Mirad Grammar/Numbers

Types of Numbers

 * Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral two is how the number 2 is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages.
 * Numerals can be various parts of speech:
 * numeric nouns (The score was six to four .)
 * numeric pronouns (I want two . Give me the fifth one .)
 * numeric determiners ( Five days ago. The fifth day.  A double dose.)
 * prefixes ( mono chrome,  bi centennial,  tri angle)
 * rootwords ( an xer....to unite,  on xer....to annihilate)
 * Number-based words include:
 * cardinal numbers (one, two, three... used in counting and arithmetic)
 * ordinal numbers (first, second... indicating ordered position)
 * multiplicative numbers (double, triple, foursome...)
 * fractional numbers (half, third, hundredth...)
 * frequency numbers (once, twice, thrice...)
 * miscellaneous number-based words (only, percentage, annihilate)

Cardinal Numbers

 * The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in the chapter on Vocabulary Formation.

Units

 * The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-y-glided vowels.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;"

! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9
 * + Units
 * o || a || e || i || u || yo || ya || ye || yi || yu
 * zero || one || two || three || four || five || six || seven || eight || nine
 * }
 * Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190 (pronounced: ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).....My telephone number is....
 * At tambese 114  (pronounced: a-a-u) Maple Street.
 *  E gab e se u ..... Two plus two is four .
 * At tambese 114  (pronounced: a-a-u) Maple Street.
 *  E gab e se u ..... Two plus two is four .

Decades

 * The decade formant -l- is used to form the decades. Followed by -o....zero, we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90
 * + Decades with the -l- Formant
 * alo || elo || ilo || ulo || yolo || yalo || yelo || yilo || yulo
 * ten || twenty || thirty || forty || fifty || sixty || seventy || eighty || ninety
 * }
 * ten || twenty || thirty || forty || fifty || sixty || seventy || eighty || ninety
 * }


 * By changing the o....zero in lo to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"


 * + Decadal Counting
 * ala....11 || ela....21 || ila....31 || ula....41 || yola....51 || yala....61 || yela....71 || yila....81 || yula....91
 * ale....12 || ele....22 || ile....32 || ule....42 || yole....52 || yale....62 || yele....72 || yile....82 || yule....92
 * alyu....19 || elyu....29 || ilyu....39 || ulyu....49 || yolyu....59 || yalyu....69 || yelyu....79 || yilyu....89 || yulyu....99
 * }
 * At ayse alo dati.....I have ten friends.
 * It yafe sagder byu alyo .....He can count up to fifteen .
 *  Yulyu gob alo gese yilyu ..... Ninety-nine minus ten equals eighty-nine .
 * alyu....19 || elyu....29 || ilyu....39 || ulyu....49 || yolyu....59 || yalyu....69 || yelyu....79 || yilyu....89 || yulyu....99
 * }
 * At ayse alo dati.....I have ten friends.
 * It yafe sagder byu alyo .....He can count up to fifteen .
 *  Yulyu gob alo gese yilyu ..... Ninety-nine minus ten equals eighty-nine .

Hundreds

 * By adding the hundreds formant s, you get the hundreds:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900
 * + Hundreds with the -s- Formant
 * aso || eso || iso || uso || yoso || yaso || yeso || yiso || yuso
 * }
 * All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the so ending with the units and decades:
 * asa....101
 * asale....112
 * usyulyu....599
 * usyulyu....599

Thousands

 * The thousands are generated with the formant r:
 * Note: The number categories starting with the thousands on up end in -o and are separated from the rest of a number by a space.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000
 * + Thousands
 * aro || ero || iro || uro || yoro || yaro || yero || yiro || yuro
 * }
 * }


 * aro....1,000
 * aro a....1,001
 * ero isi....2,300
 * yoro yasula....5,641

Millions

 * The millions are generated with the formant ml:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000
 * + Millions with the -ml- Formant
 * amlo || emlo || imlo || umlo || yomlo || yamlo || yemlo || yimlo || yumlo
 * }
 * emlo yala....2,000,051
 * umlo esu....4,000,204
 * yumlo usyoro isyala....9,405,361
 * yumlo usyoro isyala....9,405,361

Billions

 * The billions are generated with the formant mr;
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000
 * + Billions
 * amro || emro || imro || umro || yomro || yamro || yemro || yimro || yumro
 * }
 * In numbers ending in -ro (thousand), -mlo (million), and -mro (billion), these numbers keep the -o and are separated by a space from the other elements of the number.
 * imro emlo yoro asyula....three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one
 * iro asyulyo....3,195
 * yamlo asyulyo....6,000,195
 * alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele....10,075,186,922
 * alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele....10,075,186,922

Trillions etc.

 * The trillions are generated with the word garale, which means 10 to the positive power of 12 or 1012.
 * These numbers do not combine with surrounding numbers.
 * i garale....3,000,000,000
 * eso garale....200,000,000,000


 * Even higher numbers are shown in the Number Chart later in this chapter.

Numeric Determiners

 * Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun.

Integers

 * The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant wa. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one.  The wa formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number.   In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (zero box vs. zero boxes.  Think of it as not a single box).


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami
 * + Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners
 * no/zero houses || one house || two houses || three houses || four houses|| five houses || six houses || seven houses || eight houses || nine houses
 * }
 * If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no wa is used.
 * If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no wa is used.


 * In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg:
 * Ata iwa gajaga twidi bese bay at.....My three older brothers live with me.
 * Hia uwa tomi losexwo.....These four buildings will be destroyed.
 * At fu ewa ey iwa gouni.....I would like two or three pieces.


 * The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the -wa suffix. For example, ala tami....eleven houses.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! Mirad !! English !! Wa Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior
 * + Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun
 * o wa tam || no houses, zero houses || The numeral is a unit, so wa is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, so the noun is singular.
 * awa tam || one house, a house|| " || "
 * ewa tam i  || two houses|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, so the noun is plural.
 * iwa tami || three houses|| " || "
 * uwa tami || four houses || " || "
 * yowa tami || five houses || " || "
 * yawa tami || six houses|| " || "
 * yewa tami || seven houses || " || "
 * yiwa tami || eight houses || " || "
 * yuwa tami || nine houses || " || "
 * alo tami || ten houses || The numeral is not a unit so no wa is suffixed. || "
 * ase tami || a hundred two houses || " || "
 * ero iwa tami || two thousand three houses || The numeral i is a unit, so wa is suffixed. || "
 * iro alo tami || three thousand ten houses || The numeral alo is not a unit, so wa is not suffixed. || "
 * }
 * Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing s or t, respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing i.  Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a y before the t.  The s suffix is short for sun....thing or suni....things.  The t ending is short for aot....person or aoti....persons. For example:
 * yiwa tami || eight houses || " || "
 * yuwa tami || nine houses || " || "
 * alo tami || ten houses || The numeral is not a unit so no wa is suffixed. || "
 * ase tami || a hundred two houses || " || "
 * ero iwa tami || two thousand three houses || The numeral i is a unit, so wa is suffixed. || "
 * iro alo tami || three thousand ten houses || The numeral alo is not a unit, so wa is not suffixed. || "
 * }
 * Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing s or t, respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing i.  Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a y before the t.  The s suffix is short for sun....thing or suni....things.  The t ending is short for aot....person or aoti....persons. For example:
 * ero iwa tami || two thousand three houses || The numeral i is a unit, so wa is suffixed. || "
 * iro alo tami || three thousand ten houses || The numeral alo is not a unit, so wa is not suffixed. || "
 * }
 * Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing s or t, respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing i.  Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a y before the t.  The s suffix is short for sun....thing or suni....things.  The t ending is short for aot....person or aoti....persons. For example:
 * }
 * Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing s or t, respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing i.  Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a y before the t.  The s suffix is short for sun....thing or suni....things.  The t ending is short for aot....person or aoti....persons. For example:


 * Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse awas . (singular inanimate pronoun)....You have one house.  I have one too.
 * At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay ewasi (plural inanimate pronoun).....I had ten pencils.  Now I only have two .
 * Esa asoti yeb be ha duzam. (plural animate pronoun).... There were a hundred people in the concert hall.
 * Yat yefe kebier awoyt bi huti. (singular animate female pronoun)....We must choose one female person from those people.

Ordinals

 * Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like first, second, etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending a to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word nap (order) inserted:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with nap (order)
 * + Ordinal Numeric Determiners
 * o....zero || oa....zeroth || onapa....zeroth
 * a....one || aa....first || anapa....first
 * e....two || ea....second || enapa....second
 * i....three || ia....third || inapa....third
 * alo....ten || aloa....tenth || alonapa....tenth
 * asu....104 || asua....104th || asunapa....104th
 * garale....trillion || garalea....trillionth || garalenapa....trillionth
 * }
 * Note: ana is an adjective meaning only, single, eg. Iyt se ana tud.....She is an only child. As an adverb, anay means only, eg. At yexe anay be tam.....I work only at home.
 * alo....ten || aloa....tenth || alonapa....tenth
 * asu....104 || asua....104th || asunapa....104th
 * garale....trillion || garalea....trillionth || garalenapa....trillionth
 * }
 * Note: ana is an adjective meaning only, single, eg. Iyt se ana tud.....She is an only child. As an adverb, anay means only, eg. At yexe anay be tam.....I work only at home.
 * }
 * Note: ana is an adjective meaning only, single, eg. Iyt se ana tud.....She is an only child. As an adverb, anay means only, eg. At yexe anay be tam.....I work only at home.


 * There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! Root Word !! Ordinal Word
 * + Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers
 * ij....beginning || ijna or ijnapa....first
 * uj....end || ujna or ujnapa....last
 * aj....past || ajna or ajnapa....ex-, former, previous
 * oj....future || ojna or ojnapa....future, upcoming
 * ej....present || ejna or ejnapa....current, new, present
 * ja....before || jana or janapa....previous, last, foregoing
 * jo....after || jona or jonapa....next, following
 * za....in front of|| zana or zanapa....next
 * zo....behind|| zona or zonapa....last (previous, foregoing)
 * }
 * ja....before || jana or janapa....previous, last, foregoing
 * jo....after || jona or jonapa....next, following
 * za....in front of|| zana or zanapa....next
 * zo....behind|| zona or zonapa....last (previous, foregoing)
 * }
 * za....in front of|| zana or zanapa....next
 * zo....behind|| zona or zonapa....last (previous, foregoing)
 * }
 * }


 * Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix y to the adjectival counterparts:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! ADJECTIVE !! ADVERB
 * + Ordinal Adverbs
 * aa....first || aay....firstly
 * anapa....first || anapay....primarily
 * ea....second || eay....secondly
 * ujna....last || ujnay....finally
 * }
 * ea....second || eay....secondly
 * ujna....last || ujnay....finally
 * }
 * }


 * Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix t and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix s. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix i.  Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing at to wat for the former, and to ayt for the latter:


 * ha aas....the first thing
 * ha aat....the first person
 * ha aati....the first people
 * hua aayt....that first female
 * ha enapas....the second thing
 * ewat....another guy
 * Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.....The last shall be first.
 * ha zanapat....the next fellow


 * Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is:  | |  |


 * hua uwa aga tami....those four big houses
 * ha aa alo oga tami....the first ten little houses
 * ata anapa ewa oga tudi....my first two little children

Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with ordinal vowels, which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.:
 * d o b....state (1st level)
 * d a b....government (2nd level derivative)
 * d e b....leader (3rd level derivative)
 * d i b....administration (4th " " )
 * d u b....minister (5th " " )

Fractions

 * Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like half and quarter are formed by adding -yn for those functioning as nouns, -yna for adjectives, -ynay for adverbs, or -yn for prefixes, to the respective cardinal number.


 * Here are some examples:


 * His uxo ha oynxen bi yata mir.....This will cause the anihilation of our world.
 * Ha ayna mir te ayv et.....The whole world knows about you.
 * Has se gas vyel ha ayn bi hasa goni.....It is more than the whole of its parts.
 * Ferad se ayn dyana dalzeyn.....French is a holo phrastic language.
 * Et yafe bier eyn bi has.....You can take half of it.
 * Yat yefo eynxer eta yexnix.....We will have to halve your salary.
 * Hus sa eyn vyan.....That was a half- truth.
 * Eso eyn zyunida dropek.....There is going to be a hemi spheric war.
 * Duven his se eyn utexea dopar?....Is this a semi- automatic weapon?
 *  Iynxu hua ableyavol..... Cut that pie in thirds .
 * It yeyfe bixwer ay uynxwer .....He should be drawn and quartered .
 * Hia nas se aloyn bi hos yat aysa zojab.....This money is a tenth of what we had last year.
 * Ha dep aloynxwu .....The army would be decimated. 
 * Ewa asoyni bi ha dityan baksa.....Two percent (=hundredths) of the citizenry got sick.
 * Hia tom se anay asoyn ge aga vyel hua tom.....This building is only a hundredth as big as that building.
 * Hwut se oyntofa .....That guy is naked.


 * The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples:
 * Et so aynay dudyefa av eta xeyni.....You will be wholly accountable for your actions.
 * Iyt eynay tikabeloka.....She almost (= halfway) threw up.


 * Pronominalizations like half of it, a third of them:
 *  Eynas sa fia..... Half of it was good.
 *  Eynasi sa fua..... Half of them (things) were bad.
 * Esa uwa tobi se hua fukyes. Eynati toja.....There were four people in that accident.  Half (of them) died.
 *  Iynati bi yet se vyaka..... A third of you are right.
 *  Uynati bi yat yantexe..... A quarter of us agree.
 *  Alo asoyni bi hia dyesi fyunxwa..... Ten percent of these books were ruined.

Multiples

 * Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like double, triple can be formed by adding -on to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is monosyllabic, otherwise just -n. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix -a. They can also serve as prefixes on  animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows.  The prefix ending, -n is often dropped.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! CARDINAL NUMERAL !! MULTIPLE AS NOUN !! ...AS ADJECTIVE !! ...AS ADVERB !! ...AS PREFIX !! ...AS VERB-MAKER
 * + Multiplicative Numeric Determiners
 * o....zero || oon....null || oona....nil || || on-....zero- || onxer....cancel, zero out
 * a....one || aon....single || aona....single || aonay....singly || an-....uni-/mono- || anxer....unify
 * e....two || eon....twosome, double || eona....double || eonay....doubly || en-....di-/bi- || enxer....double
 * i....three || ion....threesome, triplet || iona....triple || ionay....triply || in-....tri-- || inxer....triple
 * u....four || uon....quartet || uona....quadruple || uonay....quadruply || un-....quadri-/tetra- || unxer....quadruple
 * yo....five || yoon....quintet || yoona....quintuple || yoonay....quintuply || yoon-*....quinti-/penta- || yoonxer*....quintuple
 * ya....six || yaon....sextet || yaona....sextuple || yaonay....sextuply || yaon-*....sexi-/hexa- || yaonxer*....sextuple
 * alo....ten || alon....decade || alona....decadic || alonay....by a multiple of ten || alon-....deca- || alonxer....multiply by ten
 * aso....hundred || ason....hundredfold || asona....hundredfold || asonay....by a hundredfold || ason-....hecato- || asonxer....multiply by a hundred
 * }
 * yo....five || yoon....quintet || yoona....quintuple || yoonay....quintuply || yoon-*....quinti-/penta- || yoonxer*....quintuple
 * ya....six || yaon....sextet || yaona....sextuple || yaonay....sextuply || yaon-*....sexi-/hexa- || yaonxer*....sextuple
 * alo....ten || alon....decade || alona....decadic || alonay....by a multiple of ten || alon-....deca- || alonxer....multiply by ten
 * aso....hundred || ason....hundredfold || asona....hundredfold || asonay....by a hundredfold || ason-....hecato- || asonxer....multiply by a hundred
 * }
 * alo....ten || alon....decade || alona....decadic || alonay....by a multiple of ten || alon-....deca- || alonxer....multiply by ten
 * aso....hundred || ason....hundredfold || asona....hundredfold || asonay....by a hundredfold || ason-....hecato- || asonxer....multiply by a hundred
 * }
 * }


 * * An extra o is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with yan meaning together and yon meaning apart.


 * The multiplicative noun dozen is expressed by aleon.


 *  Aleoni bi pati yizpapa..... Dozens of birds flew by.


 * By adding the suffix -at to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The -na- in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words:


 * aonat or aot ....solo, single, person
 * aonatser of aotser....become single, become a person
 * aonawat....singleton
 * eonat or eot....duo, pair, twosome, couple
 * eotxer....to copulate
 * eontajat....twin
 * ionat or iot....trio, threesome, trinity
 * iotxer....to do a threesome
 * Ionatin....Trinitarianism
 * iontajati....triplets
 * uonat or uot ....quartet, foursome
 * uontajat....quadruplet
 * yoonat or yoot....quintet, group of five people
 * yoontajati....quintuplets
 * yoonati....quintets


 * By adding the suffix -un instead of -on, we get the following:


 * aun....unit
 * auna....unitary, individual
 * aunser....unite
 * aunyan....series
 * aunyana....serial
 * eun....pair
 * euna....even, paired, binary
 * oleuna....odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired
 * oleunat....odd man out
 * eunxer....even out


 * Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used:


 * Yat naptyopa be eo(na)ti yez bi ha mep.....We marched in twos (= pairs) down the street.
 *  Asonati upo bay yat bu hia ovdal..... Hundreds (of people) will come with us to this protest.
 * Hia ivxel xwe en jabay.....This celebration happens bi ennially.
 * Iyt se un tupokyat.....She is a quadri plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)
 * Diwe sagu ha auni .....Please count the units .
 * Yet gafisa aronay !....You all have improved a thousandfold !
 * Tob se en tyoyaba sat.....Man is a bi pedal creature.


 * Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in -on in the numbers below ten is shortened to -n in common words:


 *  an zyuk.... mono cycle
 *  en zyuk.... bi cycle
 *  in gun.... tri angle
 *  un gun.... quadr angle
 *  yoon gon.... penta gon
 *  yaon gon.... hexa gon


 * Note: The prefixes for penta-/quinti- and hexa-/sext- must keep the -on so as to distinguish them from the prefixes yon....apart and yan....together. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See Coding Chemical Elements).


 *  yoon gona.... quinti partite BUT:  yon per....separate, go apart 
 *  yaon gun.... hexa gon BUT:  yan uper....meet, come together 

Number Chart

 * The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs:


 * Note 1: Sometimes the final -n on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. anapa first, atistam elementary school.
 * Note 2: An extra o is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from yon- dis-, apart
 * Note 3: An extra o is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from yan- con-, together
 * Note 4: Garale is short for alo gar ale ten to-the-power-of 12. By the same token, gorale is short for alo gor ale ten to-the-power-of-minus 12

= Metric Units =
 * Mirad uses the International System of Units (SI) for rendering measurement units.  These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see the alphabet.  Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big).  Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = omega, Ω = Omega).  The measurement unit names are followed by nak (measurement unit).


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

!ENGLISH UNIT NAME !SYMBOLIC ABBREVIATION !QUANTITY UNIT !MIRAD PRONUNCIATION !second !meter !kilogram !ampere !kelvin !Mole !candela
 * + SI base units
 * style="text-align:center" |s
 * time
 * style="text-align:center" |sonak
 * style="text-align:center" |m
 * length
 * style="text-align:center" |minak
 * style="text-align:center" |kg
 * mass
 * style="text-align:center" |kigenak
 * style="text-align:center" |A
 * electric current
 * style="text-align:center" |aganak
 * style="text-align:center" |K
 * thermodynamic temperature
 * style="text-align:center" |agkinak
 * style="text-align:center" |mol
 * amount of substance
 * style="text-align:center" |miolinak
 * style="text-align:center" |cd
 * luminous intensity
 * style="text-align:center" |cadanak
 * }
 * Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! ENGLISH NAME ! SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION ! QUANTITY UNIT ! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
 * + SI derived units with special names and symbols
 * radian
 * align="center" | rad
 * plane angle
 * align="center" |roadanak
 * steradian
 * align="center" | sr
 * solid angle
 * align="center" |soronak
 * hertz
 * align="center" | Hz
 * frequency
 * align="center" |aghezunak
 * newton
 * align="center" | N
 * force, weight
 * align="center" |agninak
 * pascal
 * align="center" | Pa
 * pressure, stress
 * align="center" | agpoanak
 * joule
 * align="center" | J
 * energy
 * align="center" | agjinak
 * watt
 * align="center" | W
 * power
 * align="center" | agwunak
 * coulomb
 * align="center" | C
 * electric charge
 * align="center" |agcanak
 * volt
 * align="center" | V
 * electrical potential difference
 * align="center" | agvunak
 * farad
 * align="center" | F
 * capacitance
 * align="center" | agfenak
 * ohm
 * align="center" | Ω
 * electrical resistance
 * align="center" | Omeganak
 * Siemens
 * align="center" | S
 * electrical conductance
 * align="center" | agsonak
 * Weber
 * align="center" | Wb
 * magnetic flux
 * align="center" | agwubanak
 * tesla
 * align="center" | T
 * magnetic flux density
 * align="center" | agtonak
 * henry
 * align="center" | H
 * inductance
 * align="center" | aghenak
 * degree Celsius
 * align="center" | °C
 * temperature
 * align="center" | nogagcanak
 * lumen
 * align="center" | lm
 * luminous flux
 * align="center" | liminak
 * lux
 * align="center" | lx
 * illuminance
 * align="center" | lixuak
 * becquerel
 * align="center" | Bq
 * radioactivity
 * align="center" | agbakonak
 * gray
 * align="center" | Gy
 * absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)
 * align="center" | aggeyunak
 * sievert
 * align="center" | Sv
 * equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)
 * align="center" | agsovunak
 * katal
 * align="center" | kat
 * catalytic activity
 * align="center" | kiatonak
 * byte
 * align="center" | b
 * 8 bits of information
 * align="center" | banak
 * }
 * Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:
 * align="center" | agbakonak
 * gray
 * align="center" | Gy
 * absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)
 * align="center" | aggeyunak
 * sievert
 * align="center" | Sv
 * equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)
 * align="center" | agsovunak
 * katal
 * align="center" | kat
 * catalytic activity
 * align="center" | kiatonak
 * byte
 * align="center" | b
 * 8 bits of information
 * align="center" | banak
 * }
 * Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:
 * 8 bits of information
 * align="center" | banak
 * }
 * Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! ENGLISH NAME ! SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION ! QUANTITY UNIT ! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
 * + Convenient non-SI units
 * litre
 * align="center" | L
 * volume
 * align="center" |aglonak or litr(i)
 * hectare
 * align="center" | ha
 * area
 * align="center" |heanak or hektar(i)
 * ton
 * align="center" | t
 * area
 * align="center" |tonak or ton(i)
 * decibel
 * align="center" | dB
 * loudness
 * align="center" |daagbanak or decibel(i)
 * fathom
 * align="center" | ftm
 * depth of water
 * align="center" |fetominak
 * }
 * fathom
 * align="center" | ftm
 * depth of water
 * align="center" |fetominak
 * }


 * The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol.  The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal.  The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number).  The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number).  See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! NAME ! SYMBOLIC FORMULA ! DERIVED QUANTITY ! TYPICAL SYMBOL ! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
 * + Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units
 * square meter
 * align="center" | m2
 * area
 * align="center" |$A$
 * align="center" | minak-gar-ewa
 * cubic meter
 * align="center" | m3
 * volume
 * align="center" | $V$
 * align="center" | minak-gar-iwa
 * meter per second
 * align="center" | m/s
 * speed, velocity
 * align="center" | $v$
 * align="center" | minak-gol-sonak
 * meter per second squared
 * align="center" | m/s2
 * acceleration
 * align="center" | $a$
 * align="center" | minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa
 * rowspan=2| reciprocal meter
 * rowspan=2 align="center" | m−1
 * wavenumber
 * align="center" | $σ$, $ṽ$
 * align="center" | minak-gor-awa
 * vergence (optics)
 * align="center" | $V$, 1/$f$
 * kilogram per cubic meter
 * align="center" | kg/m3
 * density
 * align="center" | $ρ$
 * align="center" | kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa
 * kilogram per square meter
 * align="center" | kg/m2
 * surface density
 * align="center" | $ρ$A
 * align="center" | kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa
 * cubic meter per kilogram
 * align="center" | m3/kg
 * specific volume
 * align="center" | $v$
 * align="center" | minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge
 * ampere per square meter
 * align="center" | A/m2
 * current density
 * align="center" | $j$
 * align="center" | aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa
 * Amperes per meter|ampere per meter
 * align="center" | A/m
 * magnetic field strength
 * align="center" | $H$
 * align="center" | aganak-gol-minak
 * mole per cubic meter
 * align="center" | mol/m3
 * concentration
 * align="center" |$c$
 * align="center" | minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa
 * kilogram per cubic meter
 * align="center" | kg/m3
 * Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration
 * align="center" | $ρ$, $γ$
 * align="center" | kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa
 * candela per square meter
 * align="center" | cd/m2
 * luminance
 * align="center" | $L$v
 * align="center" | canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa
 * }
 * The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit).  Banak means byte, so garale-banak is terabyte.  This breaks down to 1012 bytes.  Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"
 * kilogram per cubic meter
 * align="center" | kg/m3
 * Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration
 * align="center" | ᙭᙭᙭, ᙭᙭᙭
 * align="center" | kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa
 * candela per square meter
 * align="center" | cd/m2
 * luminance
 * align="center" | ᙭᙭᙭v
 * align="center" | canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa
 * }
 * The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit).  Banak means byte, so garale-banak is terabyte.  This breaks down to 1012 bytes.  Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"
 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! colspan=4 | MACRO !! colspan=4 | MICRO ! BASE 10!! US/UK NAME!!MIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIX !!SI SYMBOL !! BASE 10 !! (US/UK NAME) !! MIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIX !! SI SYMBOL
 * + Scalar Metrics
 * 1 || one || an- *... mono-, uni- || ||1/1 ||whole || ayn-....holo-, uni- ||
 * 2 ||two || en-....bi- || || 1/2 ||half||eyn-....demi-, di-||
 * 3 ||three || in-....tri- || || 1/3 ||third ||iyn-....terci-||
 * 4 ||four || un-....tetra- || || 1/4 ||fourth || uyn-....quadri-||
 * 5 ||five || yoon- *....penta- || || 1/5 ||fifth ||yoyn....quinti-||
 * 6 ||six || yaon-....hexa- || || 1/6 ||sixth ||yayn....sexti-||
 * 7 ||seven || yeon-....hepta- || || 1/7 ||seventh || yeyn....septi-||
 * 8 ||eight || yion....octo- || || 1/8 ||eighth || yiyn....octi-||
 * 9 ||nine || yuon....nona- || || 1/9 ||ninth || yuyn....novi-||
 * 10 ||ten || alon-....deca- || da || 1/10 ||tenth || aloy-....deci-|| d
 * 102 ||hundred || aso-....hecto- **|| h || 10-2 ||hundredth || asoy-....centi-|| c
 * 103 ||thousand || amso-....kilo- ||k || 10-3 ||thousandth)|| amsoy-....milli-|| m
 * 106 ||million || amlo-....mega- || M || 10-6 ||millionth || amloy-....micro-|| r
 * 109 ||billion /milliard || amro-....giga- || G || 10-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || amroy-....nano-|| n
 * 1012 ||trillion /billion || garale-....tera- || T || 10-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| gorale-....pico-|| p
 * 1015 ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| garalyo-....peta- || P||10-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || goralyo-....femto-||f
 * 1018 ||quintillion / trillion || garalyu-....exa- || E||10-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || goralyu....atto-||a
 * 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela-....zetta- || Z||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorela....zepto-||z
 * 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu-....yotta- ||  Y ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| gorelu....yocto-||y
 * }
 * 102 ||hundred || aso-....hecto- **|| h || 10-2 ||hundredth || asoy-....centi-|| c
 * 103 ||thousand || amso-....kilo- ||k || 10-3 ||thousandth)|| amsoy-....milli-|| m
 * 106 ||million || amlo-....mega- || M || 10-6 ||millionth || amloy-....micro-|| r
 * 109 ||billion /milliard || amro-....giga- || G || 10-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || amroy-....nano-|| n
 * 1012 ||trillion /billion || garale-....tera- || T || 10-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| gorale-....pico-|| p
 * 1015 ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| garalyo-....peta- || P||10-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || goralyo-....femto-||f
 * 1018 ||quintillion / trillion || garalyu-....exa- || E||10-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || goralyu....atto-||a
 * 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela-....zetta- || Z||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorela....zepto-||z
 * 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu-....yotta- ||  Y ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| gorelu....yocto-||y
 * }
 * 1015 ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| garalyo-....peta- || P||10-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || goralyo-....femto-||f
 * 1018 ||quintillion / trillion || garalyu-....exa- || E||10-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || goralyu....atto-||a
 * 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela-....zetta- || Z||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorela....zepto-||z
 * 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu-....yotta- ||  Y ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| gorelu....yocto-||y
 * }
 * 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela-....zetta- || Z||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorela....zepto-||z
 * 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu-....yotta- ||  Y ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| gorelu....yocto-||y
 * }
 * }

The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:
 * *Note: The -n or -on can sometimes be omitted in macro-prefixation, especially where there is no ambiguity. The -n (but NOT the -yn) in the micro prefixes can also sometimes be omitted.
 * **Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (109) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power).  The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6.  The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.
 * **Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (109) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power).  The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6.  The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO ! SYMBOL (EXPANSION) !! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION !! SYMBOL (EXPANSION) !! MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
 * + Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols
 * dag (decagram)|| daagenak || dg |(decigram)||dagenak
 * hg (hectogram)|| hegenak || cg (centigram)||cagenak
 * kg (kilogram) || kogenak || mg (milligram)||migenak
 * Mg (macrogram)|| agmigenak ||μg (microgram)|| mugenak
 * Gg (gigagram)|| aggegenak || ng (nanogram)|| nigenak
 * Tg (teragram)|| agtogenak || pg (picagram)|| pogenak
 * Pg ( petagram)|| agpogenak || fg (femtogram)|| fegenak
 * Eg (exagram)|| agegenak || ag (attogram)|| agenak
 * Zg (zettagram)|| agzegenak || zg (zeptogram) || zegenak
 * Yg (yottagram)|| agyugenak || yg (yoctogram) || yugenak
 * }
 * The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar e (squared) and gar i (cubed), respectively:
 * 10 km²....(pronounced as:) alo kominaki gar e
 * 12 mm³....(pronounced as:) ale miminaki gar i
 * Eg (exagram)|| agegenak || ag (attogram)|| agenak
 * Zg (zettagram)|| agzegenak || zg (zeptogram) || zegenak
 * Yg (yottagram)|| agyugenak || yg (yoctogram) || yugenak
 * }
 * The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar e (squared) and gar i (cubed), respectively:
 * 10 km²....(pronounced as:) alo kominaki gar e
 * 12 mm³....(pronounced as:) ale miminaki gar i
 * The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar e (squared) and gar i (cubed), respectively:
 * 10 km²....(pronounced as:) alo kominaki gar e
 * 12 mm³....(pronounced as:) ale miminaki gar i

= Expressing Frequency =


 * There are two ways to form determiners of frequency:
 * Using jod(i) meaning occasion(s), instance(s), time(s), or
 * Using xag meaning frequency


 * Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! "JOD" METHOD !! "XAG" METHOD !! MEANING
 * + Frequentative Determiners
 * duhogla jodi? || duhoxag? || how often?, how many times?
 * hogla jodi || hoxag || how often, how frequently
 * hagla jodi || haxag || the frequency
 * hegla jodi || hexag || sometimes, on some occasions
 * higla jodi || hixag || this often, this many times
 * hugla jodi || huxag || that often, that many times, so many times
 * huugla jodi || huuxag || so often, so many times
 * hyogla jodi || hyoxag || never
 * hyagla jodi || hyaxag || always, at all times
 * hyegla jodi || hyexag || any number of times, however often
 * hyigla jodi || hyixag || as often, the same number of times
 * hyugla jodi || hyuxag || not as often, some other number of times
 * ga jodi || gaxag (vyel) || more often (than)
 * ge jodi || gexag (vyel) || as many times (as), as often (as)
 * go jodi || goxag (vyel) || less often (than)
 * gla jodi || glaxag || many times, often
 * gle jodi || glexag || quite a few times, quite often
 * glo jodi || gloxag || not so many times, seldom
 * gra jodi || graxag || too often
 * gre jodi || grexag || often enough
 * gro jodi || groxag || too seldom
 * gwa jodi || gwaxag || as often as possible, most often, most times
 * gwe jodi || gwexag || an average number of times
 * gwo jodi || gwoxag || least often, as seldom as possible
 * owa jod || oxag || never, at no time, zero times
 * awa jod || axag || once, one time
 * awa ga jod || ga axag || again, once more
 * ewa jodi || exag || twice, two times
 * iwa jodi || ixag || thrice, three times
 * alo jodi || aloxag || ten times
 * - asoni bi jodi || -- || hundreds of times
 * - yowa gal haxag vyel zojab || yoxag vyel zojab || five times as often as last year
 * }
 * Examples:
 *  Duhoxag et pe ha tayegoblam?.... How often do you go to the barber shop?
 *  Duhogla jodi et akaye hia ekun?.... How many times have you won this game?
 * At teataye hua dyezun iwa ey uwa jodi .....I have seen that film three or four times .
 * At teataye is huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van at bokseye.....I have seen it so many times that I am getting sick.
 * Hus xwaye gaxag vyel et te.....That has happened more often than you know.
 * gre jodi || grexag || often enough
 * gro jodi || groxag || too seldom
 * gwa jodi || gwaxag || as often as possible, most often, most times
 * gwe jodi || gwexag || an average number of times
 * gwo jodi || gwoxag || least often, as seldom as possible
 * owa jod || oxag || never, at no time, zero times
 * awa jod || axag || once, one time
 * awa ga jod || ga axag || again, once more
 * ewa jodi || exag || twice, two times
 * iwa jodi || ixag || thrice, three times
 * alo jodi || aloxag || ten times
 * - asoni bi jodi || -- || hundreds of times
 * - yowa gal haxag vyel zojab || yoxag vyel zojab || five times as often as last year
 * }
 * Examples:
 *  Duhoxag et pe ha tayegoblam?.... How often do you go to the barber shop?
 *  Duhogla jodi et akaye hia ekun?.... How many times have you won this game?
 * At teataye hua dyezun iwa ey uwa jodi .....I have seen that film three or four times .
 * At teataye is huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van at bokseye.....I have seen it so many times that I am getting sick.
 * Hus xwaye gaxag vyel et te.....That has happened more often than you know.
 * alo jodi || aloxag || ten times
 * - asoni bi jodi || -- || hundreds of times
 * - yowa gal haxag vyel zojab || yoxag vyel zojab || five times as often as last year
 * }
 * Examples:
 *  Duhoxag et pe ha tayegoblam?.... How often do you go to the barber shop?
 *  Duhogla jodi et akaye hia ekun?.... How many times have you won this game?
 * At teataye hua dyezun iwa ey uwa jodi .....I have seen that film three or four times .
 * At teataye is huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van at bokseye.....I have seen it so many times that I am getting sick.
 * Hus xwaye gaxag vyel et te.....That has happened more often than you know.
 * At teataye is huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van at bokseye.....I have seen it so many times that I am getting sick.
 * Hus xwaye gaxag vyel et te.....That has happened more often than you know.

= Mathematical Expressions =
 * Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word ga....more.

Chart of Mathmatical Components

 * The following chart shows mathematical operator verbs and derived terms:

How to Verbalize Math Expressions

 * 1 + 1 = 2.....A gab a gese e.
 * 3 - 1 = 2.....I gob a gese e.
 * 2 x 4 = 8.....E gal u gese yi.
 * 10 % 2 = 5.....Alo gol e gese yu.
 * 52 = 25.....Yo gar e gese elyu.
 * 23 = 8.....E gar i gese yi.
 * 4 √2 = 2 = 2.....U gor e gese e.
 * log10 1000 = 3.....Aro gaz alo gese i.


 * Note 1: gese (equals) can be substituted with se (is), eg.:
 * E gab e se u.....Two plus two is four.
 * Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix -wa, eg.:
 * E wa lafebi gab a wa afeb gese vavol.....Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.


 * Examples of mathematical expressions:


 * E gab e gese u.....Two plus two equals four.
 * E gal i gese ya.....Two times three equals six.
 * I gar e gese yu.....Three to the second power equals nine.
 * E gob e gese o.....Two minus two equals zero.
 * Yu gol i gese i.....Nine divided by three equals three.
 * Yu gor i gese i.....Nine cubed equals three.
 * Aso gor e gese alo.....One hundred squared equals ten.
 * Aro gaz alo gese i.....Log10(1000) = 3. (= Logarithm of a thousand to base ten equals three)

Decimal Expressions

 * Decimal expressions like 2.5 use the word nod....point as in English.


 * Hia bavol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.....This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.

= Calendar and Time Expressions =
 * The word for calendar is judar. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used:

Basic Calendar Units



 * Time is divided using the following basic terms:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Calendar Units
 * job || time
 * jab || year
 * jeb || season
 * jib || month
 * jub || day
 * jwob* || hour
 * jwab* || minute
 * jweb* || second
 * }
 * jub || day
 * jwob* || hour
 * jwab* || minute
 * jweb* || second
 * }
 * jweb* || second
 * }
 * }


 * Note: These would ordinarily be jyob, jyab, and jyeb respectively, but the w glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter j, and is therefore substituted.

Other Calendar Units

 * Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! NUMERICAL FORMULA
 * + Other Calendar Units
 * rojab || millenium || year x 1,000
 * sojab || century || year x 100
 * lojab || decade || year x 10
 * eynjab || half year || year x 1/2
 * uynjab || quarter || year x 1/4
 * yajib || semester || month x 6
 * yejub || week || day x 7
 * yejubuj || weekend || day x 7 end
 * eynjwob || half hour || hour x 1/2
 * }
 * yajib || semester || month x 6
 * yejub || week || day x 7
 * yejubuj || weekend || day x 7 end
 * eynjwob || half hour || hour x 1/2
 * }
 * yejubuj || weekend || day x 7 end
 * eynjwob || half hour || hour x 1/2
 * }
 * }


 * This, next, last, etc. are expressed as follows:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Day Pointers
 * hijub hia yejub hijab || today this week this year
 * zojub zoyejub zajab || yesterday last week last year
 * zajub zayejub zajab || tomorrow next week next year
 * hujub huyejub hujab || that day that week that year
 * jazojub ja ewa yejubi jazojab || the day before yesterday two weeks ago the year before last
 * jozajub jo ewa yejubi jozajab || the day after tomorrow two weeks from now the year after next
 * Duhajub?|| Which day?
 * hyajub || every day
 * hyejub || any day
 * hejub || someday
 * hejubi || some days
 * }
 * Duhajub?|| Which day?
 * hyajub || every day
 * hyejub || any day
 * hejub || someday
 * hejubi || some days
 * }
 * hejub || someday
 * hejubi || some days
 * }
 * hejubi || some days
 * }

Seasons of the Year

 * Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for season jeb:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Seasons of the Year
 * jeab || spring
 * jeeb || summer
 * jeib || autumn, Fall
 * jeub || winter
 * }
 * Examples of usage:
 * jeub || winter
 * }
 * Examples of usage:
 * Examples of usage:


 * be jeab....in spring
 * ja jeeb....before summer
 * ju jeib....until autumn
 * ji jeub....since winter
 * je ha jeb....during the season
 * ub ha uj bi jeeb....toward the end of summer
 * eb jeab ay jeeb....between spring and summer
 * jeeba gemoj....vernal equinox
 * jeiba fayebi....autumn leaves
 * jeba til....seasonal drink
 * jeubyena jebmalyen....wintry climate
 * jeabyena malyen....spring-like weather
 * jeuben....hibernation
 * hijeab....this season
 * zajeab....next season
 * zojeab....last season
 * hyajeab....every season

Months of the Year

 * Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month jib:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Months of the Year
 * jiab || January
 * jieb || February
 * jiib || March
 * jiub || April
 * jiyob || May
 * jiyab || June
 * jiyeb || July
 * jiyib || August
 * jiyub || September
 * jilob || October
 * jilab || November
 * jileb || December
 * }
 * jiyeb || July
 * jiyib || August
 * jiyub || September
 * jilob || October
 * jilab || November
 * jileb || December
 * }
 * jilab || November
 * jileb || December
 * }
 * jileb || December
 * }


 * Some expressions using the months:


 * be jilob....in October
 * ja jiyab....before June
 * lojo zajiyeb....by next July (lojo = not after)
 * hijib....this month
 * zojib....last month
 * zajib....next month
 * bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis....month-to-month rent
 * jibay....monthly
 * jibi joy....months later
 * jiba sindryen....monthly magazine
 * hujiba jobnis....that month's rent
 * hya ionjib....every trimester
 * jiber....menstruate
 * byi zojilob....since last October
 * ub zejib....toward mid-month

Days of the Week

 * Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day jub:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Days of the Week
 * juab || Monday
 * jueb || Tuesday
 * juib || Wednesday
 * juub || Thursday
 * juyob || Friday
 * juyab || Saturday
 * juyeb || Sunday
 * }
 * juyob || Friday
 * juyab || Saturday
 * juyeb || Sunday
 * }
 * juyeb || Sunday
 * }
 * }


 * Here are some common terms relating to days of the week:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Day Expressions
 * Duhojub? || Which day?
 * hojub hu... || the day that...
 * hejub || someday
 * hijub || today
 * hujub || that day
 * hyijub || (on) the same day
 * hyajub || every day
 * hyejub || any day
 * zajub || yesterday
 * zojub || tomorrow
 * ha jajub be ha jana jub || the day before, (on) the previous day
 * ha jojub be ha jona jub || the day before, (on) the previous day
 * jazojub || the day before yesterday
 * jozajub || the day after tomorrow
 * hya ea jub || every other/second day
 * hyajub boy juyeb || every day except Sunday
 * yejub || week
 * hiyejeb || this week
 * yejubuj || weekend
 * yexjub (or) zeyejub || weekday
 * enyejuba(y) || bi-weekly
 * zoyejub || last week
 * }
 * ha jojub be ha jona jub || the day before, (on) the previous day
 * jazojub || the day before yesterday
 * jozajub || the day after tomorrow
 * hya ea jub || every other/second day
 * hyajub boy juyeb || every day except Sunday
 * yejub || week
 * hiyejeb || this week
 * yejubuj || weekend
 * yexjub (or) zeyejub || weekday
 * enyejuba(y) || bi-weekly
 * zoyejub || last week
 * }
 * hiyejeb || this week
 * yejubuj || weekend
 * yexjub (or) zeyejub || weekday
 * enyejuba(y) || bi-weekly
 * zoyejub || last week
 * }
 * enyejuba(y) || bi-weekly
 * zoyejub || last week
 * }
 * }


 * Examples of Usage:


 * (be) juyob....on Friday
 * ju juib....until Wednesday
 * ji zojub....since yesterday
 * lojo jubuj....by [Lit: not after] day's end
 * jo zajub....after tomorrow
 * je ha jub....during the day
 * bi juab bu juub....from Monday to Friday
 * yejubuja ponpop....a weekend getaway

Parts of the Day

 * Here are the principal parts of a day:


 * Examples of Usage:


 * At tijpa ja majij .....I woke up before dawn .
 * At iyfe tuyjer be ha jwoa jozemaj .....I like to nap in the late afternoon .
 * It yexe bi amaryap bu amaryop .....He works from sunup to sundown .
 *  Be gwa jwamoji, at teaxe sinibar..... Most evenings , I watch television.

Expressing Dates

 * The following is a how a date (jud) is normally expressed:


 * be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.....on Monday, February 11th, 1918 A.D.


 * A date like 2018 can be expressed as twenty eighteen (elo alyi) or two thousand eighteen (ero alyi).


 * The day 11 in the above expression is pronounced ala.
 * The acronym for B.C. is jaK, short for ja Krist (before Christ).
 * The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning Before the Common/Current Era is expressed in Mirad with jaEJ (ja ha Eja Joeb).
 * The acronym for A.D. is joK, short for jo Krist (after Christ).
 * The acronym for the de-Christianized C.E. is EJ, shoft for ha Eja Joeb (the Current Era).


 * Other date expressions follow:


 * be ha 1800 jabi (alyi aso jabi)....In the 1800's (eighteen hundreds)
 * ja ha 20a (eloa) asojab....before the 20th (twentieth) century
 * eb 1920 (yulo elo) ay 2001 (emso awa)....between 1920 (nineteen twenty) and (two thousand one)
 *  hyaje hua alojab.... throughout that decade
 * At yexa hum je gla jabi .....I worked there for [Lit: during] many years .
 * Ujbu his lojo jiyab.....Finish this by [Lit: not after] May.
 * Iyt so him ub ha uj bi 2 (ewa) jiab.....She will be here toward the end of January 2nd.
 * At taja je ha Tejika Eloni .....I was born in the Roaring Twenties .

Telling Time

 * Clock time expressions use mostly the word jwob (hour) or jwobi (hours).
 * Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as 15 hours (ulo jwobi), which is the same as 15:00 or 15 hundred hours.
 * The usual time-of-day question is Se duhojwob?....What time is it? [Lit: is what-hour?]
 * The typical answer is in the format Se alo (jwobi) yuwa. (Lit: (It) is ten hours five). The use of jwobi is optional, but if jwobi is modified by awa....one, then the singular form jwob is used.


 * Here are some typical answers:


 * Se awa jwob.....It is one o'clock AM [Lit: It is one hour.]
 * Se ewa jwobi.....It is two o'clock AM [Lit: It is two hours.]
 * Se ale jwobi.....It is twelve o'clock AM.
 * Se alyu jwobi elo.....It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).
 * Se eli jwobi ali.....It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).
 * Se elu jwobi.....It is 24:00 (12 PM).


 * The words jwob and jwobi can be abbreviated as j..
 * be elo j.....At 8:00 PM


 * The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system:


 * bi maj....(AM)
 * bi moj.... (PM)


 * Se vyavay 15:10 (= alu alo).....It is exactly 7:10 P.M.. [Lit: It is exactly fifteen ten.]
 * Et sa jwoa bey alo jwabi.....You were late by 10 minutes. [Lit: You were late by ten minutes.]
 * Has ijo yuz 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).....It will begin around 10:30 PM.
 * Puu him lojo jwoa vyel 15:00 j.....Get here no later than 3 PM.
 * Ha yuzpar puo hum yeb 10 jwabi.....The bus will arrive there within 10 minutes.
 * Ha jwobar izeade 1 17:00.....The clock says [Lit. indicates] 5 PM.
 * Yit pua be 3 j. be ha nod .....They arrived at 3 on the dot .
 * Note 1: izeade (indicates) can be substituted with de (says).


 * Note the following clock time idioms:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;font-size:smaller;"

! MIRAD !! ENGLISH
 * + Clock Idioms
 * jwa || early
 * jwe || on time
 * jwo || late
 * Se vyavay elo j. || It is exactly 8 PM.
 *  yub bi zemaj or  yuz bi zemaj. ||  around noon
 *  ub zemoj ||  toward midnight
 *  yeb bi jwebi ||  within seconds
 * alo jwabi ja hij  || ten minutes ago [= before now]
 *  lojo 3 j. ||  no later than / by 3 o'clock AM.
 * jwobay || hourly / by the hour / on the hour
 * Hia pop efxe 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi. || This trip takes (Lit: necessitates) 2 1/2 hours.
 *  ju awa jwob bi hij ||  until one hour from now
 *  ji zojub be 10a j. ||  since yesterday at 10 o'clock.
 *  je ha jana 12 jwabi ||  for/during/over the last 12 minutes
 *  ja ojo 10 j. ||  before / by 10 AM.
 *  lojo 10 jwobi. ||  by / in / within 10 hours.
 *  jo 10 j. ||  after 10 o'clock AM.
 * At saye him ji ewa jwobi. || I have been here for [= since] two hours.
 * }
 * jwobay || hourly / by the hour / on the hour
 * Hia pop efxe 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi. || This trip takes (Lit: necessitates) 2 1/2 hours.
 *  ju awa jwob bi hij ||  until one hour from now
 *  ji zojub be 10a j. ||  since yesterday at 10 o'clock.
 *  je ha jana 12 jwabi ||  for/during/over the last 12 minutes
 *  ja ojo 10 j. ||  before / by 10 AM.
 *  lojo 10 jwobi. ||  by / in / within 10 hours.
 *  jo 10 j. ||  after 10 o'clock AM.
 * At saye him ji ewa jwobi. || I have been here for [= since] two hours.
 * }
 *  ja ojo 10 j. ||  before / by 10 AM.
 *  lojo 10 jwobi. ||  by / in / within 10 hours.
 *  jo 10 j. ||  after 10 o'clock AM.
 * At saye him ji ewa jwobi. || I have been here for [= since] two hours.
 * }
 * At saye him ji ewa jwobi. || I have been here for [= since] two hours.
 * }
 * }

= Expressing Age =


 * Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for age: jag.


 * The typical question is:
 * Et se duhojaga ?.... How old are you? (Lit. what-aged)


 * A typical answer is:


 * At se eli (jabi) (jaga) .....I am twenty-three (years old) .


 * The word jaga can be left understood, as well as the word jabi....years:


 * At se ilo .....I am thirty.


 * Here is a list of important age expressions and categories:


 * duhojaga?....how old?
 * hojoga....of which age
 * hajaga....of the age
 * hejaga....of some age
 * hijaga....this old
 * hujaga....that old
 * huujaga....so old
 * hyajaga....of every age
 * hyejaga....of any age
 * hyijaga / gejaga....of the same age, as old
 * hyujaga / ogejaga....of a different age
 * zejaga .... middle-aged
 * jaga....old
 * jayga....oldish
 * joga....young
 * joyga .... youngish
 * gle jaga....rather old, oldish
 * gla jaga....very old
 * gra jaga....too old, super-aged
 * gro jaga....under-aged, minor
 * ge jaga....as old, of the same age
 * awa ( jab ) jaga....one year old
 * ewa ( jabi ) jaga....two years old
 * alo ( jabi ) jaga....ten years old
 * ga jaga vyel et....older than you
 * ga joga vyel at....younger than me
 * ge joga vyel iyt....as young as her
 * ha gwa jagat bi ata tidetyan....the youngest of my siblings
 * gajagat .... an elder
 * grojagat....a minor
 * alojagat....a ten-year-old
 * aloynjagat....a teenager
 * jagat .... old person, elder, senior
 * jagwat .... old man
 * jagayt .... old woman
 * jogat....a youth
 * jogwat....a boy
 * jogayt....a girl
 * grejat....an adult, someone of age
 * jagseat....an adolescent
 * jagsyat/agsyat....a grownup
 * yilojagat....an octogenarian
 * asojagat....a centenarian
 * tud .... child, offspring
 * twud .... male child, son
 * tuyd .... female child, daughter
 * tudet .... baby, infant
 * tobet .... youth, young person
 * twobet .... boy, young man
 * toybet .... girl, young woman, maiden


 * Some other examples of usage:


 * Et jagseye fi.....You are aging well.
 * At voy jogseye hyegla.....I am not getting any younger .
 * His se taam av ha jagati .....This is a home for the elderly .
 * Gawaku eta jogan !....Regain your youth !
 * At se ga jaga vyel ha yazmeli.....I am older than the hills.
 * Teaxu ata gwa joga tud.....Look at my youngest child.
 * Yat ife yata awajagat .....We love our one-year-old .
 *  Jagseatan se yika joob bi tej..... Adolescence is a difficult period of life.
 *  Agsu !.... Grow up! 


 * Note the difference:
 * agaser....to get bigger
 * agser....to grow

= Currency Nomenclature =
 * The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter n is suffixed (mnemonic for nas....money). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.:
 * The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD".
 * Lowercase is "usd"
 * Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is u so da.
 * This, with n suffixed, results in usodan.
 * Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving Usodan.
 * Pluralized, Usodan becomes Usodani (= U.S. dollars).


 * The Euro is therefore Euron.
 * The Thai baht is Toheban.
 * The Russian ruble is Rouban.


 * The ISO codes can be found at List of circulating currencies. A portion of that file is replicated here:


 * The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word -asoyn to the end of the Mirad name of the currency.
 * For example:
 * The American cent is Usodan-asoyn.
 * The Euro cent is Euron-asoyn.
 * The British penny is Gebapon-asoyn.
 * In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to asoyn.
 * The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker.  For example:
 * Five point six Euros ==> Yowa nod yawa Euroni ==> €5.6
 * Two thousand nine dollars ==> Emro yuwa Usodani ==> $2,009


 * Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as Batokin (for BTK). Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as Batokin-amroyn.


 * Other monetary vocabulary:


 * nas....money
 * nasa....monetary
 * nasyen....currency
 * nases....change
 * nasmug....coin
 * syagnas....cash
 * syagnasuer....to cash
 * ejnux....debit, cash
 * ojnux....credit
 * nasyef....debt
 * ojbier....to borrow
 * ojbuer....to lend
 * drefnas....paper money
 * nasdrev....bill, note, banknote
 * alo Usodan nasdrev....ten dollar bill
 * nax....price
 * nayx....cost
 * namper....to shop
 * nusbier....to buy
 * nisbuer....to sell
 * nun....merchandise, product
 * nuer....to supply
 * nuxer....to pay
 * nyuxer....to deliver
 * nier....to demand
 * nixer....to earn
 * nyixer....to order
 * nexer....to save
 * nyexer....to stock
 * noxer....to spend
 * nyoxer....to waste
 * kyaxler nas....convert money
 * nasokrer....go bankrupt
 * nasam....bank
 * nuien....trade
 * nuiem....market
 * nam....store