Latin/Spoken/Lesson 2

Nationality

 * If you're referring to an English man you say Anglicus and if you're referring to an English woman you say Anglica. The ending -us is used for men and the ending -a for women.

If you're going to say "I'm Japanese" you just need to say Sum Japonicus. if you're male, and Sum Japonica if you're a female. Examples:
 * Sum Islandica = I'm Icelandic (female)
 * Sum Romanus = I'm Roman (male)
 * Sum Japonica = I'm Japanese (female)
 * Sum Anglicus = I'm English (male)

Language
To say that you "speak" a language you just need to say loquor. Loquor means "I speak", so if you're going to say "I speak Latin", you say: Latine loquor. Notice we use the adverb form of the language. It will be explained later. For now, just remember that you add an 'm' to a word when it's the object. Now, some examples: Now to make the sentence negative you simply add non which means "no" or "not":
 * Anglice loquor. = I speak English.
 * Latine loquor. = I speak Latin.
 * Latine non loquor = I don't speak Latin.
 * Islandice non loquor = I don't speak Icelandic.
 * Japonice non loquor = I don't speak Japanese.

Referring to other people
If you're going to say "you are English" or "you are Roman" we need how to say "you are". You almost never have to use personal pronouns (I, we, they, you) in Latin because they are inferred from context or the verbs. So if you are going to say "you are" you simply say "es". Example:
 * Es Islandicus = You are Icelandic (male)
 * Non es Japonica = You aren't Japanese (female)
 * Es Romana = You are Roman (female)
 * Es Anglicus = You are English (male)

Now you rarely need to tell people of what nationality they are (what did you say? "you rarely need to use Latin either"? Just shut up and pay attention!). If you want to ask people a question, you add -ne to the first word of the sentence. For example:
 * Es Anglicus = You are English (male)
 * Esne Anglicus? = Are you English? (male)
 * Es Japonica = You are Japanese (girl)
 * Esne Japonica? = Are you Japanese? (girl)
 * Sum Islandicus = I'm Icelandic (male)
 * Sumne Islandicus = Am I Icelandic? (male)

Asking what languages
Here we'll learn how to ask people what languages they speak. First let's overview a very limited conjugation of the verb "to speak". Now it would be advisable for you to learn by heart, as it'll prove immensely useful. Let's now learn a few things.
 * loquor = I speak
 * loqueris = you speak
 * loquitur = he/she/it speaks

Do you speak?
To learn how to ask what people know or speak you must first learn to "declare" that they know something. E.g.: Now you wonder; "how can I ask questions?". Did you just learn the enclitic (don't worry about knowing that word, you're never going to use it) -ne which makes sentences into questions? You just add it to the first word of the sentence!
 * Latine loquor. = I speak Latin.
 * Anglice loquitur. = He/she speaks English.
 * Islandice non loquor. = I don't speak Icelandic.
 * Japonice loqueris. = You speak Japanese.
 * Loquerisne? = Do you speak?
 * Loquerisne Latine? = Do you speak Latin?
 * Loquiturne Latine? = Does he/she speak Latin?

How would we say "don't you speak Latin"? Did you maybe think since we know how to say "do you speak Latin" and we know how say "no" (non) that it's: The way to say "don't" or "aren't" is the word nonne! (you might also see that it's made from non and -ne)
 * Linguamne Latinam non loqueris? ... Nope sorry that's wrong.
 * Nonne Linguam Latinam loqueris? = Don't you speak Latin?
 * Nonne Anglicus es? = Aren't you English? (referring to a man)
 * Nonne Lingua Latina est? = Isn't this Latin?
 * Notice that the word Latin is written as "Lingua Latina" but not as "Linguam Latinam". This is because nothing "affects" it.

Dialogue
Now let's look at some dialogue (in a freak turn of events the speakers are Caesar and Brutus)..