem.....Come back from that place.
 * zye....through || Yat buxo ha muyv zye bi ha dref.....We will push the pin through the paper.
 * yan....together || Van yat tyopu yan .....Let's walk together .
 * yon....apart || Ha meri kyapeye yon .....The planets are drifting apart .
 * }
 * zye....through || Yat buxo ha muyv zye bi ha dref.....We will push the pin through the paper.
 * yan....together || Van yat tyopu yan .....Let's walk together .
 * yon....apart || Ha meri kyapeye yon .....The planets are drifting apart .
 * }
 * yon....apart || Ha meri kyapeye yon .....The planets are drifting apart .
 * }
 * }

Pro-adverbs

 * There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as pro-adverbs. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like duhom? (where?), duhoyen? (how?), duhoj? (when?), duhogla (to what extent?), and their answers, such as hum (there), heyen (somehow), and hyoj (never), hugla (so, to that extent). These words are discussed under the chapter on Deictic Determiners.

Forming Verbs

 * Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech:
 * Noun stems
 * Adjective stems
 * Verb stems

Forming Verbs from Nouns

 * Verbs can often be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix er:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! NOUN !! VERB
 * + Denominal Verb Derivation
 * syag....count || syager....to count
 * af....permission || afer....may, be allowed
 * teud....cry, shout || teuder....to cry, shout, exclaim
 * taj....birth || tajer....to be born
 * tej....life || tejer....to live
 * toj....death || tojer....to die
 * ej....present || ejer....to continue
 * ij....beginning || ijer....to begin
 * uj....end || ijer....to end
 * yuj....sleep || tujer....to sleep
 * }
 * toj....death || tojer....to die
 * ej....present || ejer....to continue
 * ij....beginning || ijer....to begin
 * uj....end || ijer....to end
 * yuj....sleep || tujer....to sleep
 * }
 * uj....end || ijer....to end
 * yuj....sleep || tujer....to sleep
 * }
 * }

Verb Formants

 * More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such verb formants are in this chart:


 * -ser....to be/become usually intransitive and stative (unite = become one)
 * -xer....to do/make usually transitive and dynamic (unite = make one)
 * -per....to go usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (mount = get onto)
 * -ber....to put usually transitive and a verb of gesture (apply = put onto)
 * -ier a stub from the verb to take, usually an action verb benefiting the agent (eat = take food)
 * -uer a stub from the verb to give, usually an action verb benefiting the patient (feed = give food)
 * -der....to say, a verb of communication (affirm = say yes)
 * -ter....to know, verbs of the perception and knowledge (teater = see)


 * Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids l or r, eg.sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! NOUN !! AUXILIARY VERB OR VERB STUB FORMANT !! VERB
 * + Verb Derivation with Verb Formants
 * yav....innocence || der....to say || yavder....to acquit
 * yov....shame, guilt || aber....to apply, put on || yovaber....to shame, accuse
 * yov....shame, guilt || ober....to remove, take off || yovober....to excuse, exculpate
 * tof....clothes || aber....to apply, put on || tofaber....to dress, don
 * tof....clothes || ober....to remove, take off || tofober....to undress, strip
 * det....associate || ser....to be, become || detser....to associate
 * dat....friend || xer....to do, make || datxer....to befriend
 * san....form || ser....to be, become || sanser....to form (intransitive)
 * san....form || xer....to do, make || sanxer....to form (transitive)
 * tel....food || (b)ier....to take || telier....to eat, consume
 * tel....food || (b)uer....to give || teluer....to feed, nourish
 * if....pleasure || (b)ier....to take || ifier....to enjoy
 * if....pleasure || (b)uer....to give || ifuer....to please
 * taj....birth || ber....to put || tajber....to give birth
 * tej....life || per....to go || tejper....to come alive
 * tej....life || ber....to put || tejber....to bring to life
 * toj....death || per....to go || tojper....to drop dead
 * toj....death || ber....to put || tojber....to kill
 * tij....wakefulness || per....to go || tijper....to wake up
 * tij....wakefulness || ber....to put || tijber....to awaken
 * tuj....sleep || per....to go || tujper....to fall asleep
 * tuj....sleep || ber....to put || tujber....to put to sleep
 * tax....memory || (b)ier....to take || taxier....to recall
 * tax....memory || (b)uer....to give || taxuer....to remind
 * yev....justice || der....to say, tell || yevder....to judge
 * vyan....truth || der....to say, tell || vyander....to tell the truth
 * vyon....falsehood || der....to say, tell || vyonder....to tell a lie
 * il....liquid || aker....to gain || ilaker....to take on liquid
 * il....liquid || oker....to lose || iloker....to leak, lose liquid
 * il....liquid || (b)ier....to take || ilier....to soak up
 * il....liquid || (b)uer....to give || iluer....to pour, water
 * il....liquid || ikser....to get full || ilikser....to be soaked (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || ikxer....to fill up || ilikxer....to flood, soak (transitive)
 * il....liquid || ukser....to become empty || ilukser....to drain (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || ukxer....to empty || ilukxer....to flush (transitive)
 * il....liquid || ser....to be, become || ilser....to liquify, melt (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || xer....to do, make || ilxer....to liquify, melt (transitive)
 * il....liquid || aber....to apply, put on || ilaber....to wash (transitive)
 * il....liquid || aper....to get on || ilaper....to float (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || per....to go || ilper....to flow (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || zyaber....to spread || ilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive)
 * il....liquid || zyober....to squeeze || ilzyober....to squirt (transitive)
 * il....liquid || pyexer....to strike || ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid)
 * il....liquid || yujer....to close || ilyujer....to plug
 * }
 * tax....memory || (b)ier....to take || taxier....to recall
 * tax....memory || (b)uer....to give || taxuer....to remind
 * yev....justice || der....to say, tell || yevder....to judge
 * vyan....truth || der....to say, tell || vyander....to tell the truth
 * vyon....falsehood || der....to say, tell || vyonder....to tell a lie
 * il....liquid || aker....to gain || ilaker....to take on liquid
 * il....liquid || oker....to lose || iloker....to leak, lose liquid
 * il....liquid || (b)ier....to take || ilier....to soak up
 * il....liquid || (b)uer....to give || iluer....to pour, water
 * il....liquid || ikser....to get full || ilikser....to be soaked (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || ikxer....to fill up || ilikxer....to flood, soak (transitive)
 * il....liquid || ukser....to become empty || ilukser....to drain (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || ukxer....to empty || ilukxer....to flush (transitive)
 * il....liquid || ser....to be, become || ilser....to liquify, melt (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || xer....to do, make || ilxer....to liquify, melt (transitive)
 * il....liquid || aber....to apply, put on || ilaber....to wash (transitive)
 * il....liquid || aper....to get on || ilaper....to float (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || per....to go || ilper....to flow (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || zyaber....to spread || ilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive)
 * il....liquid || zyober....to squeeze || ilzyober....to squirt (transitive)
 * il....liquid || pyexer....to strike || ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid)
 * il....liquid || yujer....to close || ilyujer....to plug
 * }
 * il....liquid || ukxer....to empty || ilukxer....to flush (transitive)
 * il....liquid || ser....to be, become || ilser....to liquify, melt (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || xer....to do, make || ilxer....to liquify, melt (transitive)
 * il....liquid || aber....to apply, put on || ilaber....to wash (transitive)
 * il....liquid || aper....to get on || ilaper....to float (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || per....to go || ilper....to flow (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || zyaber....to spread || ilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive)
 * il....liquid || zyober....to squeeze || ilzyober....to squirt (transitive)
 * il....liquid || pyexer....to strike || ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid)
 * il....liquid || yujer....to close || ilyujer....to plug
 * }
 * il....liquid || per....to go || ilper....to flow (intransitive)
 * il....liquid || zyaber....to spread || ilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive)
 * il....liquid || zyober....to squeeze || ilzyober....to squirt (transitive)
 * il....liquid || pyexer....to strike || ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid)
 * il....liquid || yujer....to close || ilyujer....to plug
 * }
 * il....liquid || pyexer....to strike || ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid)
 * il....liquid || yujer....to close || ilyujer....to plug
 * }
 * }


 * Note that verbs ending in -ser and -ier are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in -xer and -uer are transitive. Also, -ier verbs are inchoative, while -uer verbs are benefactive or causative (making someone do something).

Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser

 * The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with -xer....to do, make, cause, and the intransitive group with -ser....to be, become.


 * The following chart shows how these verbs are formed:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! ADJECTIVE !! TRANSITIVE VERB !! INTRANSITIVE VERB
 * + Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser
 * aza....strong || azaxer....fortify, strengthen, make strong || azaser....get strong
 * oza....week || ozaxer....weaken || ozaser....grow weaker
 * kyia....heavy || kyiaxer....weigh down || kyiaser....grow heavy
 * kyua....light || kyuaxer....lighten, make lighter || kyuaser....get lighter
 * yana....together || yanaxer....bring together || yanaser....get together
 * }
 * kyua....light || kyuaxer....lighten, make lighter || kyuaser....get lighter
 * yana....together || yanaxer....bring together || yanaser....get together
 * }
 * yana....together || yanaxer....bring together || yanaser....get together
 * }


 * The final adjective ending a is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the a makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! ADJECTIVE !! TRANSITIVE VERB !! INTRANSITIVE VERB ! !! !! ! !! !! ! !! !!
 * + Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation
 * aga....big || agaxer....magnify || agaser....get big
 * || agxer....grow || agxer....grow up, mature
 * || agxer....grow || agxer....grow up, mature
 * || agxer....grow || agxer....grow up, mature
 * iga....fast || igaxer....accelerate || igaser....speed up
 * || igxer....rush || igser....hurry up
 * || igxer....rush || igser....hurry up
 * || igxer....rush || igser....hurry up
 * baka....healthy || bakaxer....make healthy || bakaser....get healthy
 * || bakxer....heal || bakser....heal
 * || bakxer....heal || bakser....heal
 * || bakxer....heal || bakser....heal
 * sana....formal || sanaxer....formalize || sanaser....become formal
 * || sanxer....form, shape || sanser....form, take shape
 * }
 * || sanxer....form, shape || sanser....form, take shape
 * }

Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per

 * Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb ber....to put, while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb per....to go. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base.  If the prepositional base ends in b, the b is dropped. Here are some examples:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! PREPOSITON BASE !! TRANSITIVE GESTURE VERB !! INTRANSITIVE MOTION VERB ! !! !! ! !! !! ! !! !!
 * + Verb Derivation with Ber and Per
 * ab....on || aber....apply, put on || aper....mount, get on
 * eb....between || eber....block || eper....intervene
 * ob....off || ober....remove, take off || oper....dismount, get off
 * ib....away || iber....receive || iper....leave
 * ub....toward || uber....send || uper....come
 * ob....off || ober....remove, take off || oper....dismount, get off
 * ib....away || iber....receive || iper....leave
 * ub....toward || uber....send || uper....come
 * ub....toward || uber....send || uper....come
 * ub....toward || uber....send || uper....come
 * yab....up || yaber....raise || yaper....rise
 * yeb....in oyeb....out || yeber....insert oyeber....take out || yeper....enter oyeper....exit
 * yob....down || yober....lower || yoper....descend
 * yib....far || yiber....take away || yiper....move away
 * yub....near || yuber....bring || yuper....approach
 * yob....down || yober....lower || yoper....descend
 * yib....far || yiber....take away || yiper....move away
 * yub....near || yuber....bring || yuper....approach
 * yub....near || yuber....bring || yuper....approach
 * yub....near || yuber....bring || yuper....approach
 * za....front || zaber....put up front || zaper....take the lead
 * zay....forward || zayber....advance || zayper....advance, go forward
 * ze....middle || zeber....balance || zeper....balance
 * zey....across || zeyber....take across, transfer || zeyper....cross, go over, transit
 * zo....behind || zober....hinder || zoper....trail, lag
 * zoy....back || zoyber....set back, return || zoyper....retreat, go back, return
 * ze....middle || zeber....balance || zeper....balance
 * zey....across || zeyber....take across, transfer || zeyper....cross, go over, transit
 * zo....behind || zober....hinder || zoper....trail, lag
 * zoy....back || zoyber....set back, return || zoyper....retreat, go back, return
 * zo....behind || zober....hinder || zoper....trail, lag
 * zoy....back || zoyber....set back, return || zoyper....retreat, go back, return
 * zoy....back || zoyber....set back, return || zoyper....retreat, go back, return
 * iz....straight || izber....guide || izper....aim for
 * uz....crooked || uzber....divert || uzper....turn, diverge
 * - zi....right || ziber....set to the right || ziper....go right
 * zu....left || zuber....set to the left || zuper.... go left
 * yiz....beyond || yizber....take beyond || yizper....pass by
 * yuz....around || yuzber....take around || yuzper....go around
 * }
 * zu....left || zuber....set to the left || zuper.... go left
 * yiz....beyond || yizber....take beyond || yizper....pass by
 * yuz....around || yuzber....take around || yuzper....go around
 * }
 * yuz....around || yuzber....take around || yuzper....go around
 * }


 * More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of ser and xer, plus the intensifiers y, l and r. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial p is a more semantically intense version of b.  Also the verb endings -sler and -srer and more intense versions of the intransitive ending -ser, while -xler and -xrer and more intense version of the transitve ending -xer.  Verbs ending in -ler and -rer are transitive voice by nature, -rer being more semantically intense.  Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! colspan="2"| GESTURE VERB !! colspan="2"| MOTION VERB ! INTRANSITIVE !! TRANSITIVE !! INTRANSITIVE !! TRANSITIVE beer....have beler....carry bexer....hold bexler....keep ! !! !! !! ! !! !! !! ! !! !! !! ! !! !! !! ! !! !! !!
 * + Creating More Elaborate Verbs
 * -- ||ber....put
 * -- ||ber....put
 * per....go||--
 * baer....lean on || baler....press yanbaler....compress yobaler....depress, suppress yuzbaler....hug zoybaler....repress barer....crush ||paer....hover ||
 * baser....gesticulate || baxer....make a gesture abaxer....caress, pat || paser....move||paxer....move
 * byaser....stand up || byaxer....set up, erect || pyaser....jump up || pyaxer....shoot, launch
 * basler....budge || baxler....rouse abaxler....stroke || paaser....get excited || paaxer....excite apaxler....sweep
 * basrer....shake || baxrer....shake abaxrer....rub || || apaxrer....scrub
 * byaser....stand up || byaxer....set up, erect || pyaser....jump up || pyaxer....shoot, launch
 * basler....budge || baxler....rouse abaxler....stroke || paaser....get excited || paaxer....excite apaxler....sweep
 * basrer....shake || baxrer....shake abaxrer....rub || || apaxrer....scrub
 * basrer....shake || baxrer....shake abaxrer....rub || || apaxrer....scrub
 * basrer....shake || baxrer....shake abaxrer....rub || || apaxrer....scrub
 * beser....stay || bexer....hold zoybexer....restrain yobexer....detain, hold down || peser....wait || pexer....trap pexler....capture pexrer....abduct
 * byeser....behave|| byexer....hit || pyeser....run into, bump into|| pyexer....strike, knock yonpyexer....break yopyexer....knock down epyexer....fight apyexer....attack ovpyexer....offend kunpyexer....sideswipe tuyapyexer....slap
 * besler....adhere || bexler....retain|| || pyexler....pound, beat apyexler....assault yonpexler....shatter, burst
 * || || yanpyesrer....implode yonpyesler....explode || pyexler....blast, bomb
 * besler....adhere || bexler....retain|| || pyexler....pound, beat apyexler....assault yonpexler....shatter, burst
 * || || yanpyesrer....implode yonpyesler....explode || pyexler....blast, bomb
 * || || yanpyesrer....implode yonpyesler....explode || pyexler....blast, bomb
 * || || yanpyesrer....implode yonpyesler....explode || pyexler....blast, bomb
 * boser....calm down boyser....rest || boxer....quieten, quell || poser....stop poyser....pause || poxer....stop
 * byoser....hang || byoxer....hang || pyoser....fall yonpyoser....decay || pyoxer....drop, throw down yopyoxer....topple
 * byoser....hang || byoxer....hang || pyoser....fall yonpyoser....decay || pyoxer....drop, throw down yopyoxer....topple
 * byoser....hang || byoxer....hang || pyoser....fall yonpyoser....decay || pyoxer....drop, throw down yopyoxer....topple
 * biser....originate || bixer....pull yanbixer....contract yonbixer....distract yubixer....attract yibixer....distract oyebixer....extract yebixer....push in || || pixer....catch
 * bisler....spring || bixler....yank bixrer....ravage || || pixler....snatch pixrer....rape
 * bisler....spring || bixler....yank bixrer....ravage || || pixler....snatch pixrer....rape
 * bisler....spring || bixler....yank bixrer....ravage || || pixler....snatch pixrer....rape
 * buser....be destined || buxer....push, drive zyobuxer....squeeze yebuxer....expel abuxer....impose || apuser....assault || puxer....throw, thrust
 * byuser....bump into || byuxer....touch yanbyuxer....contact ||pyuser....run into || pyuxer....crash
 * busler....swoop || buxler....shove || pusler....lunge, pounce || puxler....thrust zyapuxler....splatter
 * }
 * busler....swoop || buxler....shove || pusler....lunge, pounce || puxler....thrust zyapuxler....splatter
 * }
 * }


 * Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb baxer (and its intransitive partner baser) as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! PREFIX !! VERB ! colspan=2 | baxer....gesture, make a bodily motion ! colspan=2 | baser....gesticulate
 * + Baxer Verbs
 * ab....on || abaxer....caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub
 * iz....straight || izbaxer....point
 * teb....head || tebaxer....nod
 * va....yes || vatebaxer....nod yes
 * vo....no || votebaxer....nod no
 * ve....maybe || vetebaxer....shrug
 * tuyab....hand || tuyabaxer....wave
 * tub....arm || tubaxer....flail, swing
 * teubab....tongue || teubabaxer....lick
 * teab....eye || teubaxer....wink
 * patub....wing || patubaxer....flap
 * tiyub....tail || tiyubaxer....wag
 * tuyab....hand || tuyabaxer....wave
 * tub....arm || tubaxer....flail, swing
 * teubab....tongue || teubabaxer....lick
 * teab....eye || teubaxer....wink
 * patub....wing || patubaxer....flap
 * tiyub....tail || tiyubaxer....wag
 * teab....eye || teubaxer....wink
 * patub....wing || patubaxer....flap
 * tiyub....tail || tiyubaxer....wag
 * patub....wing || patubaxer....flap
 * tiyub....tail || tiyubaxer....wag
 * tiyub....tail || tiyubaxer....wag
 * ig-....fast || igbaser....jerk
 * zay....forward || igzaybaser....lurch
 * zoy....back || zoybaser....recoil
 * yob....down || yobaser....bow, bend down
 * ku-....side || kubaser....slide
 * ig-....fast || igkubaser....slip
 * iz....straight + uz....curved || uizbaser....sway, swagger, swish
 * zi....right + zu....left || zuibaser....wiggle, wobble, totter
 * }
 * ku-....side || kubaser....slide
 * ig-....fast || igkubaser....slip
 * iz....straight + uz....curved || uizbaser....sway, swagger, swish
 * zi....right + zu....left || zuibaser....wiggle, wobble, totter
 * }
 * zi....right + zu....left || zuibaser....wiggle, wobble, totter
 * }
 * }

Forming Frequentative Verbs

 * A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by infixing the syllable eg- between the verb stem and verb ending. Here are some examples:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! REGULAR VERB !! FREQUENTATIVE VERB
 * + The -eg- Frequentative Infix
 * paser....move || paseger....shake, shudder
 * pyaser....jump || pyaseger....bounce
 * paper....fly || papeger....flutter, flit
 * braser....shake || braseger....shudder, quiver, vibrate
 * teupixer....bite || teupixeger....nibble
 * ilzyaber....spray || ilzyabeger....sprinkle
 * pyexer....beat || pyexeger....batter, whip
 * }
 * teupixer....bite || teupixeger....nibble
 * ilzyaber....spray || ilzyabeger....sprinkle
 * pyexer....beat || pyexeger....batter, whip
 * }
 * pyexer....beat || pyexeger....batter, whip
 * }
 * }

Forming Hybrid Words

 * Expressions with alternating components like back-and-forth, up-and-down, etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! ALTERNATING COMPONENTS !! HYBRID EXPRESSION !! EXAMPLES
 * + Hybrid Words
 * yab....up + yob....down || yao(b)-....up-and-down || yaoper....fluctuate, yaopuser....bounce
 * a-....up, north, skyward + o-....down, south || ao-....vertical || aonada....vertical, aonab....column
 * za(y)....forth, north + zo(y)....back, south || zao(b)-....front-back/north-to-south || zaobaser....rock, zaomera....north/south
 * - zu....left/west + zi....right/east || zui(b)-....right-to-left/east-to-west || zuinada....horizontal, zuibaser....wiggle, zuimera....east/west
 * bu....to + bi....from || bui-....to-and-from || buipar....shuttle, buipop....round-trip
 * ab....on + ob....off || ao(b)-....on-and-off || aoper....get on and off
 * yuj-....closed + yij-....open || yuij-....open-and-shut || yuijbar....switch, igyuijer....blink
 * uj-....stop + ij-....start || uij-....stop-and-start || uijparpan....stop-and-go traffic
 * (a)yeb....in + oyeb....out || aoye(b)-....in-and-out || igaoyeper....run in-and-out
 * yub....near + yib....far || yui(b)-....near-and-far || yuipoper....travel near-and-far
 * ub....toward + ib....away || ui(b)-....toward-and-away || uipen....coming and going
 * hum....there + him....here || huim....here-and-there || huimkexer....search high-and-low (here-and-there)
 * hus....that + his....this || huis....this-and-that || huisyexer....do odd jobs, work at this-or-that
 * hyut....other person + hyit....same person || hyuit....one another || hyuitifer....love one another, hyuita....mutual, reciprocal
 * }
 * Here are some more examples:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"
 * (a)yeb....in + oyeb....out || aoye(b)-....in-and-out || igaoyeper....run in-and-out
 * yub....near + yib....far || yui(b)-....near-and-far || yuipoper....travel near-and-far
 * ub....toward + ib....away || ui(b)-....toward-and-away || uipen....coming and going
 * hum....there + him....here || huim....here-and-there || huimkexer....search high-and-low (here-and-there)
 * hus....that + his....this || huis....this-and-that || huisyexer....do odd jobs, work at this-or-that
 * hyut....other person + hyit....same person || hyuit....one another || hyuitifer....love one another, hyuita....mutual, reciprocal
 * }
 * Here are some more examples:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"
 * hyut....other person + hyit....same person || hyuit....one another || hyuitifer....love one another, hyuita....mutual, reciprocal
 * }
 * Here are some more examples:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! HYBRID WORD !! ENGLISH GLOSS !! ALTERNATING COMPONENTS
 * + More Hybrids
 * aogsen|| fluctuation (in size) || ag- (big) + og- (little) + s- (become) + -en (-ing)
 * aonada||vertical || a- (up/north) + o- (down/south) + nad (line) + -a (adj.)
 * aopuys|| hop-on-hop-off || a(p)- (on) + o(p)- (off) + puys- (hop)
 * buien|| trading, swapping || bu- (give) + bi- (trake) + -en (-ing)
 * buip|| traffic || bu- (to) + bi- (from) + p- (go)
 * buixar||spring|| bux- (push) + bix (pull) + -ar (instrument)
 * buixek|| tug-o-war || bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + ek (play)
 * buixnyem|| drawer || bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + nyem (box)
 * byaosen|| teetering, stumbling || byas- (stand) + byos- (fall) + -en (-ing)
 * diep|| marine force || dip (sea force) + dep (land force)
 * duid|| q&a, interview || dud (answer) + did (question)
 * eigpyexer || batter, whip || eg- (again) + ig- (fast) + pyexer (to hit)
 * gao|| more-or-less || ga (more) + go (less)
 * glaojo|| sooner or later || gla (very) + glo (slightly) + jo (after)
 * huimkexer || search here and there || hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -m (place) + kex (search) + -er (inf.)
 * huis|| this-and-that || hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -s (thing)
 * hyuit|| one another || hyu- (other) + hyi- (same) + -t (person)
 * kyaopen|| fluctuation || kya- (mobile) + kyo (static) + -pen (going)
 * maluier|| breathe || mal- (air) + u- (let out) + i- (take in) -er (inf.)
 * maojyex|| double-shift work || maj (day) + moj (night) + yex (work)
 * maonig|| flicker || man (light) + mon (dark) + ig- (fast)
 * maolza|| black&white/gray || malza (white) + molza (black)
 * meil|| mud || mel (soil) + mil (water)
 * memuiben|| import-exports || mem (country) + ub- (send) + ib- (receive) + -en (-ing)
 * mial|| vapor || mil (water) + mal (air)
 * mieg|| reef || mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -g (stone)
 * miek|| sand || mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -k (rocky substance)
 * miem|| swamp || mim (sea) + mem (land)
 * mimpuin|| dock || mim (sea) + pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place)
 * mimpyaos|| surf || mim (sea) + pyas- (surge) + pyos- (sink)
 * mimuip|| tide || mim (sea) + up- (come) + ip- (go)
 * peit|| amphibian || pet (land animal) + pit (sea creature)
 * puim|| kiss-and-ride zone|| pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place)
 * puixek|| baseball || pux- (pitch) + pix- (catch) + ek (play)
 * pyaos || wave || pyas- (surge) + pyos- (crest)
 * teabyuij|| blink || teab (eye) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open)
 * tuijea|| nodding off || tuj- (sleep) + tij (wake) -ea (-ing)
 * uijdal|| stutter || uj- (finish) + ij- (start) + dal (speech)
 * uipeni|| comings & goings || up- (come) + ip (go) + -en (-ing) + -i (pl.)
 * uiza|| serpentine, snaky || uza (crooked) + iza (straight)
 * vao?|| yes or no? || va (yes) + vo (no)
 * vaod|| decision || va (yes) + vo (no) + d- (say)
 * yaobar|| elevator || yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + -ar (instrument)
 * yaobyuijar||piston|| yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open ) + -ar (instrument)
 * yaoplas||oscillation|| yap- (up) + yop- (down) + plas (shake)
 * yaopsim||seesaw|| yap- (ascend) + yop- (descend) + sim (seat)
 * yaopus||bounce|| ya(b)- (up) + yo(b)- (down) + pus (jump)
 * yaovdut||juror|| yav- (innocent) + yov- (guilty) + d- (say) + -ut (agent)
 * yaoza||uneven, bumpy, serrated|| yaza (convex) + yoza (concave)
 * yaozgoblar||saw|| yaz (protrusion ) + yoz (indentation) + gobl- (cut) + -ar (instrument)
 * yaozil||wave|| yaz (swell) + yoz (trough) + -il (liquid)
 * yuibteabar||bifocals|| yub (near) + yib (far) + teab (eye) + -ar (instrument)
 * yuijar|| valve, switch|| yuj- (close) + yij- (open) + -ar (instrument)
 * zaobelur||ferry|| za- (forth) + zo (back) + bel- (carry) + -ur (vehicle)
 * zaobyexar||swatter, bat|| za (forth) + zo (back) + byex- (strike) + -ar (instrument)
 * zaodal||dialog|| za- (forth) + zo (back) + dal (speech)
 * zaogoblar||saw|| za (forth) + zo (back) + gobl (cut) + -ar (instrument)
 * zaokyax||alternation|| za (forth) + zo (back) + kyax (change)
 * zaopasen||swinging|| za- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving)
 * zaopsim||swing or rocker|| zap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat)
 * zuibasen||wiggling|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing)
 * zuibayx||wag|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move)
 * zuibyoxea||dangling|| zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing)
 * zuiyafa||ambidextrous|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable)
 * zyaobas||throb|| zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)
 * }
 * puixek|| baseball || pux- (pitch) + pix- (catch) + ek (play)
 * pyaos || wave || pyas- (surge) + pyos- (crest)
 * teabyuij|| blink || teab (eye) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open)
 * tuijea|| nodding off || tuj- (sleep) + tij (wake) -ea (-ing)
 * uijdal|| stutter || uj- (finish) + ij- (start) + dal (speech)
 * uipeni|| comings & goings || up- (come) + ip (go) + -en (-ing) + -i (pl.)
 * uiza|| serpentine, snaky || uza (crooked) + iza (straight)
 * vao?|| yes or no? || va (yes) + vo (no)
 * vaod|| decision || va (yes) + vo (no) + d- (say)
 * yaobar|| elevator || yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + -ar (instrument)
 * yaobyuijar||piston|| yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open ) + -ar (instrument)
 * yaoplas||oscillation|| yap- (up) + yop- (down) + plas (shake)
 * yaopsim||seesaw|| yap- (ascend) + yop- (descend) + sim (seat)
 * yaopus||bounce|| ya(b)- (up) + yo(b)- (down) + pus (jump)
 * yaovdut||juror|| yav- (innocent) + yov- (guilty) + d- (say) + -ut (agent)
 * yaoza||uneven, bumpy, serrated|| yaza (convex) + yoza (concave)
 * yaozgoblar||saw|| yaz (protrusion ) + yoz (indentation) + gobl- (cut) + -ar (instrument)
 * yaozil||wave|| yaz (swell) + yoz (trough) + -il (liquid)
 * yuibteabar||bifocals|| yub (near) + yib (far) + teab (eye) + -ar (instrument)
 * yuijar|| valve, switch|| yuj- (close) + yij- (open) + -ar (instrument)
 * zaobelur||ferry|| za- (forth) + zo (back) + bel- (carry) + -ur (vehicle)
 * zaobyexar||swatter, bat|| za (forth) + zo (back) + byex- (strike) + -ar (instrument)
 * zaodal||dialog|| za- (forth) + zo (back) + dal (speech)
 * zaogoblar||saw|| za (forth) + zo (back) + gobl (cut) + -ar (instrument)
 * zaokyax||alternation|| za (forth) + zo (back) + kyax (change)
 * zaopasen||swinging|| za- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving)
 * zaopsim||swing or rocker|| zap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat)
 * zuibasen||wiggling|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing)
 * zuibayx||wag|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move)
 * zuibyoxea||dangling|| zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing)
 * zuiyafa||ambidextrous|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable)
 * zyaobas||throb|| zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)
 * }
 * yaozgoblar||saw|| yaz (protrusion ) + yoz (indentation) + gobl- (cut) + -ar (instrument)
 * yaozil||wave|| yaz (swell) + yoz (trough) + -il (liquid)
 * yuibteabar||bifocals|| yub (near) + yib (far) + teab (eye) + -ar (instrument)
 * yuijar|| valve, switch|| yuj- (close) + yij- (open) + -ar (instrument)
 * zaobelur||ferry|| za- (forth) + zo (back) + bel- (carry) + -ur (vehicle)
 * zaobyexar||swatter, bat|| za (forth) + zo (back) + byex- (strike) + -ar (instrument)
 * zaodal||dialog|| za- (forth) + zo (back) + dal (speech)
 * zaogoblar||saw|| za (forth) + zo (back) + gobl (cut) + -ar (instrument)
 * zaokyax||alternation|| za (forth) + zo (back) + kyax (change)
 * zaopasen||swinging|| za- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving)
 * zaopsim||swing or rocker|| zap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat)
 * zuibasen||wiggling|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing)
 * zuibayx||wag|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move)
 * zuibyoxea||dangling|| zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing)
 * zuiyafa||ambidextrous|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable)
 * zyaobas||throb|| zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)
 * }
 * zaopasen||swinging|| za- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving)
 * zaopsim||swing or rocker|| zap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat)
 * zuibasen||wiggling|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing)
 * zuibayx||wag|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move)
 * zuibyoxea||dangling|| zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing)
 * zuiyafa||ambidextrous|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable)
 * zyaobas||throb|| zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)
 * }
 * zuibyoxea||dangling|| zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing)
 * zuiyafa||ambidextrous|| zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable)
 * zyaobas||throb|| zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)
 * }
 * zyaobas||throb|| zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)
 * }
 * }