General Mechanics/Partial Derivatives

We will now take a break from physics, and discuss the topics of partial derivatives. Further information about this topic can be found at the Partial Differential Section in the Calculus book.

Partial Derivatives
In one dimension, the slope of a function, f(x), is described by a single number, df/dx.

In higher dimensions, the slope depends on the direction. For example, if f=x+2y, moving one unit x-ward increases f by 1 so the slope in the x direction is 1, but moving one unit y-ward increases f by 2 so the slope in the y direction is 2.

It turns out that we can describe the slope in n dimensions with just n numbers, the partial derivatives of f.

To calculate them, we differentiate with respect to one coordinate, while holding all the others constant. They are written using a &part; rather than d. E.g.


 * $$f(x+dx,y,z)=f(x,y,z)+\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}dx \quad (1)$$

Notice this is almost the same as the definition of the ordinary derivative.

If we move a small distance in each direction, we can combine three equations like 1 to get


 * $$df= \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}dx + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}dy + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}dz$$

The change in f after a small displacement is the dot product of the displacement and a special vector


 * $$\left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}, \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \right) \cdot \left( dx, dy, dz \right)

=\operatorname{grad} f = \nabla f $$

This vector is called the gradient of f. It points up the direction of steepest slope. We will be using this vector quite frequently.

Partial Derivatives #2
Another way to approach differentiation of multiple-variable functions can be found in Feynman Lectures on Physics vol. 2. It's like this:

The differentiation operator is defined like this: $$df = f(x + \Delta x, y + \Delta y, z + \Delta z) - f(x,y,z)\,\!$$ in the limit of $$\Delta x, \Delta y, \Delta z \to 0$$. Adding & subtracting some terms, we get

$$df = (f(x + \Delta x, y + \Delta y, z + \Delta z) - f(x, y + \Delta y, z + \Delta z)) + (f(x, y + \Delta y, z + \Delta z) - f(x, y, z + \Delta z)) + (f(x, y, z + \Delta z) - f(x,y,z))\,\!$$

and this can also be written as


 * $$df = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}dx + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}dy + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}dz$$

Alternate Notations
For simplicity, we will often use various standard abbreviations, so we can write most of the formulae on one line. This can make it easier to see the important details.

We can abbreviate partial differentials with a subscript, e.g.,


 * $$D_x h(x,y)= \frac{\partial h}{\partial x}

\quad D_x D_y h= D_y D_x h$$

or


 * $$\partial_x h= \frac{\partial h}{\partial x} $$

Mostly, to make the formulae even more compact, we will put the subscript on the function itself.


 * $$D_x h= h_x \quad h_{xy}=h_{yx}$$

More Info
Refer to the Partial Differential Section in the Calculus book for more information.