Electronics Fundamentals/Passive Components/Inductor

An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored temporarily in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which opposes the change in current that created it.

An inductor is characterized by its inductance, the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current, which has units of henries (H). Inductors have values that typically range from 1 µH (10−6H) to 1 H. Many inductors have a magnetic core made of iron or ferrite inside the coil, which serves to increase the magnetic field and thus the inductance. Along with capacitors and resistors, inductors are one of the three passive linear circuit elements that make up electric circuits. Inductors are widely used in alternating current (AC) electronic equipment, particularly in radio equipment. They are used to block the flow of AC current while allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this purpose are called chokes. They are also used in electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and in combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV receivers.

Inductor's Symbol
An inductor is a passive electronic component dependent on frequency used to store electric energy in the form of a magnetic field. An inductor has the symbol
 * Inductor diagram.svg

Inductance
Inductance is the characteristic of the Inductor to generates a magnetic field for a given current. Inductance has a letter symbol L and measured in units of Henry (H).
 * $$L = \frac{B}{I}$$

This section list formulas for inductances in specific situations. Beware that some of the equations are in Imperial units.

The permeability of free space, &mu;0, is constant and is defined to be exactly equal to 4&pi;&times;10-7 H m-1.

Basic inductance formula for a cylindrical coil

 * $$L=\frac{\mu_0\mu_rN^2A}{l}$$
 * L = inductance / H
 * &mu;r = relative permeability of core material
 * N = number of turns
 * A = area of cross-section of the coil / m2
 * l = length of coil / m

The self-inductance of a straight, round wire in free space


L_{self} = \frac{\mu_0 b}{2 \pi} \left[ \ln \left(\frac{b}{a}+\sqrt{1+\frac{b^{2}}{a^{2}}}\right) -\sqrt{1+\frac{a^{2}}{b^{2}}}+\frac{a}{b}+\frac{\mu_{r}}{4} \right] $$


 * Lself = self inductance / H(?)


 * b = wire length /m
 * a = wire radius /m
 * $$\mu_r$$ = relative permeability of wire

If you make the assumption that b >> a and that the wire is nonmagnetic ($$\mu_r=1$$), then this equation can be approximated to


 * $$L_{self} = \frac{\mu_0 b}{2 \pi} \left[ \ln \left( \frac{2b}{a} \right) - 3/4 \right]$$ (for low frequencies)


 * $$L_{self} = \frac{\mu_0 b}{2 \pi} \left[ \ln \left( \frac{2b}{a} \right) - 1 \right]$$ (for high frequencies due to the skin effect)
 * L = inductance / H
 * b = wire length / m
 * a = wire radius / m

The inductance of a straight wire is usually so small that it is neglected in most practical problems. If the problem deals with very high frequencies (f > 20 GHz), the calculation may become necessary. For the rest of this book, we will assume that this self-inductance is negligible.

Inductance of a short air core cylindrical coil in terms of geometric parameters:

 * $$L=\frac{r^2N^2}{9r+10l}$$
 * L = inductance in &mu;H
 * r = outer radius of coil in inches
 * l = length of coil in inches
 * N = number of turns

Multilayer air core coil

 * $$L = \frac{0.8r^2N^2}{6r+9l+10d}$$
 * L = inductance in &mu;H
 * r = mean radius of coil in inches
 * l = physical length of coil winding in inches
 * N = number of turns
 * d = depth of coil in inches (i.e., outer radius minus inner radius)

Flat spiral air core coil

 * $$L=\frac{r^2N^2}{(2r+2.8d) \times 10^5}$$
 * L = inductance / H
 * r = mean radius of coil / m
 * N = number of turns
 * d = depth of coil / m (i.e. outer radius minus inner radius)

Hence a spiral coil with 8 turns at a mean radius of 25 mm and a depth of 10 mm would have an inductance of 5.13µH.

Winding around a toroidal core (circular cross-section)

 * $$L=\mu_0\mu_r\frac{N^2r^2}{D}$$


 * L = inductance / H
 * &mu;r = relative permeability of core material
 * N = number of turns
 * r = radius of coil winding / m
 * D = overall diameter of toroid / m

Quality of good inductor
There are several important properties for an inductor that may need to be considered when choosing one for use in an electronic circuit. The following are the basic properties of a coil inductor. Other factors may be important for other kinds of inductor, but these are outside the scope of this article.


 * Current carrying capacity is determined by wire thickness and resistivity.
 * The quality factor, or Q-factor, describes the energy loss in an inductor due to imperfection in the manufacturing.
 * The inductance of the coil is probably most important, as it is what makes the inductor useful. The inductance is the response of the inductor to a changing current.

The inductance is determined by several factors.


 * Coil shape: short and squat is best
 * Core material
 * The number of turns in the coil. These must be in the same direction, or they will cancel out, and you will have a resistor.
 * Coil diameter. The larger the diameter (core area) the larger the induction.

Coil's Characteristics
For a Coil that has the following dimension
 * [[Image:Basic Inductor with B-field.svg|300px]]
 * Area enclosed by each turn of the coil is A
 * Length of the coil is 'l'
 * Number of turns in the coil is N
 * Permeability of the core is &mu;. &mu; is given by the permeability of free space, &mu;0 multiplied by a factor, the relative permeability, &mu;r
 * The current in the coil is 'i'

The magnetic flux density, B, inside the coil is given by:


 * $$B=\frac{N \mu i}{l}$$

We know that the flux linkage in the coil, &lambda;, is given by;


 * $$\lambda=NBA \,$$

Thus,


 * $$\lambda=\frac{N^2A\mu}{l}i$$

The flux linkage in an inductor is therefore proportional to the current, assuming that A, N, l and &mu; all stay constant. The constant of proportionality is given the name inductance (measured in Henries) and the symbol L:


 * $$\lambda=Li \,$$

Taking the derivative with respect to time, we get:


 * $$\frac{d \lambda}{dt}=L \frac{di}{dt} + i \frac{dL}{dt}$$

Since L is time-invariant in nearly all cases, we can write:


 * $$\frac{d \lambda}{dt}=L \frac{di}{dt}$$

Now, Faraday's Law of Induction states that:


 * $$-\mathcal{E}=N \frac{d \Phi}{dt}=\frac{d \lambda}{dt}$$

We call $$-\mathcal{E}$$ the electromotive force (emf) of the coil, and this is opposite to the voltage v across the inductor, giving:


 * $$v=L \frac{di}{dt}$$

This means that the voltage across an inductor is equal to the rate of change of the current in the inductor multiplied by a factor, the inductance. note that for a constant current, the voltage is zero, and for an instantaneous change in current, the voltage is infinite (or rather, undefined). This applies only to ideal inductors which do not exist in the real world.

This equation implies that


 * The voltage across an inductor is proportional to the derivative of the current through the inductor.
 * In inductors, voltage leads current.
 * Inductors have a high resistance to high frequencies, and a low resistance to low frequencies. This property allows their use in filtering signals.

An inductor works by opposing current change. Whenever an electron is accelerated, some of the energy that goes into "pushing" that electron goes into the electron's kinetic energy, but much of that energy is stored in the magnetic field. Later when that or some other electron is decelerated (or accelerated the opposite direction), energy is pulled back out of the magnetic field.

Inductor and Direct Current Voltage (DC)
When connect a Coil of several turns to an Electricity source in a closed loop. The current in the circuit set up a Magnetic Field that has the same properties like a Magnetic Field of a Magnet
 * B = L I

When the current is turned off, the Magnetic Field does not exist.
 * B = 0

Conducting Coil is called ElectroMagnet

Inductor's Voltage

 * $$v=L\frac{di}{dt}$$

Inductor's Current

 * $$ i = \frac{1}{L} \int v \cdot dt$$

Reactance

 * $$X_L = \omega L \angle 90 = j \omega L = sL$$, where $$s = \omega L$$.

Impedance

 * $$R_L + X_L = R_L \angle 0 + \omega L \angle 90 = R_L + j \omega L = R_L + sL$$

Angle Difference Between Voltage and Current
For Lossless Inductor
 * The angle difference between Voltage and Current is 90

For Lossy Inductor
 * $$Tan \theta = \omega \frac{L}{R_L} = 2\pi f \frac{L}{R_L} = \frac{2\pi}{t} \frac{L}{R_L}$$

Change the value of L and RL will change the value of Angle of Difference, Angular Frequency, requenct and Time
 * $$\omega = \frac{1}{Tan\Theta} \frac{L}{R_L}$$
 * $$f = \frac{1}{2\pi Tan \Theta} \frac{L}{R_L}$$
 * $$t = \frac{t}{2\pi Tan \Theta} \frac{L}{R_L}$$

Time Constant

 * $$T = \frac{L}{R_L}$$

Quality factor
Quality factor denoted as Q is defined as the ability to store energy to the sum total of all energy losses within the component
 * $$Q = \frac{X}{R}$$

Series Connection

 * [[Image:Inductors in Series.svg]]
 * $$L_{eq}=L_1+L_2+\cdots+L_n$$

Parallel Connection

 * [[Image:Inductors in Parallel.svg]]
 * $$\frac{1}{L_{eq}}=\frac{1}{L_1}+\frac{1}{L_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{L_n}$$