Lombard/Prepositions and prepositional locutions

List of prepositions
Prepositions are words used to relate nouns or phrases. The prepositions are listed below (the list is made in the Milanese dialect, but the possible variants in the different dialects are indicated in the tables), their use will be explained in the following paragraphs. {|width="99%" cellspacing="6" cellpadding="6"
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come

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entro

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In addition to the prepositions, there are locutions that play the role of prepositions (prepositional locutions), they will be seen in the following paragraphs (in milanese dialect; to know the dialectal variants, please refer to the consultation of Lombard language Wiktionary).

Prepositions to connect sentences
As will be said about the Construction of the sentence there are cases in which the sentences can be connected each other through prepositions, followed by a verb in the infinitive.

We can classify the following cases:
 * sentences with gerundial complement
 * sentences of purpose
 * consecutive sentences
 * sentences of deprivation
 * sentences of necessity or convenience

Another use is the one of the verbs with servile function governed by Preposition, dealt with in the module about servile verbs

Sentences with gerundial complement
For these sentences, see the module about gerundive complements

Sentences of purpose
They are subordinate sentences that specify the purpose for which what is described in the main sentence is done. Can be introduced:
 * by the Preposition "de" if the subordinate clause specifies the specific purpose for which the subject of the main clause is intended.
 * Example:
 * La firlaforla l’è l’arnes de fà i bus in del mur. (dialect: )
 * (The drill is the tool for making holes in the wall)


 * by the preposition "per" in all cases of purpose sentences, the alternative use to the preposition "de" seen above is also possible.
 * Example:
 * A son scapad via per minga fàss ciapà. (dialect: )
 * (I fled to don't get caught)
 * La firlaforla l’è l’arnes per fà i bus in del mur. (dialect: )
 * (The drill is it is the tool for making holes in the wall)


 * by the prepositional locution "cont el fin de" (alternative to per when you want to emphasize that something has been designed by paying attention to the achievement of a certain purpose)
 * Example:
 * La Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda l’è on'ortografia cont el fin de ciapà dent tute I variante locai de la lengua lombarda.
 * The New Lombard orthography is a spelling in order to understand all the local variants of the Lombard language.

Consecutive sentences
They are subordinate sentences that represent the consequence of the action specified in the main sentence It is constructed by inserting adverbs such as "tant", "inscì", "assee" in the main clause and introducing the secondary clause with the Preposition "de":
 * Example:
 * L'è stad tant svelt de finì in cinch minut. (dialect: )
 * (It was quick enough to finish in five minutes)


 * L'hà caminad inscì tant de stracàss (dialect: )
 * (He walked so much that he got tired)

Sentences of deprivation
They are subordinate sentences that represent an action that has not been performed. The secondary clause is introduced by the Preposition "senza":
 * Example:
 * He worked without eating. (dialect: )
 * (Lù l’ha lavorad senza mangià)

Sentences of necessity or convenience
They are subordinate clauses that represent an action that is necessary or convenient to do. The secondary clause is introduced by the Preposition "de": The verb of the main clause is vessegh (vesser + adverbial particle "ghe") or havégh
 * Example:
 * A ghè nagot de' di (dialect: )
 * (There is nothing to say)
 * (A) ghhoo nagot de' fà (dialect: )
 * (I have nothing to do)

....

Prepositions to indicate approximation
To indicate an approximate time in cases where normally, to indicate a precise moment, the preposition "a" is required, the preposition "in su" or "vers" is used instead. (when specifying time (hours), only "vers" can be used.
 * Example
 * Se vedom ai ses ore (See you at six) - [precise time]
 * Se vedom vers i ses ore (See you around six) - [approximate time]
 * Se vedom al calà del sol (See you at sunset) - [precise time]
 * Se vedom in sul calà del sol (See you around sunset) - [approximate time]

Prepositions and prepositional locutions of place
 Note 

Argument prepositions
 Note 

Origin preposition
The preposition "de" is used and it works as the same preposition used for motion from place (see above). Example:
 * (English) He was born to a Piedmontese father
 * (Lombard) L'è nassud d'on pader piemontes

Prepositions to construct comparatives
"de", "che", come, compagn de, istess de, al pari de; for their use see ►►► "adjective degrees"

Prepositions to build the predicative complement
Usually the predicate complement of the subject is not introduced by Preposition:


 * Examples:
 * El Lessi l'è considerad on geni (Alexios is considered a genius)
 * El Valeri l'è stad elensgiud sindich (Valerio was elected mayor)

However, there are cases where prepositions are used, for example:

→ Preposition "come"
 * Example:
 * L'è stad ciapad come garzon (He was hired as an apprentice)

→ Preposition "de"
 * Example:
 * El fa de testimoni (He acts as a witness)

Prepositions to say the price
Prepositions are not used to indicate the price of an object:


 * Examples:
 * El compiuter el costa cinch-cent euri (The compiuter costs 500 euros)

To say the price something is sold or bought, the preposition "a" is used


 * Example:
 * L'hoo comprad a cinch-cent euri (I bought it for 500 euros)
 * L'hoo vendud a cinch-cent euri (I sold it for 500 euros)

Prepositions to be indicative of approximation
In evaluations, measurements and assumptions in the cases where no preposition is normally required, the input of the preposition "in su'" is equivalent to saying "roughly", "about" or "approximately"
 * Example
 * El pesa in sui sessanta chilogram (It/He weighs about sixty kilograms, It/He weighs approximately sixty kilograms)

Conversely, if you want to indicate an interval, use "infra" / "intra" / "tra " / "fra" .... "e"
 * Example
 * El palazz l'è alt intra (i) trii e (i) quindes meters (The palace is between three and fifteen meters high)

Prepositions of estimation
To indicate the estimated value of something, the preposition "per" is used:


 * Example:
 * Quest anell chì l'è stad stimad per cinch-cent milion (This ring was valued at five hundred millions)

What was said in the previous paragraph applies to approximations and intervals, that is to say the prepositions in su or infra...e must be used.

Prepositions to specify the age
Prepositions are not used to indicate a person's age:


 * Examples:
 * El Lessi el gh'ha quarant'ann (Alexios is forty years old)

To specify the age when something happened we use the preposition "a"


 * Example:
 * Lù l'è andad in spos a vint ann (He got married at the age of twenty)

By the same way, an approximate age can be indicated by preceding the preposition "in su" istead of "a"

Prepositions of manner
Complements of manner are usually expressed through adverbs, sometimes they are also expressed through adverbial locutions which can be made up by:

con + noun
 * Example:
 * Hoo lavorad con impegn (I worked with effort)

de + adjective
 * Example
 * Hoo lavorad de crapon (I worked stubbornly)

however, there are numerous locutions constructed with other prepositions. Examples: sul seri → (1) really; (2) seriously per nom → by name

Prepositions to indicate feelings, moods and conditions
Usually feelings, moods or conditions are expressed by adjectives.


 * Examples:
 * El Lessi l'è feliz (Alezios is happy)

Sometimes you can write "in" + feeling / moods / condition


 * Example:
 * El paes l'è in agitazzion (The village is in turmoil)

Attention: in the cases where in Lombard there are no nouns to describe certain conditions but verbs used as a noun are used instead, the translation by this way with the preposition "in" is not possible, contrarywise you have to use the construction "adree a + verb in the infinitive" (curtailment "'dree a +..."). For example, since there is no noun to say "arrival", the verb "to arrive" (or "to come"), which in Lombard is "rivà" / "ruvà"  is used instead as if it were a noun. "the arrival" is therefore expressed in Lombard by "el rivà" but “arriving” cannot be translated to "in rivà" but must be translated with "'dree a rivà"


 * Example:
 * A gh'è on temporal (che l'è) 'dree a rivà (There is a storm (that is) coming)
 * A gh'è on temporal che l'è 'dree a rivà (There is a storm that is coming)

Prepositions to form phrasal verbs
Some verbs change their meaning when they are followed by a preposition or an adverb. ►►► see ►►► Lombard/Phrasal verbs