Mirad Grammar/Nouns

Noun Types

 * Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 7 ways:


 * common vs. proper
 * concrete vs. abstract
 * countable vs. mass
 * gender-neutral vs. masculine/feminine
 * singular vs. plural
 * animate vs. inanimate
 * full form vs. acronym


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! COMMON !! PROPER
 * + Common vs. Proper Nouns
 * tam....house || Emer....Venus
 * yagsim....bench || Ferom....France
 * dyes....book || Notre Dame...Notre Dame
 * tej....life || Tot....God
 * }
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 * tej....life || Tot....God
 * }
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! CONCRETE !! ABSTRACT
 * + Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns
 * tab....body || ifon....love
 * mil....water || oyman....coolness
 * deuz....song || deuzen....singing
 * }
 * Abstract nouns include gerunds, i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like deuzen....singing < deuzer....to sing or osexen....destruction < osexer....to destroy. Infinitives like deuzer....to sing are also considered abstract nouns.
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 * }
 * Abstract nouns include gerunds, i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like deuzen....singing < deuzer....to sing or osexen....destruction < osexer....to destroy. Infinitives like deuzer....to sing are also considered abstract nouns.
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! COUNTABLE !! MASS
 * + Countable vs. Mass Nouns
 * pat....bird || pattel....bird food
 * patayebi....feathers || patayebyan....plumage
 * megi....rocks || mil....water
 * }
 * In native Mirad, all common nouns in their singular dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as Roma....Rome.  Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel i (pat....bird ⇒ pat i ....birds).
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 * }
 * In native Mirad, all common nouns in their singular dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as Roma....Rome.  Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel i (pat....bird ⇒ pat i ....birds).
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! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! FEMININE !! MASCULINE
 * + Gender-neutral vs. Gendered
 * tob....human being || toyb....woman || twob....man
 * edeb....monarch || edeyb....queen || edweb....king
 * ted....parent || teyd....mother || twed....father
 * }
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 * ted....parent || teyd....mother || twed....father
 * }
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! SINGULAR !! PLURAL
 * + Singular vs. Plural Nouns
 * dom....city || domi....cities
 * gon....part || goni....parts
 * jub....day || jubi....days
 * }
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 * jub....day || jubi....days
 * }
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! INANIMATE !! ANIMATE
 * + Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns
 * mam....sky || pot....animal
 * tom....building || aot....person
 * job....time || tobet....child
 * }
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 * job....time || tobet....child
 * }
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! FULL FORM !! ACRONYM
 * + Full form vs. Acronym
 * Anxwa Doobi....United Nations || AD....UN
 * Mir Nunuien Xob....World Trade Organization || MNX....WTO
 * }
 * Mir Nunuien Xob....World Trade Organization || MNX....WTO
 * }


 * The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar.

Pluralization of Common Nouns

 * A singular countable common noun always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the pluralizing marker -i. So, the plural of pur....car is pur i ....cars.  In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages (la belle fleur → les belles fleurs).  The plural suffix -i is the only way nouns in Mirad are inflected.  All other changes to nouns are derivational in nature, eg. genderization, augmentation, diminution, capitalization, etc.


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! SINGULAR !! PLURAL
 * + Pluralization of Nouns
 * tam....house|| tam i ....houses
 * toyb....woman || toyb i ....women
 * tej....life || tej i ....lives
 * ha via dom....the beautiful city || ha via dom i ....the beautiful cities
 * }
 * tej....life || tej i ....lives
 * ha via dom....the beautiful city || ha via dom i ....the beautiful cities
 * }
 * }

Modifying Nouns with the Definite Article

 * In Mirad, there is only a single noun-modifying article, the invariable definite article ha (the). There is no indefinite article like English a / an. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article ha (which in reality is a definite deictic determiner, discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on Mirad Grammar/Determiners).  The definite article ha  is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun.  It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish.  The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart:


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! MIRAD !! ENGLISH !! SPECIFICITY
 * + Use of the Definite Article
 * tam || a house || indefinite, no article
 *  ha tam ||  the house || definite
 *  ha tami ||  the houses || definite, plural
 * tej || life || general, no article
 * fitejawa tej  ||  a life well-lived || indefinite, no article
 *  ha tej (...ho at bayse) ||  the life (... that I have) || specific
 * Ferad || French || language name, already specific, no article
 * Ivan || Ivan || person's name, no article
 * Ifliu yivan ! || Cherish freedom  || abstraction, no article
 *  Ha yivani ho yat ifie. ||  The freedoms that we enjoy. || abstraction specified
 * Yata yivani ... || Our freedoms ... || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
 * }
 * Ferad || French || language name, already specific, no article
 * Ivan || Ivan || person's name, no article
 * Ifliu yivan ! || Cherish freedom  || abstraction, no article
 *  Ha yivani ho yat ifie. ||  The freedoms that we enjoy. || abstraction specified
 * Yata yivani ... || Our freedoms ... || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
 * }
 *  Ha yivani ho yat ifie. ||  The freedoms that we enjoy. || abstraction specified
 * Yata yivani ... || Our freedoms ... || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
 * }
 * Yata yivani ... || Our freedoms ... || abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
 * }


 * Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like love, life, freedom do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases the love that dare not speak its name or the life well-lived or the freedoms we possess. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages.  Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew."

Proper Nouns

 * Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English.  The formation of country names and languages is discussed in Countries of the World and Languages of the World.  It can be said here, though, that country names end in -m; the inhabitants of those places end in -t or pl. -ti; and the languages they speak end in -d.  Language names are capitalized, eg. At tixe Ferad. (I study French.).  In fact, this is the case for all parts of speech derived from a proper name, eg. Usoma tel Feramxweye. American food is being Frenchified..  French speakers beware; this is not like in French.  And German speakers beware, too!  Not all nouns are capitalized; only ones that are proper, such as names of people, companies, languages, countries, etc.


 * Names of people, cities, etc. are spelled in Mirad to best reflect the foreign pronunciation, but also to remain recognizable. For example:
 * Xikago....Chicago
 * Paris....Paris
 * Munxen....Munich/M&uuml;nchen
 * Beijing....Beijing
 * Nu York....New York
 * Nu Orlinz....New Orleans
 * Xampanya....Champagne
 * M&eacute;hiko Dom....Mexico City
 * Waxington....Washington
 * Seol....Seoul
 * Xeykspir....Shakespeare


 * An inhabitant of a city is formed by adding -t or -at to the name, depending on whether it ends in a vowel or consonant, respectively, eg. Parisat....a Parisian or Waxingtonati....Washingtonians. Chicago's main newspaper is expressed in Mirad as ha aaga jubdindref bi Xikago.  The English preposition in used before cities and states is translated by be in Mirad, eg. At tambese be Paris.....I live in Paris.

Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement

 * Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as ewa....two naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number.


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! Mirad !! English
 * + Noun Modifiers
 * ha ewa aga tami || the two big houses
 *  gla ifxea taxi ||  many pleasant memories
 * hya fia tob || every good man
 * ha yaga via mepi || the long, beautiful roads
 * gra vua sexen || too much ugly construction
 * ata aja teji || my past lives
 * }
 * ha yaga via mepi || the long, beautiful roads
 * gra vua sexen || too much ugly construction
 * ata aja teji || my past lives
 * }
 * ata aja teji || my past lives
 * }

Noun Linkage

 * Nouns can be
 * linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or
 * juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or
 * compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or
 * hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen.


 * Examples:


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! LINKAGE EXAMPLE !! CONSTRUCTION
 * + Noun Linkage
 * Ivan ay Maria ....Ivan and Maria  || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ay (and)
 * ha tam ey ha par ....the house or the car  || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ey (or)
 * hyati oy ha toybi ....all but the women  || nouns linked associatively by the conjunction or (but)
 * nyandras boy eta dyun ....a list without your name  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition boy (without)
 * tej bi nasuk ....a life of poverty  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of)
 * ha tam bi Maria  ....Mary&apos;s house (the house of Mary || nouns linked possessively by the preposition bi (of)
 * job bi aga ivan ....a time of great joy  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of)
 * dyes ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek ....a book about the Second World War  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition ayv (about)
 * dropek jwabeni ....war preparations  || modifier noun dropek (war) juxtaposed with the head noun jwabeni (preparations)
 * dom yuzpur ....a city bus  || modifier noun dom (city) juxtaposed with the head noun yuzpur (bus)
 * toj ojfon ....a death wish  || modifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun  ojfon  (wish)
 * jogat anyaf ....youth league  || modifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun  anyaf  (league)
 * maj-moj....a day-and-night || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated
 * }
 * dyes ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek ....a book about the Second World War  || nouns linked associatively by the preposition ayv (about)
 * dropek jwabeni ....war preparations  || modifier noun dropek (war) juxtaposed with the head noun jwabeni (preparations)
 * dom yuzpur ....a city bus  || modifier noun dom (city) juxtaposed with the head noun yuzpur (bus)
 * toj ojfon ....a death wish  || modifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun  ojfon  (wish)
 * jogat anyaf ....youth league  || modifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun  anyaf  (league)
 * maj-moj....a day-and-night || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated
 * }
 * toj ojfon ....a death wish  || modifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun  ojfon  (wish)
 * jogat anyaf ....youth league  || modifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun  anyaf  (league)
 * maj-moj....a day-and-night || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated
 * }
 * maj-moj....a day-and-night || two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated
 * }


 * The X bi Y prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a named person, eg. ha tam bi Sam (Sam's house = the house of Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases.  Pronominal possession such as his car is discussed in the section on personal pronouns.  The preposition bi....of is used in partitive expressions like tilzyeb bi vafil....a glass of wine (but: vafil tilzeb....wine glass, where wine modifies the glass associatively).  More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on Mirad Grammar/Prepositions or Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions.


 * Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation.

Noun Derivational Affixes

 * Nouns can be divided into:
 * simple nouns such as pur....vehicle
 * compound nouns such as bixpur....train < bix....pull + pur....vehicle
 * derived nouns such as fabyan....forest < fab....tree + -yan a suffix meaning collection


 * Derived nouns can be formed by attaching nominal suffixes or prefixes to words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table.  More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building.

Noun Suffixes

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! SUFFIX !! MEANING !! BASE ONTO WHICH SUFFIX IS ADDED !! EXAMPLES
 * + Noun Derivational Suffixes
 * - valign=top
 * -ag || big || noun || tam....house → tam ag ....mansion tyal....meal → tyal ag ....banquet tilar....spoon → tilar ag ....ladle
 * -an || abstact quality -ness -hood, -ity || adjective stem ||vi a ....beautiful → vi an ....beauty yev a ....fair → yev an ....fairness, equity tob a ....human → tob an ....humanity, humanness, manhood
 * -ayg || big and cute || noun || tam....house → tam ayg ....cozy mansion kapet....dog → kapet ayg ....wolfie
 * -ambok || -itis, inflammation || noun || buixtaib....tendon → buixtaib ambok ....tendonitis
 * -d || language speech utterance || adjective and other stems|| Enigem....English → Enige d ....English (language) Mira....of the world → Mirad....Mirad (world speech) ekpe t ....horse →ekpe d ....neigh, whinny
 * -drun || -gram || noun stems || tiib....heart → tiib drun ....cardiogram
 * -dra/i/ur || -graph || noun stems || am....heat → am drar ....thermograph
 * -dren || -graphy || mostly noun stems || yib....far → yib dren ....telegraphy
 * -ef || need of || various stems || tel....food→tel ef ....hunger ig a ....fast→ig ef ....emergency til....drink→ til ef ....thirst
 * -en || present gerund -ing -tion -ment || verb stem ||ifi-....enjoy →ifi en ....enjoyment deuz-....sing→deuz en ....singing ax-....act → axl en ....acting
 * -eyn || present gerund -tion -ment || verb stem ||x-....do →x eyn ....deed s-....to be→s eyn ....essence jaup-....preceed → jaup eyn ....precedent
 * -es || smaller counterpart thing || noun || tef....hat→ tef es  cap saun....kind→ saun es ....sample dreuz....poem → deuz es ....stanza mek....dust, powder→mek es ....speck, grain
 * -et || smaller counterpart person || noun || twob....man → twob et ....boy toyb....woman→ toyb et ....girl
 * -if || love of -philia || noun || tel....food → tel if ....gourmandise doab....homeland → doab if ....patriotism dyes....book → dyes if ....bibliophilia, love of books
 * -ig || quick || noun and verb stem || man....light → man ig ....flash pyex....stroke→pyexig....swat yopap-....dive, fly down → yopap ig ....swoop
 * -im || room, chamber || various stems || fyadil-....to pray →faydil im ....chapel magel-....to cook → magel im ....kitchen tof-....to dress → tof im ....dressing room
 * -in || doctrine, dogma, -ism || various stems || tot....god → totin....religion, theism otof a ....nude→otof in ....nudism yufr-....terror → yufr in ....terrorism
 * -kyaoxar || -stat || noun stems || am....heat → am kyaoxar ....thermostat
 * -n || abstract noun || various stems || ze....in the middle of → zen....center za....in front of →za n ....face byi....since, starting with → byi n ....source go....less→ go n ....part
 * -kunid || -hedron, sided volume || number prefixes || alen....dodeca (twelve) → alenkunid....dodecahedron
 * -am || house building || various stems || nun-....merchandise → nun am ....store til drink → til am ....bar, tavern fyadil-....to pray → fyadil am ....church
 * -(e)m || place || various stems || duho-? what-?→ duho m ?....where? yex....work → yex em ....worksite ab....on, above → ab em ....top, surface ku a ....lateral→ku m ....side
 * -um || compartment booth || various stems || teuzibar....telephone → teuzibar um ....telephone booth
 * -yem || enclosure, box || various stems || ekpet....horse →ekpet yem ....corral b-....put → b yem ....position
 * -ud || offspring, baby of || noun || ekpet....horse→ekpet ud ....foal
 * -wud || son of || noun || ekpet....horse→ekpet wud ....colt
 * -uyd || daughter of || noun || ekpet....horse→ekpet uyd ....filly
 * -og || little || noun || tab body→ tab og ....corpuscle ekpet....horse → ekpet og ....pony tyal....meal → tyal og ....snack golbun....cut → golbun og ....cutlet
 * -oyg || little and cute || noun || tam....house → tam oyg ....cottage gafapayt....chicken →gafapayt oyg ....chickadee mimpar....boat → mirpar oyg ....dingy
 * -nagar || -ometer || noun || am....heat → am nagar ....thermometer
 * -ar, -ir, -ur || tool, machine, engine || usu. verb stem || p-....to go→ p ur ....car dr-....to write → drar....pencil gobl-....to cut → gobl ar ....knife yaobl-....to lift up and down → yaobl ur ....elevator, lift yaobl ir ....lift, crane dop....military → dop ar ....gun dop ur ....machine gun dop ir ....artillery, cannon
 * -s || thing, object, the X one || adjective || aa first → aa s ....first one, first thing otwa....unknown → otwa s ....mystery, an unknown tejea....living → tejea s ....living thing
 * -(s)on || abstract thing issue || various stems || if-....to love→if on ....love ov against→ ov on ....obstacle az a  strong → az on ....force yik a ....difficult → yik son ....problem
 * -(s)un || object thing result of an action || various stems || vyu a ....dirty → vyu n ....spot tamb-....settle →tambi un ....settlement gofr- shred → gofr un ....scrap, shred hyo....not a single→ hyo sun ....not a single thing
 * -t || person || adjective || ea second → eat....second one, second person fya-....holy → fya t ....holy one, saint ujna....last→uja t ....last one, last person Usoma....American →Usoma t ....an American
 * -tajbus || -ogen, producer || noun || om....cold, cry- → omtajbus....cryogen
 * -tun || science of, -ology || noun || tot....god → tot tun ....theology tob....man → tob tun ....anthropology vob....plant →vob tun ....botany
 * -tuyn || pseudo-science || noun || mar....star → mar tuyn ....astrology
 * -tuin || theory || noun || vyelan....relativity→ vyelan tuin ....theory of relativity
 * -tyen || skill, craft || noun || sur....engine → sur tyen ....engineering
 * -(t)in || doctrine, -ism || noun || zaypas-....progress → zaypas in ....progressivism
 * -tut, tuyt (f.) || scientist -ologist -ist || noun || tot....god → tot tut ....theologist tob....man → tob tuyt ....woman anthropologist vob....plant→ vob tut ....botanist
 * -uf || hate of, -phobia || noun || mil....water → mil uf ....hydrophobia totin....religion → totin uf ....hatred of religion toyb....woman → toyb uf ....misogyny
 * -ut, uyt (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || bek-....treat → bek uyt ....female nurse pop-....travel→pop ut ....traveler ak-....win → ak ut ....winner
 * -teliut || eater, -phage, -vore || verb stem || hyas....everything, omni- → hyas teliut ....omnivore bokogrun....bacteria → bokogrunteliut....bacteriophage
 * --yaf|| ability to, power -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yaf ....ability to see tex-....to think → tex yaf ....cognition test-....to understand → test yaf ....comprehension nos-....to spend → nos yaf ....spending power t-....to know → t yaf ....cognizance
 * -yafwan || possibility, -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yafwan ....visibility
 * -yof || inability to, disability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yof ....blindness teet-....to hear → teet yof ....deafness pas-....to move→pas yof ....paralysis tuj-....to sleep → tuj yof ....insomnia
 * -yofwan || impossibility || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yofwan ....invisibility
 * -yag || big and ugly, long || noun || tetwid....uncle→ tetwid yag ....dirty old uncle toyb....woman → toyb yag ....hag
 * -yan || collection, grouping -ary || noun || tob....man → tob yan ....mankind mar....star → mar yan ....constellation fab....tree → fab yan ....forest dyes....book→ dyes yan ....library
 * -yen || manner, kind || noun || dal....talk →dal yen ....parlance sex-....build →sex yen ....structure
 * -yef || duty, obligation || verb stem || dud-....to answer → dud yef ....responsibility byok-....to ache → byok yef ....punishment
 * -yik || difficulty to || verb stem || teet er ....to hear → teet yik ....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe  → tiex yik ....difficulty breathing, asthma
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -nagar || -ometer || noun || am....heat → am nagar ....thermometer
 * -ar, -ir, -ur || tool, machine, engine || usu. verb stem || p-....to go→ p ur ....car dr-....to write → drar....pencil gobl-....to cut → gobl ar ....knife yaobl-....to lift up and down → yaobl ur ....elevator, lift yaobl ir ....lift, crane dop....military → dop ar ....gun dop ur ....machine gun dop ir ....artillery, cannon
 * -s || thing, object, the X one || adjective || aa first → aa s ....first one, first thing otwa....unknown → otwa s ....mystery, an unknown tejea....living → tejea s ....living thing
 * -(s)on || abstract thing issue || various stems || if-....to love→if on ....love ov against→ ov on ....obstacle az a  strong → az on ....force yik a ....difficult → yik son ....problem
 * -(s)un || object thing result of an action || various stems || vyu a ....dirty → vyu n ....spot tamb-....settle →tambi un ....settlement gofr- shred → gofr un ....scrap, shred hyo....not a single→ hyo sun ....not a single thing
 * -t || person || adjective || ea second → eat....second one, second person fya-....holy → fya t ....holy one, saint ujna....last→uja t ....last one, last person Usoma....American →Usoma t ....an American
 * -tajbus || -ogen, producer || noun || om....cold, cry- → omtajbus....cryogen
 * -tun || science of, -ology || noun || tot....god → tot tun ....theology tob....man → tob tun ....anthropology vob....plant →vob tun ....botany
 * -tuyn || pseudo-science || noun || mar....star → mar tuyn ....astrology
 * -tuin || theory || noun || vyelan....relativity→ vyelan tuin ....theory of relativity
 * -tyen || skill, craft || noun || sur....engine → sur tyen ....engineering
 * -(t)in || doctrine, -ism || noun || zaypas-....progress → zaypas in ....progressivism
 * -tut, tuyt (f.) || scientist -ologist -ist || noun || tot....god → tot tut ....theologist tob....man → tob tuyt ....woman anthropologist vob....plant→ vob tut ....botanist
 * -uf || hate of, -phobia || noun || mil....water → mil uf ....hydrophobia totin....religion → totin uf ....hatred of religion toyb....woman → toyb uf ....misogyny
 * -ut, uyt (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || bek-....treat → bek uyt ....female nurse pop-....travel→pop ut ....traveler ak-....win → ak ut ....winner
 * -teliut || eater, -phage, -vore || verb stem || hyas....everything, omni- → hyas teliut ....omnivore bokogrun....bacteria → bokogrunteliut....bacteriophage
 * --yaf|| ability to, power -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yaf ....ability to see tex-....to think → tex yaf ....cognition test-....to understand → test yaf ....comprehension nos-....to spend → nos yaf ....spending power t-....to know → t yaf ....cognizance
 * -yafwan || possibility, -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yafwan ....visibility
 * -yof || inability to, disability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yof ....blindness teet-....to hear → teet yof ....deafness pas-....to move→pas yof ....paralysis tuj-....to sleep → tuj yof ....insomnia
 * -yofwan || impossibility || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yofwan ....invisibility
 * -yag || big and ugly, long || noun || tetwid....uncle→ tetwid yag ....dirty old uncle toyb....woman → toyb yag ....hag
 * -yan || collection, grouping -ary || noun || tob....man → tob yan ....mankind mar....star → mar yan ....constellation fab....tree → fab yan ....forest dyes....book→ dyes yan ....library
 * -yen || manner, kind || noun || dal....talk →dal yen ....parlance sex-....build →sex yen ....structure
 * -yef || duty, obligation || verb stem || dud-....to answer → dud yef ....responsibility byok-....to ache → byok yef ....punishment
 * -yik || difficulty to || verb stem || teet er ....to hear → teet yik ....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe  → tiex yik ....difficulty breathing, asthma
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -ut, uyt (f.)|| agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist || verb stem || bek-....treat → bek uyt ....female nurse pop-....travel→pop ut ....traveler ak-....win → ak ut ....winner
 * -teliut || eater, -phage, -vore || verb stem || hyas....everything, omni- → hyas teliut ....omnivore bokogrun....bacteria → bokogrunteliut....bacteriophage
 * --yaf|| ability to, power -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yaf ....ability to see tex-....to think → tex yaf ....cognition test-....to understand → test yaf ....comprehension nos-....to spend → nos yaf ....spending power t-....to know → t yaf ....cognizance
 * -yafwan || possibility, -ability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yafwan ....visibility
 * -yof || inability to, disability || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yof ....blindness teet-....to hear → teet yof ....deafness pas-....to move→pas yof ....paralysis tuj-....to sleep → tuj yof ....insomnia
 * -yofwan || impossibility || verb stem || teat-....to see → teat yofwan ....invisibility
 * -yag || big and ugly, long || noun || tetwid....uncle→ tetwid yag ....dirty old uncle toyb....woman → toyb yag ....hag
 * -yan || collection, grouping -ary || noun || tob....man → tob yan ....mankind mar....star → mar yan ....constellation fab....tree → fab yan ....forest dyes....book→ dyes yan ....library
 * -yen || manner, kind || noun || dal....talk →dal yen ....parlance sex-....build →sex yen ....structure
 * -yef || duty, obligation || verb stem || dud-....to answer → dud yef ....responsibility byok-....to ache → byok yef ....punishment
 * -yik || difficulty to || verb stem || teet er ....to hear → teet yik ....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe  → tiex yik ....difficulty breathing, asthma
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -yen || manner, kind || noun || dal....talk →dal yen ....parlance sex-....build →sex yen ....structure
 * -yef || duty, obligation || verb stem || dud-....to answer → dud yef ....responsibility byok-....to ache → byok yef ....punishment
 * -yik || difficulty to || verb stem || teet er ....to hear → teet yik ....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe  → tiex yik ....difficulty breathing, asthma
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -yog || little and ugly || noun || tam....house →tam yog ....shack anpiat....duck → anpiat yog ....ugly duckling kod....secret → kod yog ....little dirty secret
 * -yuf || fear of, -phobia || noun || serpyet....snake→ serpyet yuf ....fear of snakes mil....water → mil yuf ....hyrophobia
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }
 * -yuk || ease of || verb stem || pes- to wait → pes yuk ....patience kovyox- to fool  → kovyox yuk ....gullibility, foolhardiness
 * }

Differences between -en, -eyn, and -un

 * The noun suffixes -en, -eyn, and -un create nominalized forms from verb stem, but are a bit confusing. The suffix -en is equivalent to the English -ing and forms a gerundive.  The suffix -eyn is a slight variation and refers to a single action or state.  The ending -un forms a word meaning the result of an action and is often a thing.  Sometimes -eyn is used instead of -un where the latter has a special meaning.  Here are some examples:
 * xer....to do
 * xen....doing
 * xeyn....deed
 * xun....fact
 * yugxer....to slow up
 * yugxen....deceleration
 * yugxun....bottleneck
 * der....to say
 * den....saying
 * deyn....utterance, a saying
 * dun....word
 * ujer....to end
 * ujen....ending eg. I like ending on a happy note.
 * ujeyn....an ending, finale eg. This play's finale was emotional.
 * ujun....end, tail end eg. The road came to a sudden end .

Examples of the Suffix -yen

 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow"

! Base Word !! Derivation
 * + Wording Ending in -yen
 * - valign=top
 * ajtyod....past people || ajtyodyen....tradition
 * d-....to say || dyen....expression
 * akpas....winning move || akpasyen....tactic
 * dre(r)....to write || dreyen....writing system
 * amal....atmosphere || amalyen....weather
 * an-....single || anyen....quirk, idio-
 * axl-....to act || axlyen....behavior
 * aot....person || aotyen....character, personality
 * ty-....to know how || tyen....skill, craft
 * x-....to do || xyen....profession
 * ze-....middle || zeyen....means
 * bas-....gesture || basyen....body language
 * tex....thought || texyen....opinion
 * es-....to exist || esyen....state
 * kya-....change || kyayen....version
 * p-....to go || pyen....pace, gait
 * yex-....to work || yexyen....line of work
 * tayot-....to feel || tayotyen....texture
 * }
 * x-....to do || xyen....profession
 * ze-....middle || zeyen....means
 * bas-....gesture || basyen....body language
 * tex....thought || texyen....opinion
 * es-....to exist || esyen....state
 * kya-....change || kyayen....version
 * p-....to go || pyen....pace, gait
 * yex-....to work || yexyen....line of work
 * tayot-....to feel || tayotyen....texture
 * }
 * kya-....change || kyayen....version
 * p-....to go || pyen....pace, gait
 * yex-....to work || yexyen....line of work
 * tayot-....to feel || tayotyen....texture
 * }
 * tayot-....to feel || tayotyen....texture
 * }
 * }

Noun Prefixes

 * Prefixes can also be attached to nouns to create derivatives. Here are some common productive ones:


 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow"

! Prefix !! Meaning !! Base Noun !! Derivations
 * + Noun Prefixes
 * - valign=top
 * aa- || first, arch- || deb....leader dezun....performance tat....angel || aadeb....premier azdezun....premiere aatat....archangel
 * ab- || superior, sur-, on || donab....rank dout....gentleman dyun....name || abdonab....superior rank abdout....aristocrat abdyun....title, surname
 * an- || one, uni-, mono- || zyukpar....wheeled vehicle dungon....syllable || anzyukpar....unicycle andungon....monosyllable
 * ao- || vertical || nab....rank || aonab....column
 * aoyeb- || in-and-out || belen....carrying || aoyebelen....import-exports
 * aov- || for-and-against || dalson....subject || aovdalson...controversy
 * ayb- || over-, super- || dras....script ilp....flow mas....name || aybdrun....superscript aybilp....overflow aybmas....ceiling
 * ayn- || holo- || dras....script meg....stone sag....number || ayndras....hologram aynmeg....hololith aynsag....integer
 * aj- || past, pre-, fore- || din....story gex....equity || ajdin....history ajgex....revenge
 * az- || strong || hihid....laugh ojvad....promise tos....feeling || azhihid....guffaw azojvad....covenant aztos....passion
 * do- || public || del....statement did....question vyab....rule || dodel....announcement dodid....inquiry dovyab....law
 * eb- || inter-, dia- || dal....statement ifek....gram kyax....change || ebdal....dialog ebifek....interlude ebkyax....interchange
 * eyn- || semi-, hemi-, half- || il....liquid || eynil....semi-liquid
 * en- || bi-, di-, two- || zyukpar....wheeled vehicle || enzyukpar....bicycle
 * eg- || normal || byen....manner || egbyen....norm
 * ej- || step-, current || twid....brother din....story || ejtwid....step-brother ejdin....current news item
 * ev- || a-, neutral || totin....deism || evtotin....atheism
 * fi- || eu-, bene- || dyen....expression tos....feeling fon....will|| fidyen....euphemism fitos....euphoria fifon....benevolence
 * fyi- || helpful || dal....talk || fyidal....advice
 * fu- || caco-, mal-, ill-, dys- || seux....sound fon....will tos....feeling || fuseux....cacophony fufon....ill-will, malevolence futos....dysphoria
 * fyu- || waste || mil....water pelt...insect mul....stuff|| fyumil....waste water fyupelt....pest fyumul....garbage
 * fya- || holy || din....story buun....gift byekut....healer || fyadin....gospel fyabuun....oblation, offering fyabyekut....shaman, witchdoctor
 * fye- || fantasy, mytho- || din....story diyn....tale mir....world || fyedin....myth, fantasy fyediyn....fairy-tale, fable fyemir....fantasia, fantasy-world
 * fyo- || evil || tat....angel || fyotat....demon
 * gab- || plus || nix....earning || gabnix....interest
 * gaw- || re- || aklen....conquest || gawaklen....reconquest
 * ge- || equi-, iso-, even- || eksag....score kyin....weight || geeksag....tie gekyin....equilibrium
 * gel- || homo-, like-, simul- || dredun....speling san....form || geldredun....homograph gelsan....isomorph, clone
 * gla- || multi-, plur-, poly- || gon....part || glagon....plurality
 * gra- || too, hyper- || bik....caution || grabik....hypercaution
 * gwa- || macro-, super- || mor....universe || gwamor....macrocosm
 * gwo- || micro-, mini-|| drenod....dot nog....degree || gwodrenod....microdot gwonog....minimum
 * hyi- || homo-, same || toobif....gender preference || hyitoobif....homosexualtiy
 * hyu- || hetero-, different, other-, allo-, xeno- || toobif....gender preference mer....planet san....shape || hyutoobif....heterosexuality hyumer....alien planet hyusan....allomorph
 * hya- || omni-, pan-, all- || doobin....nationalism || hyadoobin....pan-nationalism
 * hye- || any, whatever || saun....kind || hyesaun....any kind
 * hyo(s)- || nothing || ten....knowledge || hyosten....ignorance
 * hyuit- || mutual || fizuen....respect || hyuitfizuen....mutual respect
 * ig- || fast || didyan....questionnaire || igdidyan....pop quiz
 * ij- || initial, head || dun....word miap....stream || ijdun....prologue ijmiap....headstream
 * ik- || full || nuxen....payment || iknuxen....liquidation
 * il- || liquid || ok....loss || ilok....leak
 * im || wet || mel....soil || immel....loam, wetland
 * in- || tri-, three || goblun....cut || ingoblun....trisection
 * iv- || happy || din....story || ivdin....comedy
 * iz- || straight, orth-, rect-, direct || fin....quality mep....path || izfin....rectitude izmep....beeline, vector
 * ja- || before, pre- || bik....caution || jabik....precaution
 * je- || continuous || dodal....speech || jedodal....harangue
 * jo- || after, post- || dren....writing || jodren....postscript
 * jwa- || proto-, eo-, early || ajdin....history ejob....modern era || jwaajdin....protohistory jwaejob....eocene
 * jwe- || prompt || puen....arrival || jwepuen....on-time arrival
 * jwo- || latter, late || moj....night || jwomoj....late night
 * ku- || side, aside, lateral || bux....push deyn....saying || kubux....rebuff kudeyn....remark
 * ki- || diagonal, slant || nad....line texyen....opinion || kinad....diagonal, slant kitexyen....bias
 * ko- || hide, covert || d....utterance exut....operative flen....desire jadrun....plan || kod....secret koexut....spy koflen....envy kojadrun....plot
 * kya-|| change, para-, re-||bax....movement dyan....phrase din....story naz....value napxen....ordering||kyabax....shift kyadyan....paraphrase kyadin....version kyanaz....variable kyanapxen'....reordering, shuffling
 * kye- || haphazard || den....saying fyun....harm kaxun....find || kyeden....guesswork kyefyun....danger kyekaxun....discovery
 * kyo- || fixed || byen....manner deyn....saying doneg....social class || kyobyen....habit kyodeyn....clich&eacute; kyodoneg....caste
 * kyi- || heavy || azon....force tes....meaning bal....pressure|| kyiazon....gravity kyites....importance kyibal....strain
 * kyu- || light || azon....force mamil || kyuazon....ballast kyumamil....drizzle
 * lo- || dis-, de-, un- || bexun....possession bokulxen....toxification box...quiet|| lobexun....dispossession, divestment lobokulxen....detoxification lobox....disquiet
 * mak- || electro-, e- || ebdras....letter nagar....meter || makebdras....email maknagar....electrometer
 * o- || not, un- || bik....care|| obik....neglect
 * ob- || off- || goflun....rip fub....branch || obgoflun....stub obfub....offshoot
 * oge- || unequal, aniso- || izonan...orientation || ogeizonan....anisotropy
 * ogel- || hetero-, different || toobifan....sexual preference || ogeltoobifan....heterosexuality
 * oyb- || under-, sub-, infra- || mos....floor neg....level|| oybmos....basement oybneg....sublevel
 * of- || unauthorized || birun....grab dresini....drawings gelxun....copy || ofbirun....loot ofdresini....grafitti ofgelxun....plagiarism
 * og- || small || soni....matters || ogsoni....trivia
 * oj- || future, fore- || buen....giving deyn....utterance || ojbuen....lending ojdeyn....forecast
 * ok- || loss || buun....gift tos....feeling || okbuun....sacrifice oktos....heartache
 * ov- || against, counter-, contra- || adabinut....imperialist apyex....attack || ovadabinut....anti-imperialist ovapyex'....counterattack
 * oz- || weak || duun....suggestion || ozduun....hint
 * ug- || slow || dal....speech ilok....leak teax....look|| ugdal....drawl ugilok....seepage ugteax....gaze
 * ui- || horizontal || nab....rank || uinab'....row
 * un- || quadri-, tetra-, four- || drezun....poem yan....collection|| undrezun....quatrain unyan....tetrad
 * uj- || end || ak....win dun....word jud....date || ujak....success ujdun....epilogue ujjud....deadline
 * uk || empty || dal....talk mel....soil nod....point || ukdal....blather ukmel....desert uknod....puncture
 * ut- || self-, sui-, aut(o)- || tojben....killing dab....government || uttojben....suicide utdab....autarchy
 * uv- || sad || deuzun'....song dolen....silence kyeuj....fate || uvdeuzun....dirge uvdolen....sulking uvkyeuj....tragedy
 * uf- || hate || dal....speech tos....feeling || ufdal....rant uftos....anger
 * uz- || crooked, curved, arc || aybmas....roof dopar....weapon kunad....edge || uzaybmas....vault, arch uzdopar....bow, arch uzkunad....rim
 * va- || yes || bien....taking diun....request dud....answer || vabien....acceptance vadiun....claim vadud....assent
 * ve- || maybe || texen....thinking yovdeyn....inculpation || vetexen....supposition veyovdeyn....indictment
 * vo- || no || texen....thinking fon....will || votexen....doubting vofon'....disinclination
 * vya- || true || deyn....utterance dud....answer nad....line || vyadeyn....avowal vyadud....solution vyanad....guideline
 * vye- || relative || dren....writing || vyedren....correspondence
 * vyo- || wrong, mis- || bek....treatment dat....friend || vyobek....mistreatment vyodat....false friend
 * yan- || together, con- || dal....talk || yandal....conversation
 * yon- || apart || byex....strike || yonbyex....breach
 * yov- || shame || bixen....pulling byok....pain if....pleasure || yovbixen....seduction yovbyok....punishment yovif....schadenfreude
 * yab- || up, super-, high-, hyper- || dom....city dot....society || yabdom....uptown yabdot'....high society
 * yabnan- || hypso-, acro-, height || dren....recording || yabnandren....hypsography
 * yaob- || up-and-down || yuijar....valve pusen....jumping || yaobyuijar....piston yaopusen....bouncing
 * yaz- || swollen, protruding, convex || dal....talk buk....wound tiub....belly || yazdal....bombast yazbuk....boil, blister yaztiub....potbelly
 * yez- || flush, along, para- || baktut....medic mel....terrain || yezbaktut....paramedic yezmel....meadow
 * yiz- || beyond, meta-, ultra-, hyper- || doobin....nationalism dreniv....text || yizdoobin....ultra-nationalism yizdreniv....hypertext
 * yoz- || sunken, concave || nad....line || yoznad....groove, gutter
 * yaoz- || saw-toothed, convex-concave || nad....line goblar....knife || yaoznad....tilde yaozgoblar....saw
 * yuz- || around, circ-, circum-, peri- || pipen....navigation teaxar....scope tyop....walk || yuzpipen....circumnavigation yuzteaxar....periscope yuztyop....stroll
 * yeb- || in-, intro-, inner- || dungab....affix dem....yard || yebdungab....infix yebdem...courtyard
 * oyeb- || out-, extro-, outer- || dom....city dovyaban....legality || oyebdom....outskirts oyebdovyaban....extralegality
 * yib- || tele-, far || drir....typewriter teaxar....viewer, scope || yibdrir....teletype yibteaxar....telescope
 * yibaj || ancient, archaeo-, paleo- || deyn....utterance tun....science || yibajdeyn....archaism yibajtun....archaeology
 * yub- || near, para- || gexen....equaling kex....search|| yubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination
 * yubaj- || recent, ceno- || ||
 * yob- || down, sub-, supra- || doneg....class gol....division || yobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision
 * za- || front, fore-, pre-, north || dungab....affix dyun....name mer....planet || zadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north
 * ze- || middle, mid- || dom....city jub....day || zedom....downtown zejub....midday
 * zo- || behind, back || bex....hold bix....pull || zobex....delay zobix....drag
 * zay- || forward, pro- || bix....pull bux....push || zaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion
 * zey- || across, trans-, meta- || dras....script ilp....flow || zeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * kyu- || light || azon....force mamil || kyuazon....ballast kyumamil....drizzle
 * lo- || dis-, de-, un- || bexun....possession bokulxen....toxification box...quiet|| lobexun....dispossession, divestment lobokulxen....detoxification lobox....disquiet
 * mak- || electro-, e- || ebdras....letter nagar....meter || makebdras....email maknagar....electrometer
 * o- || not, un- || bik....care|| obik....neglect
 * ob- || off- || goflun....rip fub....branch || obgoflun....stub obfub....offshoot
 * oge- || unequal, aniso- || izonan...orientation || ogeizonan....anisotropy
 * ogel- || hetero-, different || toobifan....sexual preference || ogeltoobifan....heterosexuality
 * oyb- || under-, sub-, infra- || mos....floor neg....level|| oybmos....basement oybneg....sublevel
 * of- || unauthorized || birun....grab dresini....drawings gelxun....copy || ofbirun....loot ofdresini....grafitti ofgelxun....plagiarism
 * og- || small || soni....matters || ogsoni....trivia
 * oj- || future, fore- || buen....giving deyn....utterance || ojbuen....lending ojdeyn....forecast
 * ok- || loss || buun....gift tos....feeling || okbuun....sacrifice oktos....heartache
 * ov- || against, counter-, contra- || adabinut....imperialist apyex....attack || ovadabinut....anti-imperialist ovapyex'....counterattack
 * oz- || weak || duun....suggestion || ozduun....hint
 * ug- || slow || dal....speech ilok....leak teax....look|| ugdal....drawl ugilok....seepage ugteax....gaze
 * ui- || horizontal || nab....rank || uinab'....row
 * un- || quadri-, tetra-, four- || drezun....poem yan....collection|| undrezun....quatrain unyan....tetrad
 * uj- || end || ak....win dun....word jud....date || ujak....success ujdun....epilogue ujjud....deadline
 * uk || empty || dal....talk mel....soil nod....point || ukdal....blather ukmel....desert uknod....puncture
 * ut- || self-, sui-, aut(o)- || tojben....killing dab....government || uttojben....suicide utdab....autarchy
 * uv- || sad || deuzun'....song dolen....silence kyeuj....fate || uvdeuzun....dirge uvdolen....sulking uvkyeuj....tragedy
 * uf- || hate || dal....speech tos....feeling || ufdal....rant uftos....anger
 * uz- || crooked, curved, arc || aybmas....roof dopar....weapon kunad....edge || uzaybmas....vault, arch uzdopar....bow, arch uzkunad....rim
 * va- || yes || bien....taking diun....request dud....answer || vabien....acceptance vadiun....claim vadud....assent
 * ve- || maybe || texen....thinking yovdeyn....inculpation || vetexen....supposition veyovdeyn....indictment
 * vo- || no || texen....thinking fon....will || votexen....doubting vofon'....disinclination
 * vya- || true || deyn....utterance dud....answer nad....line || vyadeyn....avowal vyadud....solution vyanad....guideline
 * vye- || relative || dren....writing || vyedren....correspondence
 * vyo- || wrong, mis- || bek....treatment dat....friend || vyobek....mistreatment vyodat....false friend
 * yan- || together, con- || dal....talk || yandal....conversation
 * yon- || apart || byex....strike || yonbyex....breach
 * yov- || shame || bixen....pulling byok....pain if....pleasure || yovbixen....seduction yovbyok....punishment yovif....schadenfreude
 * yab- || up, super-, high-, hyper- || dom....city dot....society || yabdom....uptown yabdot'....high society
 * yabnan- || hypso-, acro-, height || dren....recording || yabnandren....hypsography
 * yaob- || up-and-down || yuijar....valve pusen....jumping || yaobyuijar....piston yaopusen....bouncing
 * yaz- || swollen, protruding, convex || dal....talk buk....wound tiub....belly || yazdal....bombast yazbuk....boil, blister yaztiub....potbelly
 * yez- || flush, along, para- || baktut....medic mel....terrain || yezbaktut....paramedic yezmel....meadow
 * yiz- || beyond, meta-, ultra-, hyper- || doobin....nationalism dreniv....text || yizdoobin....ultra-nationalism yizdreniv....hypertext
 * yoz- || sunken, concave || nad....line || yoznad....groove, gutter
 * yaoz- || saw-toothed, convex-concave || nad....line goblar....knife || yaoznad....tilde yaozgoblar....saw
 * yuz- || around, circ-, circum-, peri- || pipen....navigation teaxar....scope tyop....walk || yuzpipen....circumnavigation yuzteaxar....periscope yuztyop....stroll
 * yeb- || in-, intro-, inner- || dungab....affix dem....yard || yebdungab....infix yebdem...courtyard
 * oyeb- || out-, extro-, outer- || dom....city dovyaban....legality || oyebdom....outskirts oyebdovyaban....extralegality
 * yib- || tele-, far || drir....typewriter teaxar....viewer, scope || yibdrir....teletype yibteaxar....telescope
 * yibaj || ancient, archaeo-, paleo- || deyn....utterance tun....science || yibajdeyn....archaism yibajtun....archaeology
 * yub- || near, para- || gexen....equaling kex....search|| yubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination
 * yubaj- || recent, ceno- || ||
 * yob- || down, sub-, supra- || doneg....class gol....division || yobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision
 * za- || front, fore-, pre-, north || dungab....affix dyun....name mer....planet || zadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north
 * ze- || middle, mid- || dom....city jub....day || zedom....downtown zejub....midday
 * zo- || behind, back || bex....hold bix....pull || zobex....delay zobix....drag
 * zay- || forward, pro- || bix....pull bux....push || zaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion
 * zey- || across, trans-, meta- || dras....script ilp....flow || zeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * yon- || apart || byex....strike || yonbyex....breach
 * yov- || shame || bixen....pulling byok....pain if....pleasure || yovbixen....seduction yovbyok....punishment yovif....schadenfreude
 * yab- || up, super-, high-, hyper- || dom....city dot....society || yabdom....uptown yabdot'....high society
 * yabnan- || hypso-, acro-, height || dren....recording || yabnandren....hypsography
 * yaob- || up-and-down || yuijar....valve pusen....jumping || yaobyuijar....piston yaopusen....bouncing
 * yaz- || swollen, protruding, convex || dal....talk buk....wound tiub....belly || yazdal....bombast yazbuk....boil, blister yaztiub....potbelly
 * yez- || flush, along, para- || baktut....medic mel....terrain || yezbaktut....paramedic yezmel....meadow
 * yiz- || beyond, meta-, ultra-, hyper- || doobin....nationalism dreniv....text || yizdoobin....ultra-nationalism yizdreniv....hypertext
 * yoz- || sunken, concave || nad....line || yoznad....groove, gutter
 * yaoz- || saw-toothed, convex-concave || nad....line goblar....knife || yaoznad....tilde yaozgoblar....saw
 * yuz- || around, circ-, circum-, peri- || pipen....navigation teaxar....scope tyop....walk || yuzpipen....circumnavigation yuzteaxar....periscope yuztyop....stroll
 * yeb- || in-, intro-, inner- || dungab....affix dem....yard || yebdungab....infix yebdem...courtyard
 * oyeb- || out-, extro-, outer- || dom....city dovyaban....legality || oyebdom....outskirts oyebdovyaban....extralegality
 * yib- || tele-, far || drir....typewriter teaxar....viewer, scope || yibdrir....teletype yibteaxar....telescope
 * yibaj || ancient, archaeo-, paleo- || deyn....utterance tun....science || yibajdeyn....archaism yibajtun....archaeology
 * yub- || near, para- || gexen....equaling kex....search|| yubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination
 * yubaj- || recent, ceno- || ||
 * yob- || down, sub-, supra- || doneg....class gol....division || yobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision
 * za- || front, fore-, pre-, north || dungab....affix dyun....name mer....planet || zadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north
 * ze- || middle, mid- || dom....city jub....day || zedom....downtown zejub....midday
 * zo- || behind, back || bex....hold bix....pull || zobex....delay zobix....drag
 * zay- || forward, pro- || bix....pull bux....push || zaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion
 * zey- || across, trans-, meta- || dras....script ilp....flow || zeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * yub- || near, para- || gexen....equaling kex....search|| yubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination
 * yubaj- || recent, ceno- || ||
 * yob- || down, sub-, supra- || doneg....class gol....division || yobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision
 * za- || front, fore-, pre-, north || dungab....affix dyun....name mer....planet || zadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north
 * ze- || middle, mid- || dom....city jub....day || zedom....downtown zejub....midday
 * zo- || behind, back || bex....hold bix....pull || zobex....delay zobix....drag
 * zay- || forward, pro- || bix....pull bux....push || zaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion
 * zey- || across, trans-, meta- || dras....script ilp....flow || zeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * zoy- || re-, retro-, back || axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash || zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
 * zya- || wide || dodal....speech drurun....printout || zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
 * zye- || through, per-, trans-, dia- || belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put || zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * zyi- || flat, plat- || dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor || zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
 * zyo- || narrow || bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle || zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }
 * zyu- || round, roto-, cyclo- || abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building || zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower
 * }

Gender

 * Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter w.  To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with y.  If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix -ut, that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending -ut is changed to -uyt for the female form, but the male form stays the same.  The reason for this is that the addition of a w to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker w (see the chapter on Mirad Grammar/Verbs.  The chart below shows how this works:


 * {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;"

! NEUTRAL !! MALE/MALE-ORIENTED !! FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED
 * + Making Nouns Gender-specific
 * tob....human being, person || twob....man || toyb....woman
 * tobet....child || twobet....boy || toybet....girl
 * tad....spouse || twad....husband || tayd....wife
 * ejtad....step spouse || ejtwad....step-husband || ejtayd....step-wife
 * ajtad....ex-spouse || ajtwad....ex-husband || ajtayd....ex-wife
 * ted....parent || twed....father || teyd....mother
 * datif....sweetheart || dwatif....boyfriend || daytif....girlfriend
 * yapet....pig|| yapwet....boar || yapeyt....sow
 * edeb....monarch || edweb....king || edeyb....queen
 * apat....fowl || apwat....rooster || apayt....hen
 * tiuv....underwear || tiwuv....briefs || tiuyv....panties
 * vapet....antelope || vapwet....deer || vapeyt....doe
 * deuzut....singer || deuzut....singer || deuzuyt....songstress
 * tud....child || twud....son || tuyd....daughter
 * }
 * yapet....pig|| yapwet....boar || yapeyt....sow
 * edeb....monarch || edweb....king || edeyb....queen
 * apat....fowl || apwat....rooster || apayt....hen
 * tiuv....underwear || tiwuv....briefs || tiuyv....panties
 * vapet....antelope || vapwet....deer || vapeyt....doe
 * deuzut....singer || deuzut....singer || deuzuyt....songstress
 * tud....child || twud....son || tuyd....daughter
 * }
 * vapet....antelope || vapwet....deer || vapeyt....doe
 * deuzut....singer || deuzut....singer || deuzuyt....songstress
 * tud....child || twud....son || tuyd....daughter
 * }
 * tud....child || twud....son || tuyd....daughter
 * }


 * For gender specification in pronouns, see Mirad Grammar/Pronouns, below).