Climatology/Introduction

Climatology is a branch of atmospheric science as well as geographical and environmental science. Climate is a dynamical system that is based upon the long term averages and behaviour of Earth's atmosphere both on the global scale and the regional scale. This topic aims to help your understanding of the basics of climate science as well as the many impactors climate has on the Earth as well as the impactors the Earth has on the climate.This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth science. Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography]] and biogeochemistry. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) which is also known as the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Northern Pacific (NP) Index, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate.Climatology, the science that studies climate, is a young science, with modern climate science only emerging from meteorology, oceanography, and geology in the late 20th Century, it is highly dependent of mathematical models and estimates that rely in a constant gathering of data, improved sensors and historical records (natural or human generated). Of course, people have been interested in the natural world, including movements of air and water, for a very long time. An in general the sciences are still very imprecise at short or very long time frames, even if precision tends to increase over large geographical areas. Meteorologists and atmospheric scientists often say that climate is what you expect; weather is what you get. Early climate researchers include Edmund Halley, who published a map of the trade winds in 1686 after a voyage to the southern hemisphere. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) first mapped the course of the Gulf Stream for use in sending mail from the United States to Europe. Francis Galton (1822–1911) invented the term anticyclone.[4] Helmut Landsberg (1906–1985) fostered the use of statistical analysis in climatology, which led to its evolution into a physical science. Climatology is compounded of two Greek words, klima+logos;"klima' means slope of the earth'and 'logos' means a discourse or study.The first distinct climate treaties were the works of Hippocrates, who wrote Airs, Water and Places in 400 B.C.E.



'scientific Discoveries Related to Climate Science
Climatology was  primarily  an  observational  speculation  prior  to  the  scientific  age. Gradually, devices for  measuring  and  studying  weather  were  invented  and  the  keeping  of  systematic weather  records  began. Climatology, thus,  began  as  the  observation  and  description  of  weather on  sub-continental  and  continental  levels.The  early  nineteenth  century  marks  the  beginning  of the  scientific  discovery  of  climate  when  ice  ages  in  paleo-climate  were  first  suspected. The natural greenhouse  effect  was  also  identified  as  an  element  of  climate  change. During first  and second world war, effects of ground and upper air circulations were recognized. This led to the need for  the  statistical  treatment  of  weather  elements  and  its  predictions. Earth observation through  satellites  and availability  of  huge  quantum  of  data  led  to  model  the  weather conditions and  monitor  the  climate  elements  both  at  regional  and  global  levels.