Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 3/3.3.2

Women in Education
A new tide was turning after the 19th Amendment was signed giving women the right to vote in America. Thanks to the unending dedication of Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, who picketed the White House every day, suffered the batons of policemen, were then imprisoned and forced to eat food while on a hunger strike, women no longer belonged to their husbands and could start seeking an education for themselves outside the home. Suddenly, women were able to have their voices heard and count among their male counterparts. However,when it came to women in the education system, the inequalities were still clear. Men were still the predominantsex at universities, and generally, men also received most of the diplomas handed out by universities. It wasn't until after the end of World War II that change starts to come. In 1945, the first woman was accepted to Harvard Medical School(Eisenmann appendix). Harvard didn't start accepting women into their undergraduate programs until 1973. In 1972, Title IX in the Educational Amendments of 1972 was created to so that, "No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid."
 * In 1994, women received 38% of medical degrees, compared with 9% in 1972.
 * In 1994, women earned 43% of law degrees, compared with 7% in 1972.
 * In 1994, 44% of all doctoral degrees to U.S. citizens went to women, up from 25% in 1977

Bilingual Education Act of 1968
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 was established to provide students who couldn't speak English well, attending public schools, the opportunity to be taught in their native tongue. What good is providing a student with facilites, textbooks, and teachers if they do not understand the language in which they are taught in? Interestingly enough, the practice of teaching a student in a different language started before 1968. Before World War II, if a student did not speak English they were taught in their native language. However, as the Cold War started and fear of communism spread, this method of teaching was no longer practiced. Everything in that era had to be "American." How was speaking another language patriotic? Thankfully, after the Cold War, the nation started questioning the behavior of the federal government toward "non-American behavior," and they didn't like what they saw. Thus, in 1968 the act was born.

Test Your Know How!
What could be another rule added to the 1915 Rules for Female Teachers?

A. You may not tutor the children individually. B. You may not wear the color black C. You may not be pregnant during the school term D. You may not wear your hair down.

In 1994 what was the percentage of women with law degrees?

A. 51% B. 39% C. 90% D. 44%

What's the dollar difference spent between a black child and a white child?

A. $122 B. $201 C. $59 D. $677

In what state did Brown vs The Board of Education originate in?

A. Nebraska B. California C. Kansas D. Mexico

Answers: c, d, a, c