Basic Physics of Digital Radiography/The Index



A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Absorbed Dose

Adaptive Array, CT Detectors

Adaptive Histogram Equalization

Adaptive Multi-Planar Reconstruction (AMPR), MDCT

Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR)

Added Filtration

Additional Filtration

Advanced Single-Slice Rebinning (ASSR), MDCT

Aliasing

Alpha Blending

AMBER

Ambient Light

Amorphous Selenium (a-Se)

Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)

Angiography

Angular Beam Modulation (ABM)

Anode Angle

Anthropomorphic Phantom

Antimony Trisulfide

Array Processor

Aspect Ratio

Atomic Number

Attenuation of X-Rays

Automatic Brightness Control (ABC)

Automatic Dose Rate Control (ADRC)

Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)

Automatic Exposure Control (AEC), Mammography

Automatic Exposure Control (AEC), MDCT

Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

Axial Projection



B

Background Equivalent Radiation Time (BERT)

Background Radiation

Back Projection

Backscatter

Bandpass Filter

Band Theory

Barium Contrast Media

Barium Fluorohalide

Beam Filtration

Beam Hardening

Beer-Lambert Law

Binding Energy

Biomolecular Damage

Bolus Chasing, DSA

Bone Attenuation

Bremsstrahlung

Brightness Gain

Bucky Factor



C

Cadmium Selenide

Camera Control Unit (CCU)

C-Arm CT

C-Arm Systems

CCD, Mammography

CCD Video Camera

Cesium Bromide

Cesium Iodide

Chalnicon

Characteristic Radiation

Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)

CMOS

Coherent Scatter

Collimator

Collimation, Virtual

Colour Look-Up Table (CLUT)

Composite MPR Display

Compression, Mammography

Compton Effect

Computed Radiography (CR)

Computed Tomography (CT)

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

Cone-Beam CT

Cone-Beam Reconstruction Algorithm (COBRA), MDCT

Contrast-Detail Evaluation

Contrast Enhancement

Contrast, Image

Contrast, Subject

Contrast, Scatter Effects

Conversion Efficiency

Convolution Filter

Coordinate Transfer Function (CTF)

Copper Filtration

Coronal Reconstruction

Cosmic Radiation

CT Fluoroscopy (CTF)

CT, Helical

CT Image Display

CT Image Reconstruction

CT-Number

CT, Spiral

Curved Reconstruction

Cut-Off Frequency



D

Densitometric Analysis, DSA

Detection Efficiency

Detection of X-Rays

Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)

Deterministic Health Risk

Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs)

DICOM

Digital Image Representation

Digital Images

Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processor

Digital Radiography (DR)

Digital Radiography, Direct Receptors

Digital Radiography, Indirect Receptors

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

DNA Damage

Dose-Area Product - Basics; Location; KERMA-Area Product (KAP); Application

Dose, Eyes

Dose Limits

Dose Reduction, Radiography

Dose Reduction, Fluoroscopy

Double Strand Breaks

DSA Image Processor

DSA Instrumentation

Dual-Energy CT (DECT)

Dual-Energy Radiography

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Dual-Source CT (DSCT

Dynamic Range



E

ECG_Gating, MDCT

Edge Enhancement

Effective Dose

Effective Doses, from Radiography

Effective Doses, from Fluoroscopy

Electromagnetic Radiation

Enhanced Visualization Processing (EVP)

Entrance Skin Dose (ESD)

Epidemiological Studies

Epilation

Equivalent Dose

Erythema

Exposure

Exposure Creep

Exposure Index (EI)

Extra-Focal Radiation

Eye Protection



F

Feldkamp Algorithm

Fibre Optic Taper

Filament Cathode

Fill Factor

Filter, X-Ray Beam - Aluminium, Copper, Molybdenum, Rare-Earth, Rhodium, Spectral

Filter, Digital Image Processing - Convolution, Kernel, Temporal, Spatial

Filtered Back Projection (FBP)

Flat Field Correction

Fluorescence

Fluorescent X-Ray

Fluorography Exposure

Fluoro Noise Reduction (FNR)

Fluoroscopic Loop

Fluoroscopy Burn

Fluoroscopy Exposure

Fluoroscopy, Pulsed

Fluoroscopy Systems

Flux Gain

Flying Focus XRT

Fly-Through

Focal Spot

Focal Spot, Effective Size

Focussing Cup

Fourier Filtering

Fourier Transform

Free Radicals



G

Gadolinium Oxysulfate

Gamma

Gaussian Filter

General Radiography

Geometric Analysis, DSA

Geometric Magnification

Gray (Gy)

Grids

Grids, Mammography

Grids, Moiré Patterns

Greyscale

Greyscale Standard Display Function (GSDF)



H

Half Value Layer

Heating Capacity, XRT

Heel Effect

Helical CT

High-Pass Filter

Histogram Equalization

Hounsfield Unit (HU)

HV Generator

HV Generator, Falling Load

HV Generator, Inverter

HV Generator, Inverter with AEC

HV Generator, Medium Frequency

HV Generator, Single Phase

HV Generator, Three Phase

HV Generator, Capacitative Discharge



I

Image Compression

Image Contrast

Image Deconvolution

Image Display

Image Distortion

Image Fusion

Image Noise

Image Noise, DSA

Image Quality

Image Reconstruction, CT

Image Quantization

Image Registration

Image Sampling

Image Segmentation

Image Storage & Distribution

Image Superimposition

Imaging Geometry

Inherent Filtration

Input Phosphor

Integrated Mask-Mode DSA

Interlaced Raster Scan

Interpolation, Helical CT

Inverse Fourier Transform

Iodine Contrast Media

Ionizing Radiation

Inverse Square Law

Iterative Reconstruction

Iterative Reconstruction in Image Space (IRIS)



J

Justification of Exposure



K

K-Edge Effect

Kerma

KERMA-Area Product (KAP)

Kernel, Filter

Klein-Nishina Formula



L

Landmarking

Last-Image-Hold (LIH)

Lead Apron

Lead Oxide

Lead Spectacles

Lens of the Eye, Injury

Light Beam Diaphragm

Limiting Spatial Resolution

Linear Attenuation Coefficient

Linear Interpolation, Helical CT

Line Focus Principle

Line Spread Function (LSF)

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Log-Median Index (LgM)

Logarithmic Transformation, CR & DR

Logarithmic Transformation, DSA

Lossless Compression

Low Frequency Drop (LFD)

Low-Pass Filter



M

Mammography

Mammography, AEC

Mammography, Auto-kV

Mammography, CCD

Mammography, Compression

Mammography, Grids

Mammography, Magnification

Mammography, Photon Counting

Mammography, Scatter Reduction

Mammography, Screening

Mammography, Slot-Scanning

Mammography, Stereotactic Imaging

Mass Attenuation Coefficient

Matched Filtration

Matrix Array, CT Detectors

Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP), 2D

Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP), 3D

Median Filter

Minification Gain

Minimum Intensity Projection (MinIP)

Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)

Moiré Pattern

Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT)

Multi-Planar Reconstruction (MPR)

Multi-Slice CT (MSCT)

Multi-Slice Filtered Interpolation (MFI)

Multi-Slice Linear Interpolation (MLI)

Multiple Beam Equalization Radiography (AMBER)

Multi-Scale Image Contrast Amplification (MUSICA)

Mutual Information Maximization



N

Noise, Image

Nyquist Frequency



O

Oblique Reconstruction

Opacity, Volume Rendering

Optimization of Protection

Output Phosphor

Over-Couch XRT

Over-Ranging, MDCT



P

Parallel Projection, 3D

Patient Dose, Radiography

Patient Dose, Fluoroscopy

Peak Skin Dose

Penumbra

Perceptual Oscillation

Perspective Projection, 3D

Phosphor, Structured

Phosphor, Unstructured

Photocathode

Photoconductor

Photoconductive Video Camera

Photoelectric Effect

Photoelectron

Photon Counting, Mammography

Photo-Stimulable Luminescence (PSL)

Pick-Up Tube (PUT)

Picture Archival & Communication Systems (PACS) - Basics; Details

Pitch, Grid

Pitch, Helical CT

Pixel

Pixelation

Pixel Value

Plumbicon

Point Spread Function (PSF)

Poisson Distribution

Polychromatic Radiation

Power Rating, XRT

Primary Photons

Primary Radiation

Progressive Raster Scan

Projected Thickness

Pulsed Fluoroscopy

Pulsed Progressive Readout (PPR)



Q

Quantification, DSA

Quantization Error

Quantum Noise



R

Radio-Adaptive Response

Radiation Biology

Radiation Dose

Radiation Dose Management

Radiation Hormesis

Radiation-Induced Bystander Response

RADs

Radiation Weighting Factor

Radiation Protection

Radiography Systems

Ramachandran & Lakshminarayana (Ram-Lak) Filter

Rare-Earth Filter

Raster Scan, Interlaced

Rebinning Algorithms, MDCT Reconstruction

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)

Recoil Electron

Recursive Filtration

Region Growth, Image Segmentation

REMs

Remasking

Reregistration

Retake Analysis

Roadmapping

Roentgen, unit

Roentgen, Wilhelm

Rotating Anode XRT

Rotating Envelope XRT

Rotational Angiography



S

Sagittal Reconstruction

Sampling Frequency

Scanned Projection Radiography

Scatter Correction, Computerised

Scatter, Effect on Contrast

Scatter Reduction

Scatter Reduction, Mammography

Scattered Photons

Scatter-to-Primary Ratio (SPR)

Screening, Mammography

Scrub Frame

Secondary Electrons

Secondary Photons

Semiconductor Video Camera

Sensitivity Index (SI)

Shaded Surface Display (SSD)

Sharpening

Shepp-Logan Filter

Sievert (Sv)

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

Skin Injury

Slot-Scanning

Smoothing

Sodium Iodide

Software

Spatial Domain Processing

Spatial Frequency

Spatial Frequency Processing

Spatial Period

Spatial Resolution

Spectral Filtration

Spiral CT

Square Wave Response (SWR)

Staff Dose

Stereotactic Imaging, Mammography

Stochastic Health Risk

Storage Phosphor

Subject Contrast

Surface Rendering

Sync Pulse



T

Target, Video Camera

Temporal Filtration

Temporal Resolution

Thermionic Emission

Thermoluminescence

3D Visualization

3D Multi-Planar Reconstruction

Thick Slab Projection

Threshold Definition, Image Segmentation

Thyroid Shield

Time-Interval-Difference (TID) imaging in DSA

Tissue Attenuation

Tissue Damage

Tissue Weighting Factor

Total Filtration

True Cone-Beam Tomography (TCOT), MDCT

Transfer Characteristic

Tube Loading Curves, XRT

Two-Dimensional FFT



U

Ultra-Fast Ceramic (UFC) Detectors

Umbra

Under-Couch XRT

Unsharp Masking



V

Vascular Trace

Veiling Glare

Video Camera

Video Signal

Vidicon

Virtual Collimation

Virtual Colonoscopy

Virtual Endoscopy

Visualization, 3D

Volume Rendering, 2D

Volume Rendering, 3D

Volume Tomographic Angiography

Voxel



W

Weighted Hyperplane Reconstruction (MHR), MDCT

Wiener Spectrum

Windowing



X

XII-Video Systems

X-Ray Energy Spectrum - Basics; Details

X-Ray Image Intensifier (XII)

X-Ray Shadows

X-Ray Tube (XRT) - Basics; Details

X-Ray Tube Current (mA)

XRT Anode - Tungsten, Molybdenum, Rhodium

XRT, Cooling Curves

XRT, Heating Capacity

XRT, Heating Curves

XRT, Power Rating

XRT, Rotating Envelope

XRT, Tube Loading Curves

Y



Z

z-Projection