Cookbook:Tomato

Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), although biologically fruits, are considered vegetables among chefs because of their low sugar content. Most tomato cultivars have a tangy, acidic taste and a gelatinous center. Nearly all unripened tomatoes are green and turn red as they ripen.

Chefs and cooks use tomatoes in sauces, salads, sandwiches and as garnishes. Also, bartenders use tomato juice in the bloody Mary, a widely popular, alcoholic cocktail.

History
Wild tomatoes evolved in South America and turned yellow when ripe, thus inspiring the Italian name pomodoro (golden apple). Their descendants are now consumed and grown throughout the world, especially in western Europe and the western hemisphere.

As its fruit was originally believed to be poisonous when introduced into Europe, the tomato was used solely as an ornamental plant during the 16th and 17th centuries. The first traces of its use as a food there date back to the first half of the 18th century. Only in the second half of the 19th century did widespread cultivation of the tomato as food begin (mainly in southern Italy and in France).

Characteristics
Tomatoes are rich in vitamins and antioxidants. They also contain MSG. The seeds are high in fiber and bitter-tasting tannins. Tomatoes are part of the nightshade family, and their green parts are mildly toxic due to their alkaloid content.

Round
Round tomatoes are medium-sized spherical tomatoes. They are used for juice production. When sliced into quarters, they go well in salads. When sliced thin, they go well in sandwiches. It is often easy to remove the gelatinous inner flesh and seeds from this type of tomato.

Plum
Plum tomatoes are typically pear-shaped or ovular tomatoes, also known as consistency tomatoes. These tomatoes are less juicy and flavorful than others. They are primarily used to make tomato paste.

Cherry and grape
Cherry and grape tomatoes are small varieties. They are usually eaten whole in salads or as a snack. Grape tomatoes have firmer, thicker flesh, and may be cooked on kabobs or grilled.

Beefsteak
These are large tomatoes, commonly over 5 inches in diameter. One slice is enough to cover a large sandwich. It is usually very difficult to remove the gelatinous inner flesh and seeds from this type of tomato.

Tinned or canned tomatoes
In the summer, tomato growers produce many more tomatoes than they can possibly sell fresh. Many of these (usually plum tomatoes) are canned. Canned tomatoes often taste better than imported varieties in mid-winter or those grown in green houses.

Sun-dried tomatoes
Tomatoes can also be preserved by being dried in the sun. This technique is popular in Italy. They are then either stored dry in packs (they need to be soaked before use) or in olive oil in jars (these can be used straight from the jar). The taste of sun-dried tomatoes is intense and concentrated. You can use them in pizza topping, where they go well with strong flavors like anchovies, capers and olives.

Cooking
High cooking temperatures quickly destroy fresh tomato flavor, but can be useful to disable enzymes that tend to liquefy a tomato that has been injured (sliced, mashed, or shredded, for example).

Peeling tomatoes
It's almost always a good idea to skin tomatoes before using them in cooking. Here's how.

Using a sharp knife, cut a little cross at the base of each tomato. Plunge the tomatoes into boiling water for no more than 30 seconds, then plunge them into ice cold water, to stop any cooking that might have started. You should then be able to pull off the skin from each tomato. Throw the skins away &mdash; they aren't much good for preparing any foods, although if you like to eat them, they do contain many nutrients.

Intense tomato sauce
This way of cooking tomatoes is described by Heston Blumenthal. It recognizes that much of what we consider to be tomato flavor comes from the scent of the green stem, or vine. The vine is not edible and its fragrance is destroyed by heat, but this method goes some way to capture it.

Peel the tomatoes as described above. Cut them into small pieces and remove the seeds. Put the cut tomatoes in a sieve above a bowl, and salt liberally. Leave in a cool place for an hour or more. The salt will draw liquid out of the tomatoes, which will collect in the bowl. Use the liquid as a basis for cooking the tomatoes quickly (Blumenthal suggests using a pressure cooker). This avoids adding any water, and so concentrates the flavor. When the tomatoes are cooked to a puree, boil in an uncovered saucepan until the liquid is reduced. Then cool the puree, and put in an airtight container with the vine of a tomato plant. Store for an hour or more, while the tomatoes take on some of the fragrance of the vine. Discard the vine and use the sauce as the basis for a pizza topping or a sauce to accompany fish, meat, or vegetables.

Recipes using tomatoes as a significant ingredient

 * Burrito
 * Fresh Broadbeans Salad
 * Garlic, Tomato and Cheddar Sandwich
 * Jambalaya
 * Clam Chowder
 * Pico de Gallo
 * Six Layer Casserole
 * Sprout Salad
 * Taco
 * Tomato Curry
 * Tomato Pasta
 * Tomato Salad
 * Vegetarian Soft Tacos

Artes culinarias/Ingredientes/Tomate Kookboek/Tomaat