Internet Fundamentals/Introduction

What is the Internet?

 * The Internet is a global Wide Area Network (WAN).
 * A Network is a group of interconnected devices.
 * A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a large area.
 * A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that covers a small area.

What are the main advantages of the Internet?

 * Communication : Electronic mail (Email) and social media.
 * Education : search engines and webpages.
 * Entertainment : online games and online media.
 * Online services : online shopping and online banking.

What are the main disadvantages of the Internet?

 * Threat to personal information : possible loss of name, address, credit card number,...
 * Spamming : unwanted Emails that serve no purpose.
 * Cybercrime : malware, ransomware, stealing of identities,...
 * Virus attacks : cause a system to crash and may delete important data.

History of the Internet

 * In the 1950s, the United States Defense Department formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) with the purpose of developing technology.
 * ARPA’s scientists could not easily communicate or share information, so they created a network of computers, which they called ARPAnet.
 * In the 1970s, the TCP/IP protocol was developed, this protocol allowed the separate networks to communicate with each other.
 * The joining of these networks created a huge WAN which came to be known as the Internet.

What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?

 * The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of different websites that can be accessed through a web browser.
 * A website is a group of webpages hosted on one web server.
 * A web server is an Internet server that serves webpages to the web browser.
 * A web browser is an application that displays webpages.

What is the difference between the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet?

 * The Internet is a global WAN, and the WWW is an Internet service.

How the World Wide Web (WWW) works?

 * When a user makes a request over the Internet, the web browser sends this request to a web server, and the web server accepts and responds to it by storing and transferring webpages to the web browser.

How are web pages transferred from servers to clients?

 * Any resource connected to the WWW is identified by its Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
 * A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address of a WWW page.
 * Example : http://www.example.com/ ...
 * When the URL of a web page is identified, a protocol called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) sends a command to the web server.
 * Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol which enables communication between web clients and web servers.
 * Once the web server has transmitted the requested page, the web page can be displayed with Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML).
 * Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard language for creating and displaying web pages.

History of the World Wide Web (WWW)

 * In 1990, the WWW was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
 * He created three technologies (HTML, URL and HTTP), which allowed to use the Internet to link one document directly to another.

What is needed to connect to the Internet?

 * Internet Service Provider (ISP) : a business that provides a connection to the Internet.
 * Modem : a piece of hardware that allows a device to connect to the Internet over a telephone line.
 * Router : a piece of hardware that allows several devices to connect to a single Internet connection.

Common methods of Internet connection

 * Dial-up : an Internet connection which uses a telephone line and requires a landline.
 * Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) : an Internet connection which uses a telephone line, but doesn’t require a landline.
 * Cable TV : a wired Internet connection which uses Cable TV lines.
 * Wi-Fi : a wireless Internet connection which uses radio waves.
 * Satellite : a wireless Internet connection which uses satellites orbiting the Earth.
 * 3G and 4G : wireless Internet connections which use cellular networks.

What is cloud computing?

 * Cloud computing is the process of storing and using services online, rather than storing them locally on a device.

What are the main advantages of cloud computing?

 * File storage : access files, documents and Emails from any device.
 * File sharing : share files with several people at the same time.
 * Backing up : protect your files.

What are the main disadvantages of cloud computing?

 * Copyright : possible loss of legal rights.
 * Security : vulnerability to security attacks.
 * Storage : expense of storage.