IB Economics/Macroeconomics/Macroeconomic Models

Macroeconomic models

 * Aggregate demand- components: Aggregate demand is composed of four parts.
 * Consumption: How much households demand.
 * Investment: How much firms demand.
 * Government spending: How much Governments spend
 * [Exports- Imports]: How many exports are demanded from a country minus the number of imports said country demands.
 * This all makes for a very elegant equation: Aggregate demand= C+I+G+[X-M]
 * Aggregate supply: Aggregate supply is national output which is equal to national income.
 * Short run: In the short run demand and supply are the same.
 * Long-run (Keynesian versus neo-classical approach): There are two different examples of long-run supply curves. Keynesians believe that the long-run supply curve is a flipped L shaped. That we are never reaching an economy's full capacity and working towards it. Neo-classicals believe that this is not the case, and the supply curve is in fact- perfectly inelastic.
 * Full employment level of national income: It means the level of total output attained when unemployment is at a socially acceptable level. In most cases this is around 5%, however it does tend to vary.
 * Equilibrium level of national income : injections(j)= leakages (w). Therefore, j-w=0. (Government expenditure - taxes) + (export - imports) + (investment - savings)=0.
 * Inflationary gap: the gap between actual output and full employment output (+) OR the excess of Agg demand at the full employment level of real GDP
 * Deflationary gap: the gap between full employment output and actual output (-) OR the shortfall in Agg demand at the full employment level of real GDP
 * Diagram illustrating trade/business cycle:
 * A business cycle is composed of four parts.
 * Peak
 * Recession
 * Trough
 * Expansion