Arimaa/Distribution of Force

To create effective threats, one must use pieces efficiently; strength should not be wasted. A related concern is activity: strong pieces should be kept flexible and available for duty. The b2 gold horse is passive due to being blocked in. The a3 gold horse is less blocked, but still poorly placed; Gold's position would be stronger if he had a horse in the east to fight the silver dogs. Conversely, Silver is being highly efficient by placing a dog on g3, where it is currently as safe as a silver horse would be.

Pieces are often passive because they are blocked in at home, but even a functional advanced piece is passive if it is not doing anything useful. In a race, a piece is passive if it doesn't have time to do something.

Having the strongest local piece can be an asset. If the silver camel is next to a trap, no silver piece can be captured therein unless the gold elephant joins the fight. The strongest local piece can also help with goal attack, goal defense, mobility fights, etc.

Alignment
Alignment refers to the overall positioning of one army relative to the other, especially in regards to which piece faces which. A strong alignment will not, for example, waste an elephant on an enemy horse while the enemy camel is active elsewhere. Here, Silver's alignment is near-perfect: the silver elephant fights the gold camel, the silver camel fights both gold horses, and other silver pieces take advantage of the freedom this provides. The silver camel and c2 horse are both strongest local pieces, whereas Gold does not have a uniquely strong piece in any area.

Alignment may seem unimportant when a forced goal is in sight. However, a poor alignment could allow the opponent to get a quick goal attack of his own. In, Silver's apparently strong goal attack left the one remaining gold horse unopposed in the east. After 38g, Silver suddenly faced a goal threat which could only be stopped via an elephant sacrifice.

Balance
If too much strength is concentrated on one wing, the other may become vulnerable. A dog can be a strong attacker if there is no active enemy horse nearby, and stronger still if there is not even an enemy dog to counter it. Note that Gold currently has the uniquely strongest non-elephant piece in both the west and the east. The e7 dog can move west, however, perhaps delaying a Gold takeover of c6 long enough for Silver to counterattack in the east. The silver elephant needed to face the gold horse, not the gold dog as it did in the. There was not much point in having both silver dogs on the same wing as the gold horse; a second dog would not substantially strengthen an attack on f3, whereas a silver dog could have made a difference in the west.

Weak pieces should usually be balanced also, as a goal threat might negate an advantage elsewhere. Gold's hybrid frame–hostage–partial elephant blockade may appear strong, but it leaves Gold very weak in the west. The gold elephant is currently stuck defending goal, so the silver camel is free to disrupt the blockade. Using one's elephant to defend against rabbits is extremely inefficient.

Even on a full board, one wing might become quite weak. On 12g of, a horse flip unbalanced Silver's forces, allowing the gold dogs to become strong eastern attackers. A trap defender should watch out for such a flip, and watch out for a pull-and-replace which might set the stage for such a flip.

Centralisation
A centralized elephant affects all four traps. Here, the gold camel cannot defend f3 until the gold elephant comes east. If Gold played Me2n De1n Me3e De2n, Silver could push the gold camel to f4 (De3s ee4s Mf3n ee3e), where it would be doomed to capture in f6. This would not work for Silver if the gold elephant were in the center.

While attacking or defending a trap, an elephant should usually be on one of the more centralized key squares, e.g. c4 or d3 when next to c3. An exception might occur when there is a chance to threaten the enemy camel. However, an elephant should not automatically go after an enemy camel which is still in its own home territory.

Control of the center itself is also important, as pieces would often like to move through the center. The side with greater elephant mobility will tend to have better central control. In the diagram at left, Silver is limited by potential capture threats in c3 and f3. By contrast, Gold currently defends all four traps; the silver elephant's isolation allows the gold camel to defend c6, making the center safe for more Gold advances.

Even when neither elephant is marginalized, shared control of an away trap may improve one's central control; if the opponent owns only one trap, pieces in the center are safer. It is sometimes even possible to blockade the center.