Micronations/List of already existing micronations/Principality of Seborga

The Principality of Seborga is a micronation that claims a 14 square km area located in the northwestern Italian Province of Imperia in Liguria, near the French border, and about 35 km from Monaco. The principality is in coexistence with, and claims the territory of, the town of Seborga.

History
In arguing for the founding of Seborga in 1963, a Seborgan named Giorgio Carbone claimed, based on documents from the Vatican archives, that during the Middle Ages the town had become part of the feudal holdings of the Counts of Ventimiglia. He insisted that in the year 954, Seborga became the property of the Benedictine Monks of Santo Onorato of Lerins and in 1079 the Abbot of this monastery was made a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, with temporal authority over the Principality of Seborga.

Allegedly on 20 January 1729, this independent principality was sold to the Savoy dynasty and became a protectorate of theirs. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna overlooked Seborga in its redistribution of European territories after the Napoleonic Wars, and there is no mention of Seborga in the Act of Unification for the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Unification of Italy in 1861 and the founding of the Italian Republic in 1946 would therefore be illegitimate and unilateral acts because they violate the legitimate sovereignty of the people of Seborga. The exile of the Savoy, in 1946, involved also the end of ius patronatus.

The argument for Seborga's present-day status as an independent state is based on the claim that the 1729 sale was never registered by its new owners, resulting in the principality falling into what has been described as a legal twilight zone.

Origins
In the early 1960s, Giorgio Carbone began promoting the idea that Seborga should restore its historic independence as a principality.

By 1963 the people of Seborga were sufficiently convinced of these arguments to elect Carbone as their Head of State. He then assumed the style and title His Serene Highness Giorgio I, Prince of Seborga, which he held until his death in 2009.

Carbone's status as Prince was confirmed on 23 April 1995, when Seborgans voted 304 in favour, 4 against, for the Principality's constitution and in favour of independence from Italy.

Monarch
Prince Giorgio I reigned until his death on 25 November 2009. His successor Marcello Menegatto was elected on 25 April 2010 and crowned on 22 May 2010, styled His Serene Highness (Sua Altezza Serenissima or SAS) Marcello I.

The monarch's position is not hereditary and elections are held in Seborga every seven years. The 2017 election was held on 23 April. On 23 April 2017, Prince Marcello was re-elected and took office for another seven years after gaining 129 votes and beating his rival Mark Dezzani, a British-born radio DJ from Crawley, West Sussex, in England, who had lived in Seborga for nearly 40 years and only managed to gain 42 votes.

On 12 April 2019 Marcello I announced his intention to abdicate. He remained in office ad interim until the election of his successor, on 10 November 2019.

On 10 November 2019 Nina Menegatto, former Crown Counsellor for Foreign Affairs since 2010, was elected Princess of Seborga, the first woman to hold this position, by the inhabitants of Seborga. She defeated Laura Di Bisceglie, daughter of Prince Giorgio I, for 122 votes to 69.

Claimants
In June 2006 a woman calling herself "Princess Yasmine von Hohenstaufen Anjou Plantagenet", who claimed to be the rightful heir to the throne of Seborga, wrote to Italy's president offering to return the principality to the state. Her claim was contested by the then-prince, Giorgio I (Giorgio Carbone), who asserted that there were no credible sources supporting her, and said "Pah! No one’s ever even seen her as far as I know. I call her the 'internet princess'."

Since 22 February 2016 Nicolas Mutte, a French writer, claims to replace Marcello I. On 14 June 2019 Nicolas Mutte and his brother Martial were investigated for criminal association aimed at fraud, production of counterfeit money, and production of false administrative documents.

Crown Council
According to the constitution of Seborga, the reigning monarch has to rule under advisement by his Crown Council. Five members of the Council are elected by the citizens of Seborga while other members can be named by the Prince himself. The Crown Council is the executive in the principality.

Sport
The Principality of Seborga has an Olympic committee (not recognised by the International Olympic Committee), and a football association (not recognised by FIFA or UEFA). The Seborga national football team is a member of the N.F.-Board, and plays fixtures against other member teams, which represent various small nations, micronations, sub-national regions, and unrecognised de facto states.

Population
As of 1st January 2018, Seborga had a population of 297 people, with 146 males and 151 females.

Currency
The Seborga luigino is the local currency of the micronation of Seborga. Its subunit is the centesimo which is valued at 1/100. It is circulated alongside the Euro. The luigino has no value outside of the Principality of Seborga. The value of the Seborga luigino is pegged to the USD at 1 luigino: US$6.00. That would make it the world's highest-valued currency unit if it were considered an official currency. Luigini coins were issued between 1995 and 1997 with the effigy of Prince Giorgio in denominations of 5 centesimi, 15 centesimi, 1/2 luigino (50 centesimi), 1 luigino, and 7 ½ luigini. Coins with the effigy of the new prince, Marcello, were issued in 2012 and 2013 in denominations of 1, 2 and 2½ luigini. No banknotes have been issued.

Military
The Principality of Seborga maintains a volunteer defence force and border guard, originally known as the Knights of St Bernard, but now simply as the Corpo delle Guardie. Members of the Corps volunteer their services, and wear a uniform principally in the blue and white colours of the Seborga flag. Guards attend the Princess and members of her family on ceremonial occasions, and patrol the streets of Seborga throughout the year. During the tourist season they mount guard at the unofficial border crossing on the main road into Seborga. On its official website the Corps states its current Commander to be Luigi Zanni, and also claims that it has a mounted regiment.