Dutch/Lesson 7A

Quiz
{ Put into the diminutive bloem { bloempje|bloemetje _10 } pad (path) { paadje _7 } vis { visje _6 } ijs { ijsje _7 }
 * type="{}" }

{ Put into the plural stoplicht { stoplichten _12 } pad (path) { paden _7 } spiegel { spiegels _8 } varken { varkens _8 } vriend { vrienden _9 }
 * type="{}" }

{ Give the past tense singular schrijven { schreef _9 } passen { paste _7 } halen { haalde _7 } trekken { trok _6 } verliezen { verloor _8 }
 * type="{}" }

{ Select the correct translation + mirror + sugar -+--- to succeed, to pass ---+- wine --+-- to begin
 * type="[]" }
 * suiker|slagen|beginnen|wijn|spiegel

Recapitulation
In Lesson 6A we practiced the weak verbs and the first three strong classes. Here is the rest.

Class 4 and 5 strong verbs
The difference between classes 4 and 5 is in their perfect participle. The past tense is the same. The two classes are small, but together they are not. Moreover they contain some of the most common and frequent verbs


 * The present and infinitive usually have open e [e], some have covered i [ɪ]
 * The past has covered a [ɑ] in the singular, this changes to open a [a] in the plural


 * Class 4
 * breken - ik brak  - wij braken  -- to break
 * nemen - ik nam  - wij namen -- to take
 * stelen - ik stal - wij stalen -- to steal
 * steken - ik stak - wij staken -- to stick
 * bevelen - ik beval - wij bevalen -- to command
 * spreken - ik sprak - wij spraken -- we spoke


 * komen - ik kwam - wij kwamen - to come

Komen is a rather irregular member of this class. It even shows vowel change in its present tense:
 * komen - ik kom [ɔ]  - wij komen [o]  (not 'kommen' as e.g. in German)


 * Class 5
 * eten - ik at - wij aten  -- to eat
 * treden - ik trad - wij traden -- to tread
 * geven - ik gaf - wij gaven -- to give
 * lezen - ik las - wij lazen -- to read


 * bidden - ik bad - wij baden -- to pray
 * liggen - ik lag - wij lagen -- to lie (in bed e.g.)
 * zitten - ik zat - wij zaten -- to sit
 * wezen /zijn - ik was - wij waren -- to be


 * zien - ik zag - wij zagen -- to see

Zien is a somewhat irregular member of class 5. It originally had a -h- (as it still does in German: sehen - sah) In the infinitive and present the -h- dropped out zi(h)en --> zien. In the past the h hardened to -g-.

Class 6 strong verbs
This is the smallest class and it has lost a number of its members to the mixed class that sports a weak past tense. An example is lachen that now has lachte as weak past. (It used to be loech)
 * The infinitive and present tense has open a ([a])
 * The past tense has oe ([u])


 * graven - ik groef - wij groeven - to dig
 * dragen - ik droeg - wij droegen - to carry, to bear, to wear
 * waaien - het woei  - (no plural)  - to blow (as in wind)
 * vragen - ik vroeg - wij vroegen - to ask
 * varen - ik voer - wij voeren - to sail, transport by boat

Two members have some irregularities


 * slaan - ik sloeg - wij sloegen  (lost -h- similar to zien)
 * staan - ik stond - wij stonden  (English retains the [u] sound: stood)

Class 7 and 3b strong verbs
This is a pretty large class and it has influenced some of the class 3 verbs in such a way that they have the same past tense
 * The past tense has ie or ing
 * The present tense can have a variety of vowels.


 * a [a] - ie
 * blazen - ik blies - wij bliezen - to blow
 * slapen - ik sliep - wij sliepen - to sleep
 * verlaten - ik verliet - wij verlaten - to leave


 * a [ɑ] - ie
 * vallen - ik viel - wij vielen - to fall


 * ang - ing
 * hangen - ik hing - wij hingen - to hang
 * vangen - ik ving - wij vingen - to catch
 * gaan  - ik ging - wij gingen  - to go  (with irregular present)


 * oe - ie
 * roepen - ik riep - wij riepen - to call


 * o - ie
 * lopen - ik liep - wij liepen - to walk
 * houden - ik hield - wij hielden - to keep, to hold (old has changed to oud in Dutch)
 * houwen - ik hieuw - wij hieuwen - to hew

Some members of class 3 also follow this pattern, particularly the ones with -er-
 * er - ier
 * werpen - ik wierp - wij wierpen - to cast, to throw
 * sterven - hij stierf - zij stierven - to die

Quizlet

 * You can practice memorizing these past tenses at Quizlet (40 terms)
 * You can also practice memorizing the meaning of the verbs at Quizlet (40 terms)

Formation
Unless the verb is inseparable, the participle takes ge- as a prefix and it always has -en as a suffix.
 * For class 6 and 7 the vowel remains the same as in the infinitive: lopen - gelopen,  varen - gevaren
 * For class 5 the vowel in the participle is e, often the same as the infinitive:  geven - gegeven;  liggen - gelegen
 * For class 3b and 4 the vowel changes to o: sterven - gestorven; breken - gebroken

For all other details see Dutch/Lesson 6A.

Quizlet
You can practice the perfect participles at Quizlet
 * Only strong verbs 3b-7


 * All verbs

The whole story

 * Here is the whole salesman story that we used for the past two lessons. Listen to the recording and read along. Then review it thoroughly. The hover method will give you anything but the verbs. If the verb is not clear, go back to previous two lessons to find out what it was. Once you understand the whole story, listen to the recording again to see if you understand it all. You may have to retrace your steps a few times until you do. It is a pretty lengthy text.


 * Admittedly, the above story is not exactly the best prose ever written in Dutch. Stylistically it is pretty bad, but if you can listen to the recording with eyes closed and understand what is being said, you have gained a pretty good command of the Dutch past tense. And then the perfect will follow because it is related.

Quizlet
The vocabulary for the salesman story can be practiced at Quizlet (58 terms)

Progress made
If you have studied the above well, you should
 * 1) be able to do past tenses of verbs of all kinds
 * 2) have a good idea of how to form a perfect tense

Cumulative count


 * Cycle 1: 579 terms
 * Lesson 5: 87 terms
 * Lesson 6: 124 terms
 * Lesson 7: 51 terms
 * Lesson 7A: 84 terms


 * Total number of terms 925