Grammar, Arithmology, And Isopsephy

Reasons why it is possible to write this
Quoted definitions in ch. 0 are excerpted or paraphrased from the (Compact) Oxford English Dictionary (COED) unless noted.


 * grammar
 * '...system and structure of a language [...] in general...'


 * arithmology
 * (numerology) 'the branch of knowledge that deals with the [esoteric] significance of numbers'


 * esoteric
 * '...likely to be understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest'


 * science
 * '...systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural...'


 * physics
 * '...science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy...'


 * matter
 * '...that which occupies space and possesses rest mass...'


 * energy
 * '...mass of a body when at rest' & '...vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity' (The Oxford Dictionary of English)


 * mass
 * '...matter which a body contains, as measured by its acceleration under a given force or by the force exerted on it by a gravitational field'


 * rest mass
 * 'the mass of a body when at rest.'


 * science
 * '...intellectual and practical activity...'


 * intellect
 * '...reasoning or understanding objectively, especially with regard to abstract matters' (The Oxford Dictionary of English)


 * mind
 * 'element of a person that enables them to be aware [...,] to think, [...;] the faculty of consciousness and thought:'


 * abstract
 * (full COED definition:) 'existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.'


 * intelligence:
 * 'ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.'

Note the def. of science leads to implication of abstract, 'non-physical' reality. That does not have to mean 'metaphysics' ('after physics') the title of a book by Aristotle that was written after his physics one; other scientific philosophers had a greater definition of physics before the term 'metaphysics,' meaning the same. This book is about language, literature, mathematics, and the mathematical analysis of language. It is not necessarily physics such as cosmology, but it may be ontology.

Introduction
The Greek Pre-Socratic scientist-Philosopher Pythagoras learned numerology in a day that a literal meaning of magic was mathematics. He studied in the East. Greek and other languages used to use alphabets as numbers, and each number has a meaning. Because of that, mathematical analysis of texts can find other meanings, particularly hidden (or forgotten) non-literal ones. In Greek this science is isopsephy (and the 'numerology' (Lat.) is arithmology (Gk..)

The arithmology of the scientist Pythagoras
(Hexadecimal notation is used here: 'A' follows '9', and so forth until 'F' which is followed by '10'. The hexadecimal notation '10' is in decimal '16.')

Zero may not have been used by Pythagoras but is here for completeness. He may not have used some of these symbols--or at least not their names--but the symbols may be generally significant ones.

∞. Apeiron: 'The All; root1 of numbers:'[--mathematics]

0. Medev: 'space'[--India/Yoga]

1. Monad: 'The One'[--Pythagoraean Sourcebook]

2. Duad: t'ai chi tu (yin-yang)[--Tao te Ching?; 2 has other meanings]

3. Triad: 'upadhis' (Skt., 'bases')--Blavatsky (HPB)

4. Tetrad: 'humours'[--Hippocrates]

5. Pentad: 'alchemical elements'[--Plato?]

6. Hexad: 'Quabalistic elements'[--Jewish Encyclopedia]

7. Hebdomad: 'planes'--HPB

8. Octad: 'ogdoad' (an Egyptian term)--HPB

9. Ennead: 'ennead' (an Egyptian term)--HPB

10. Decad: 'prajapatis' (Skt., 'numbers')--HPB

11. Hendecad: '(Buddhist) groups of kindnesses'

12. Dodecad: 'cranial nerves'[--an(y) anatomy book]

13. Tridecad: actual Zodiac signs--recent scientific observation of the star map

notes: 1. not 'root' in the sense of 'solution of an equation at 0,' but 'Mulaprakriti,' Skt., 'root Earth' (Platonic 'ideal form' of 'Earth element;' 'physical' universe) in infinite space--Blavatsky.

The nature of symbolic grammar
One does not necessarily use the symbols in ch. 1 when a word or text is analyzed in a language such as Hebrew, Sanskrit, Greek, or Latin; one must be aware of other symbols such as ones more specific to the language: almost all languages (even with unnumbered alphabets) have their own structure1 that with mathematics generate more words in the language that describe itself. That is how the language and its literature can be interpreted. A text may or may not have a deliberately hidden meaning. One must use other scientific, preferably mathematical (probably as applied in a specific science, though a few may be abstract or social) symbolism to analyze the text. In a few cases that has been done with several, mostly physical sciences applying various standard mathematics, and all of the isopsephy and particular scientific analysis of the resulting symbols implied one conclusion that had also been described elsewhere (long beforehand.) Whether one understands or applies such conclusions is another matter.

notes: 1. 'structure' described in the rest of the sentence. There is a citation from a website that may be anonymous research, but it is from primary Isopsephicy sources. (it will be cited when it is found out if the author uses a name: which is probably the case.)

Exercises
1. Calculate gematria values of the following Greek words and check for any pattern.

a. επιθυμία

b. θυμος

c. φρήν

d. 'νοῦς;' 'νόος'

(hint: check if they were Koine.)

2. Calculate gematria values of the following Semitic or Hebrew words, and check for any pattern in the texts that have the first word in each pair compared with texts that have the second in each pair (Genesis, etc.) a. תֹ֙הוּ֙ and וָבֹ֔הוּ (find the relevant translation)

b. 'Tiamat' (look it up) and בְּהֵמוֹת

3*. The Wikipedia 'Tiamat' article says (apparently with incomplete citation) '... Jacobsen and Burkert... Burkert continues by making a linguistic connection to | Tethys. ....' Of course, try to verify that, but then try to see any connection to problem #1's answers.

* challenge problem (if you use arithmology for it, then do not assume a denotation solution exists.)

Appendix of Alphabets
(Ancient) Greek Αα 	Alpha	1 Ββ 	Beta	2 Γγ 	Gamma	3 Δδ 	Delta	4 Εε 	Epsilon	5 (Ϝϝ 	Digamma	6) Ζζ 	Zeta	7 Ηη 	Eta	8 Θθ 	Theta	9 Ιι 	Iota	10 Κκ 	Kappa	20 Λλ 	Lambda	30 Μμ 	Mu	40 Νν 	Nu	50 Ξξ 	Xi	60 Οο 	Omicron	70 Ππ 	Pi	80 (Ϟϟ	Qoppa	90) Ρρ 	Rho	100 Σσς 	Sigma	200 Ττ 	Tau	300 Υυ 	Upsilon	400 Φφ 	Phi	500 Χχ 	Chi	600 Ψψ 	Psi	700 Ωω 	Omega	800 (Ͳͳ	Sampi	900)

Hebrew א 	Alef	1 ב 	Beth	2 ג 	Gimel	3 ד 	Daleth	4 ה 	He	5 ו 	Vau	6 ד 	Zayin	7 ח 	Heth	8 ט 	Teth	9 י 	Yod	10 ךכ 	Kaph	20 ל 	Lamed	30 םמ 	Mem	40 ןנ 	Num	50 ס 	Samekh	60 ע 	Ayin	70 ףפ 	Pe	80 ץצ 	Sadhe	90 ק 	Qoph	100 ר 	Resh	200 ש 	Shin	300 ת 	Tau	400

Language books for reference or future citation
(. The Eastern Mysteries & The Western Mysteries (2 vols.)..) (Ibid. The Key of It All (2 vols.)..)