Arabic/The Alphabet

Reading and Writing Basics
The standard way to write Arabic is with the Arabic writing system. In English, both consonants and vowels are represented prominently. For example, the letter "a" and the letter "b" occupy approximately equal area. Sometimes vowels are omitted for brevity, like in "Scrn Lk" for Screen Lock on a keyboard, but this is unusual. In the Arabic writing system, however, omitting vowels is the standard. Symbols for vowels are an afterthought in the Arabic writing system—they exist but are sprinkled on and are rarely used. So, how do people read Arabic when the writing system does not usually represent vowels? Experienced readers of Arabic are capable of predicting the vowels based on the context. For beginners, extra symbols are written to represent the vowels. In cases where the author of a text anticipates ambiguity, the author can write the minimum vowels necessary to resolve ambiguity. In this book, vowels will be taught in the next chapter.

The direction of writing in the Arabic writing system is also different than in English. Arabic is written from right to left, unlike English, which is written from left to right. However, the vertical direction is the same as English; when a line is completed, the next line is placed below the previous line.

Layouts
How the Arabic alphabet was organized has changed over the centuries. First was the abjad order going "a", "b", "j", "d".

Standard Layout
Eventually, someone decided to organize the alphabet by shapes so that letters made with the same shapes went right after each other (it is one prevalent alphabet organization and used everywhere):

← read from right to left ←

ا ب ت  ث  ج  ح  خ

د ذ  ر  ز

س ش ص ض  ط  ظ

ع غ  ف  ق

ك ل  م  ن  ه  و  ي

Pyramid Alphabet
Recently, someone found a different way to organize the alphabet: by type of tail, then by type of shape, then by type of dot.

Letter Forms
In Arabic, most letters have 4 forms


 * Alone: The form used when not part of a word
 * Beginning: The form used when the letter is first in a word
 * Middle: The form used when a letter is in the middle of a word
 * End: The form used when a letter is the last one in a word

Letter Connections
Arabic letters can be split into two groups called connectors and non-connectors. Every connector will connect to the next letter in a word.

Connectors and non-connectors
Some words may mix both connector and non-connector letters.

Example 1

 * ب+ ت &#x2190; بـ ـت &#x2190; بـت
 * Notice that  ب (baa) is connected to the next letter because baa is a connector, not because the next letter is one.

Example 2

 *  ه  + ت  + م  &#x2190; هـ ـتـ ـم  &#x2190; هـتـم
 * Notice that  ه is connected to <font size="+2"> ت and <font size="+2"> ت is connected to <font size="+2"> م.

The above examples also show letters that change form to connect:<font size="+2"> ه (haa-single form) became<font size="+2"> هـ (haa-initial form). They are both the same letter but in different forms so they can be handwritten together. How do we know which form a letter is supposed to take on in a word?

Connectors only
When a word has only connector letters, the following rules apply:


 * The first letter is in the initial form.
 * The final letter is in the final form.
 * All other letters are in the middle form.

Example 1

 * If you had to connect five letters of the letter <font size="+2"> ت (taa) together...


 * <font size="+2"> ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ت


 * ...then the first letter would be in the initial form (i.e. <font size="+2"> تـ ), and the last letter would be in the final form (i.e.<font size="+2"> ـت ). So:


 * <font size="+2"> تـ <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ... <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ـت


 * All other letters would be in the middle form (i.e.<font size="+2"> ـتـ ).


 * <font size="+2"> ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ت <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; تـ  ـتـ   ـتـ   ـتـ   ـت <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; تــتــتــتــت

Example 2

 * How to write: <font size="+2"> ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ه <font size="+2" color="gray">+ م ?


 * <font size="+2"> بـ <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; (baa  initial form) <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; <font size="+2"> ب


 * <font size="+2"> ـهـ <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; (haa middle form) <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; <font size="+2"> ه


 * <font size="+2"> ـم <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; (meem final form) <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; <font size="+2"> م


 * So the word becomes:


 * <font size="+2"> ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ه <font size="+2" color="gray">+ م <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; بـ ـهـ  ـم <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; بـهـم


 * That is how it looks when all connected properly.

With non-connectors
Non-connectors have only two forms: Connected and unconnected. It becomes connected if the previous letter is a connector. If the previous letter is a non-connector or if there is no previous letter, it remains unconnected. Non-connectors do not connect to subsequent letters and therefore create breaks in words.

In the next examples, an ampersand (&) will be used to show that one letter does not connect to the next one (where the breaks are) in the following example. The breaks always occur directly after the non-connector.

Example 1

 * Write in Arabian script: b-b-b-r-b-b


 * <font size="+2"> ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ر <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب


 * First find out where the break is:


 * <font size="+2"> ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ر <font size="+2" color="gray">& ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب


 * Do the first part (the part on the right of the ampersand "&"). We know that the first letter <font size="+2"> ب (baa) should be in the initial form. The last letter is a non-connector. Which form should it be in? Because the letter before it is a connector, this letter <font size="+2"> ر (raa) should be in connected form:


 * <font size="+2"> ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ر <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; بـ  ـبـ   ـبـ   ـر <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; بـبـبـر


 * This was only the first written part of the word. We have to do the part after the non-connector letter.


 * <font size="+2"> ب <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ب <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; بـ ـب <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; بـب


 * Now, we have to have the parts side by side to make the word.


 * <font size="+2"> بـبـبـربـب


 * Although there is a break between the letter <font size="+2">ر (raa) and the next letter when it is written by hand, when one word in Arabic is typed the space bar is never touched. The letters automatically get connected properly by the computer.

Example 2

 * Now let's do an actual Arabic word. The following is an Arabic word meaning "he left [something]". It is pronounced ta-ra-ka:


 * <font size="+2"> ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ر <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ك


 * First find out where the breaks are:


 * <font size="+2"> ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ر <font size="+2" color="gray">& ك


 * In the first part, we see that the first letter is a connector and is not the only letter, so we know automatically that it should be in initial form. We noticed that <font size="+2">ر is a non-connector. The letter before it (i.e. <font size="+2"> ت ) is a connector, so<font size="+2"> ر should be written in connected form.


 * <font size="+2"> ت <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ر <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; تـ <font size="+2" color="gray">+ ـر <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; تر


 * The second part is just one letter so it should be written in single form, which it already has:


 * <font size="+2"> ك <font size="+2" color="gray"> &#x2190; ك


 * Put them side by side:


 * <font size="+2"> ترك

With practice, you will be able to write better and better.

Row 4: <font size="+2">ب ت ث ف
All letters are named with the sound they make at the beginning of their names. The letters of row 4 are called baa, taa, tħaa, and faa. Now don't get confused, the first three do look similar, but are different letters because of the dots. The first letter up there has one dot underneath. The second one has two dots on top. The third has three dots snuggled up in a triangle shape. And the fourth letter has a different shape and only one dot. All of these letters have the same tail. They connect to letters after them, within a word. Remember, every letter has four forms.

Exercises
Write out the letters that the word is made up of. Write out the letters in lonely form.

Example: <font size="+2">بـتـثـفـف= ب + ت + ث + ف + ف


 * 1) <font size="+2"> بـت=؟
 * 2) <font size="+2">  ثـبـت=؟
 * 3) <font size="+2">  بـبـت=؟
 * 4) <font size="+2"> بـفـث=؟
 * 5) <font size="+2">  ثـت=؟
 * 6) <font size="+2">  فـت=؟
 * 7) <font size="+2"> بـبـف=؟
 * 8) <font size="+2"> ثـث=؟
 * 9) <font size="+2">  تـتـتـف=؟
 * 10) <font size="+2">    فـتـفـبـفـب=؟
 * 11) <font size="+2">   فـفـف=؟
 * 12) <font size="+2">     تـفـت=؟
 * 13) <font size="+2">    بـب=؟
 * 14) <font size="+2">         فـتـف=؟
 * 15) <font size="+2">  ثـبـت=؟

Put the letters together connecting each letters properly.
 * 1) <font size="+2">ث + ب = ؟
 * 2) <font size="+2">ت + ب = ؟
 * 3) <font size="+2">ف + ب + ت=؟
 * 4) <font size="+2">ب + ب + ف=؟
 * 5) <font size="+2">ف + ب + ث + ف=؟
 * 6) <font size="+2">ت + ب + ف + ث=؟

A group of letters is shown connecting as they would in a word. Your job is to read the word from right-to-left (that is the way Arabic is written and read), and write the English transliteration letters (from left-to-right). Separate transliterated letters with dashes.

Note: Because you have not learned about writing vowels in Arabic, the transliteration only includes consonants. For example "b-t-t", this means that the word contains the consonants in the word in that order, the vowels are not indicated yet. Because the vowels aren't indicated the pseudo-word might be pronounced /ba-ta-ta/, /bi-ti-ti/, /bit-ti/, /bat-tu/, /bu-tat/, /bat-ta/ and so on.

Example: <font size="+2"> بـتـت /b-t-t/
 * 1) <font size="+2"> بـت
 * 2) <font size="+2">ثـبـث
 * 3) <font size="+2"> بـبـت
 * 4) <font size="+2">بـفـث
 * 5) <font size="+2">ثـت
 * 6) <font size="+2">فـت
 * 7) <font size="+2">بـبـت
 * 8) <font size="+2">ثـث
 * 9) <font size="+2">تـتـتـف
 * 10) <font size="+2">فـتـفـبـفـب
 * 11) <font size="+2">فـفـف
 * 12) <font size="+2">تـفـت
 * 13) <font size="+2">بـب
 * 14) <font size="+2">فـتـف
 * 15) <font size="+2">ثـبـت

Print out and trace the following letter combinations. Each of these is the initial, middle and final form of one letter. <font size="+4" style="text-decoration: line-through;color: #f0f0f0;position:absolute;">                                   ببب ببب   <font size="+4" style="position:absolute;">                                    ببب <font color="#ccc">ببب <font size="+4" style="text-decoration: line-through;color: #f0f0f0;position:absolute;">                                   تتت تتت   <font size="+4" style="position:absolute;">                                    تتت <font color="#ccc">تتت <font size="+4" style="text-decoration: line-through;color: #f0f0f0;position:absolute;">                                   ﺛﺜﺚ ﺛﺜﺚ   <font size="+4" style="position:absolute;">                                    ﺛﺜﺚ <font color="#ccc">ﺛﺜﺚ

Answers
The answer is on the far left after the equal sign. The part in the middle shows how they connect


 * 1) <font size="+2">  ب + ت  =>  بـ + ـت  =  بت
 * 2) <font size="+2">  ث + ب + ت  =>  ثـ + ـبـ + ـت  =  ثـبـت
 * 3) <font size="+2">   ب + ب + ت  =>  بـ + ـبـ + ـت  =  بـبـت
 * 4) <font size="+2">  ب  + ف + ث  =>  بـ + ـفـ + ـث  =  بـفـث
 * 5) <font size="+2">  ث + ت  =>  ثـ + ـت  = ثـت
 * 6) <font size="+2">   ف + ت  =>  فـ + ـت  =  فـت
 * 7) <font size="+2">  ب + ب + ف  =>  بـ + ـبـ +ـف  =  بـبـف
 * 8) <font size="+2">       ث + ث  =>  ثـ  + ـث  =  ثـث
 * 9) <font size="+2">   ت + ت + ت + ف  =>  تـ + ـتـ + ـتـ + ـف  =  تـتـتـف
 * 10) <font size="+2">    ف + ت + ف + ب + ف + ب  =>  فـ + ـتـ + ـفـ + ـبـ + ـفـ + ـب  =  فـتـفـبـفـب
 * 11) <font size="+2">   ف + ف + ف  =>  فـ + ـفـ + ـف  =  فـفـف
 * 12) <font size="+2">   ت + ف + ت  =>  تـ + ـفـ + ـت  =  تـفـت
 * 13) <font size="+2">    ب + ب =>  بـ + ـب  =  بـب
 * 14) <font size="+2">    ف + ت + ف  =>  فـ + ـتـ + ـف  =  فـتـف
 * 15) <font size="+2">  ث + ب + ت  =>  ثـ + ـبـ + ـت  =  ثـبـت Exercise 2
 * 16) <font size="+2">                      ث + ب = ثـب
 * 17) <font size="+2">                       ت + ب = تـب
 * 18) <font size="+2">                           ف + ب + ت = فـبـت
 * 19) <font size="+2">                                ب + ب + ف = بـبـف
 * 20) <font size="+2">                                 ف + ب + ث + ف = فـبـثـف
 * 21) <font size="+2">                               ت + ب + ف + ث = تـبـفـث


 * 1) <font size="+2">b-t= بـت
 * 2) <font size="+2">θ-b-θ=ثـبـث
 * 3) <font size="+2"> b-b-t=بـبـت
 * 4) <font size="+2">b-f-θ=بـفـث
 * 5) <font size="+2">θ-t=ثـت
 * 6) <font size="+2">f-t=فـت
 * 7) <font size="+2">b-b-t=بـبـت
 * 8) <font size="+2">θ-θ=ثـث
 * 9) <font size="+2">t-t-t-f=تـتـتـف
 * 10) <font size="+2">f-t-f-b-f-b=فـتـفـبـفـب
 * 11) <font size="+2">f-f-f=فـفـف
 * 12) <font size="+2">t-f-t=تـفـت
 * 13) <font size="+2">b-b=بـب
 * 14) <font size="+2">f-t-f=فـتـف
 * 15) <font size="+2">θ-b-t=ثـبـت

Rows 1 and 3: <font size="+2">ه ك م ي
The letters written above are called haa, kaff, mem, and yaa. The unique thing about ه (haa) is that in most styles of writing all its forms look different.

Exercises
Instructions: Write the Arabic letter that represents the sound that the English word starts with. If an English word has a silent letter, that letter does not count. Think about the sound, not the English spelling when doing this exercise.

Example: think <font size="+2">  ث
 * 1) king
 * 2) hate
 * 3) father
 * 4) hamper
 * 5) mass
 * 6) mother
 * 7) yacht
 * 8) matter
 * 9) clan
 * 10) master
 * 11) Yemen
 * 12) coat
 * 13) match
 * 14) foremost
 * 15) boot
 * 16) first
 * 17) taste
 * 18) cave
 * 19) banner
 * 20) third
 * 21) mom
 * 22) track
 * 23) cast
 * 24) thistle
 * 25) main
 * 26) fate
 * 27) base
 * 28) yes
 * 29) captain

Write out the letters that the word is made up of. Write out the letters in lonely form. Example: <font size="+2">هكمي = ه + ك + م + ي


 * 1) <font size="+2"> كم=؟
 * 2) <font size="+2">  بثـكه=؟
 * 3) <font size="+2">  ثـفهمف=؟
 * 4) <font size="+2"> فهم=؟
 * 5) <font size="+2">  فم=؟
 * 6) <font size="+2">  كميم=؟
 * 7) <font size="+2"> كف=؟
 * 8) <font size="+2"> هيثم=؟
 * 9) <font size="+2">  كهم=؟
 * 10) <font size="+2">    كيثـتميي=؟
 * 11) <font size="+2">   كيمي=؟
 * 12) <font size="+2">     كفف=؟
 * 13) <font size="+2">    يكم=؟
 * 14) <font size="+2">         يـم=؟
 * 15) <font size="+2">  هههههه=؟

Put the letters together, connecting each letters properly.


 * 1) <font size="+2">ك + ي + م + ث =؟
 * 2) <font size="+2">ت + ه + م + ي + ب = ؟
 * 3) <font size="+2">ف + م=؟
 * 4) <font size="+2">ب + م + ي + م + ي + ه + م + ب + ف + ه=؟
 * 5) <font size="+2">ه +ه +ه+ م + ك + ك=؟
 * 6) <font size="+2">ك + م=؟
 * 7) <font size="+2"> ب +ك +م +ي +ف =؟
 * 8) <font size="+2">  ه + ي + ه =؟
 * 9) <font size="+2"> ب + ك + ي + ك +  ه + ي + ي =؟
 * 10) <font size="+2"> ت + ه + م=؟
 * 11) <font size="+2"> ب + ه + ف + ه =؟
 * 12) <font size="+2"> ب + م + ي + م +  ه + ي + ب =؟
 * 13) <font size="+2"> ب +م +ث +ه=؟

Answers

 * 1) king-<font size="+2">ك
 * 2) hate-<font size="+2">ه
 * 3) father-<font size="+2">ف
 * 4) hamper-<font size="+2">ه
 * 5) mass-<font size="+2">م
 * 6) mother-<font size="+2">م
 * 7) yacht-<font size="+2">ي
 * 8) matter-<font size="+2">م
 * 9) clan-<font size="+2">ك
 * 10) master-<font size="+2">م
 * 11) Yemen-<font size="+2">ي
 * 12) coat-<font size="+2">ك
 * 13) match-<font size="+2">م
 * 14) foremost-<font size="+2">ف
 * 15) boot-<font size="+2">ب
 * 16) first-<font size="+2">ف
 * 17) taste-<font size="+2">ت
 * 18) cave-<font size="+2">ك
 * 19) banner-<font size="+2">ب
 * 20) third-<font size="+2">ث
 * 21) mom-<font size="+2">م
 * 22) track-<font size="+2">ت
 * 23) cast-<font size="+2">ك
 * 24) thistle-<font size="+2">ث
 * 25) main-<font size="+2">م
 * 26) fate-<font size="+2">ف
 * 27) base-<font size="+2">ب
 * 28) yes-<font size="+2">ي
 * 29) captain-<font size="+2">ك


 * 1) <font size="+2"> كم= ك + م
 * 2) <font size="+2">  بثـكه = ب + ث + ك + ه
 * 3) <font size="+2">  ثـفـهـمـف = ث + ف + ه + م + ف
 * 4) <font size="+2"> فهم = ف + ه + م
 * 5) <font size="+2">  فم = ف + م
 * 6) <font size="+2">  كميم = ك + م + ي + م
 * 7) <font size="+2"> كف = ك + ف
 * 8) <font size="+2"> هيثم = ه + ي + ث + م
 * 9) <font size="+2">  كهم = ك + ه + م
 * 10) <font size="+2">    كيثـتميي = ك + ي + ث + ت + م + ي + ي
 * 11) <font size="+2">   كيمي = ك + ي + م + ي
 * 12) <font size="+2">     كفف = ك + ف + ف
 * 13) <font size="+2">    يكم = ي + ك + م
 * 14) <font size="+2">         يـم = ي + م
 * 15) <font size="+2">  هههههه= ه + ه + ه + ه + ه + ه   Exercise 3
 * 16) <font size="+2">                      ك + ي + م + ث =كـيـمـث
 * 17) <font size="+2">                       ت + ه + م + ي + ب = تـهـمـيـب
 * 18) <font size="+2">                           ف + م=فـم
 * 19) <font size="+2">         ب + م + ي + م + ي + ه + م + ب + ف + ه = بـمـيـمـيـهـمـبـفـه
 * 20) <font size="+2">                                 ه +ه +ه+ م + ك + ك=هـهـهـمـكـك
 * 21) <font size="+2">                               ك + م = كـم
 * 22) <font size="+2"> ب + ك + م + ي + ف = بـكـمـيـف
 * 23) <font size="+2">  ه + ي + ه = هـيـه
 * 24) <font size="+2"> ب + ك + ي + ك +  ه + ي + ي = بـكـيـكـهـيـي
 * 25) <font size="+2"> ت + ه + م= تـهـم
 * 26) <font size="+2"> ب + ه + ف + ه = بـهـفـه
 * 27) <font size="+2"> ب + م + ي + م + ه + ي + ب = بـمـيـمـهـيـب
 * 28) <font size="+2"> ب +م +ث +ه = بـمـثـه

Row 2: <font size="+2">ط ظ
These letters are often called emphatic. This means that the sound is both pharyngealized and partly velarized. The very back of the tongue is pushed against the back of the throat. In layman's terms, think of pronouncing the sound while simultaneously choking yourself. Phonetically, we write this by adding ˁ right after the sound.

Exercises
Write out the letters that the word is made up of. Write out the letters in lonely form.

Example: <font size="+2"> بـت=؟


 * 1) <font size="+2">  هش=؟
 * 2) <font size="+2">  مراكش=؟

Answers
Answers are on the left side of the equal sign.
 * 1) <font size="+2">هش = ﻩ + ﺶ
 * 2) <font size="+2">مراكش = م + ر + ا + ك + ش

Row 5: <font size="+2">ج ح خ ع غ
These letters have the hook tail that looks like an L. Remember that tails only show up in the end and the lonely form of the letter.

Row 6: <font size="+2">ا د ذ ر ز و
All these letters are non-connectors and therefore have only two forms: connected and non-connected.

Exercises
Write the Arabic letter that represents the first sound in the English word:
 * 1) this-
 * 2) zap-
 * 3) damn-
 * 4) think-
 * 5) daisy-
 * 6) boot-
 * 7) family-
 * 8) handsome-
 * 9) case-
 * 10) basic-
 * 11) therefore-
 * 12) wait-
 * 13) weight-
 * 14) doctor-
 * 15) Robert-
 * 16) ram-
 * 17) basic-
 * 18) yawn-
 * 19) doctor-
 * 20) thoughtful-
 * 21) there-
 * 22) maybe-
 * 23) might-
 * 24) castle-
 * 25) deaf-
 * 26) king-
 * 27) destruction-
 * 28) camp-
 * 29) them-
 * 30) him-
 * 31) yes-
 * 32) mouth-
 * 33) rabbit-
 * 34) zipper-
 * 35) fourth-
 * 36) dad-
 * 37) demonstration-
 * 38) third-
 * 39) three-
 * 40) table-
 * 41) zero-
 * 42) master-
 * 43) distance-
 * 44) apple-
 * 45) information-
 * 46) earth
 * 47) upset-
 * 48) darling-
 * 49) under-
 * 50) zebra-
 * 51) eat-

Write the Arabic letter that represents the last sound in the English word:
 * 1) printer-
 * 2) fake-
 * 3) numb-
 * 4) bath-
 * 5) maybe-
 * 6) say-
 * 7) jumper-
 * 8) denominator-
 * 9) rake-
 * 10) bathe (they bathe in the pool)-
 * 11) murder-
 * 12) bite-
 * 13) jade-
 * 14) Jake-
 * 15) hay-
 * 16) breath-
 * 17) breathe (they breathe)-
 * 18) expand-
 * 19) ate-
 * 20) calculate-
 * 21) number-
 * 22) eight-
 * 23) fate-
 * 24) gulf-
 * 25) golf-
 * 26) bay-
 * 27) sore-
 * 28) compute-
 * 29) amaze-
 * 30) mouth-
 * 31) rye-
 * 32) lay-
 * 33) more-
 * 34) random-
 * 35) band-
 * 36) zoom-
 * 37) Dubai-
 * 38) back-
 * 39) wolf-
 * 40) soothe-
 * 41) maze-
 * 42) yolk-
 * 43) rate-
 * 44) math-
 * 45) folklore-

A group of letters is shown connecting as they would in a word. Your job is to read the word from right to left (that is the way Arabic is written and read), and write the English transliteration letters (from left to right). Separate transliterated letters with dashes.

Note: Because you have not learned about writing vowels in Arabic, the transliteration only includes consonants. For example, "b-t-t": this means that the word contains the consonants in the word in that order, while the vowels are not indicated yet. Because the vowels aren't indicated the pseudo-word might be pronounced /ba-ta-ta/, /bi-ti-ti/, /bit-ti/, /bat-tu/, /bu-tat/, /bat-ta/ and so on.

We learnt previously that the letter<font size="+2"> ب (baa) makes the "b" sound, its name is "baa". So<font size="+2"> بتت b-t-t can be spelt out (baa, taa, taa) but the pronunciation of the word is not the same as how it is spelt. Once you learn about writing vowels, you will be able to read words with vowels.

Examples: <font size="+2"> بـتـت /b-t-t/

<font size="+2"> بـثـبـتـف /b-θ-b-t-f/


 * 1) <font size="+2"> بـت
 * 2) <font size="+2"> دذر
 * 3) <font size="+2"> رذد
 * 4) <font size="+2"> وث
 * 5) <font size="+2"> رث
 * 6) <font size="+2"> ثذ
 * 7) <font size="+2"> تر
 * 8) <font size="+2"> وث
 * 9) <font size="+2"> رثو
 * 10) <font size="+2"> تدذ
 * 11) <font size="+2"> ذدبت
 * 12) <font size="+2"> بتي
 * 13) <font size="+2"> ثثث
 * 14) <font size="+2"> بووو
 * 15) <font size="+2"> برررريي
 * 16) <font size="+2"> يووو
 * 17) <font size="+2"> رذدرردذردتذدثـتبدذ
 * 18) <font size="+2"> ردذ
 * 19) <font size="+2"> رد
 * 20) <font size="+2"> ذد
 * 21) <font size="+2"> رث
 * 22) <font size="+2"> روث
 * 23) <font size="+2"> تيث
 * 24) <font size="+2"> ثرد
 * 25) <font size="+2"> رب
 * 26) <font size="+2"> رذي
 * 27) <font size="+2"> ييذ
 * 28) <font size="+2"> رر
 * 29) <font size="+2"> وو
 * 30) <font size="+2"> بب
 * 31) <font size="+2"> ذذ
 * 32) <font size="+2"> دد
 * 33) <font size="+2"> يي
 * 34) <font size="+2"> روي
 * 35) <font size="+2"> ذدر
 * 36) <font size="+2"> دود
 * 37) <font size="+2"> وذد
 * 38) <font size="+2"> دذر
 * 39) <font size="+2"> ردد
 * 40) <font size="+2"> ردذ
 * 41) <font size="+2"> وود
 * 42) <font size="+2"> ود
 * 43) <font size="+2"> كرردذودذ

Write out the letters that the word is made up of. Write out the letters in lonely form.

Example: <font size="+2"> بـت=؟


 * 1) <font size="+2"> هكمي=؟
 * 2) <font size="+2"> ردذ=؟
 * 3) <font size="+2"> رثمرو=؟
 * 4) <font size="+2"> ميو=؟
 * 5) <font size="+2"> يثـتب=؟
 * 6) <font size="+2"> يثمب=؟
 * 7) <font size="+2"> يـيث=؟
 * 8) <font size="+2"> هك=؟
 * 9) <font size="+2">   ومز=؟
 * 10) <font size="+2">  ذرع=؟
 * 11) <font size="+2">    ذهك=؟
 * 12) <font size="+2">   كه=؟
 * 13) <font size="+2">        روكه=؟
 * 14) <font size="+2"> كروده=؟
 * 15) <font size="+2"> كير=؟
 * 16) <font size="+2"> كرد=؟
 * 17) <font size="+2"> دت=؟
 * 18) <font size="+2"> ذوت=؟
 * 19) <font size="+2"> ذيت=؟
 * 20) <font size="+2"> رور=؟
 * 21) <font size="+2"> دير=؟
 * 22) <font size="+2"> دوير=؟
 * 23) <font size="+2"> ذث=؟
 * 24) <font size="+2">   تذب=؟
 * 25) <font size="+2">  ذبتـثوي=؟
 * 26) <font size="+2">    ييتـب=؟
 * 27) <font size="+2">   ييثر=؟
 * 28) <font size="+2">        زذي=؟
 * 29) <font size="+2"> يرو=؟
 * 30) <font size="+2"> وريرر=؟
 * 31) <font size="+2"> روبرت=؟
 * 32) <font size="+2"> روي=؟
 * 33) <font size="+2"> تبتـثـي=؟
 * 34) <font size="+2"> توتـتر=؟
 * 35) <font size="+2"> زور=؟
 * 36) <font size="+2"> وي=؟
 * 37) <font size="+2"> يـيـوت=؟
 * 38) <font size="+2"> بـيت=؟
 * 39) <font size="+2">   يوت=؟
 * 40) <font size="+2">  بيوت=؟
 * 41) <font size="+2">    ريت=؟
 * 42) <font size="+2">   زيت=؟
 * 43) <font size="+2">        ويت=؟
 * 44) <font size="+2"> زيت=؟
 * 45) <font size="+2"> زيوت=؟
 * 46) <font size="+2"> موت=؟
 * 47) <font size="+2"> موووت=؟
 * 48) <font size="+2"> مرت=؟
 * 49) <font size="+2"> ميت=؟
 * 50) <font size="+2"> مث=؟
 * 51) <font size="+2"> ميث=؟
 * 52) <font size="+2"> ريت=؟
 * 53) <font size="+2"> ريوت=؟
 * 54) <font size="+2">   كيت=؟
 * 55) <font size="+2">  كيوت=؟
 * 56) <font size="+2">    ثثث=؟
 * 57) <font size="+2">   ببب=؟
 * 58) <font size="+2">        كتت=؟
 * 59) <font size="+2"> مت=؟
 * 60) <font size="+2"> بت=؟

Answers
Note that any word written with a vowel sound is written beginning with an alif in Arabic.
 * 1) this-<font size="+2">ذ
 * 2) zap-<font size="+2">ز
 * 3) damn-<font size="+2">د
 * 4) think-<font size="+2">ث
 * 5) daisy-<font size="+2">د
 * 6) boot-<font size="+2">ب
 * 7) family-<font size="+2">ف
 * 8) handsome-<font size="+2">ه
 * 9) case-<font size="+2">ك
 * 10) basic-<font size="+2">ب
 * 11) therefore-<font size="+2">ذ
 * 12) wait-<font size="+2">و
 * 13) weight-<font size="+2">و
 * 14) doctor-<font size="+2">د
 * 15) Robert-<font size="+2">ر
 * 16) ram-<font size="+2">ر
 * 17) basic-<font size="+2">ب
 * 18) yawn-<font size="+2">ي
 * 19) doctor-<font size="+2">د
 * 20) thoughtful-<font size="+2">ث
 * 21) there-<font size="+2">ذ
 * 22) maybe-<font size="+2">م
 * 23) might-<font size="+2">م
 * 24) castle-<font size="+2">ك
 * 25) deaf-<font size="+2">د
 * 26) king-<font size="+2">ك
 * 27) destruction-<font size="+2">د
 * 28) camp-<font size="+2">ك
 * 29) them-<font size="+2">ذ
 * 30) him-<font size="+2">ه
 * 31) yes-<font size="+2">ي
 * 32) mouth-<font size="+2">م
 * 33) rabbit-<font size="+2">ر
 * 34) zipper-<font size="+2">ز
 * 35) fourth-<font size="+2">ف
 * 36) dad-<font size="+2">د
 * 37) demonstration-<font size="+2">د
 * 38) third-<font size="+2">ث
 * 39) three-<font size="+2">ث
 * 40) table-<font size="+2">ت
 * 41) zero-<font size="+2">ز
 * 42) master-<font size="+2">م
 * 43) distance-<font size="+2">د
 * 44) apple-<font size="+2">ا
 * 45) information-<font size="+2">ا
 * 46) earth<font size="+2">ا
 * 47) upset-<font size="+2">ا
 * 48) darling-<font size="+2">د
 * 49) under-<font size="+2">ا
 * 50) zebra-<font size="+2">ز
 * 51) eat-<font size="+2">ا


 * 1) printer-<font size="+2">ر
 * 2) fake-<font size="+2">ك
 * 3) numb-<font size="+2">م
 * 4) bath-<font size="+2">ث
 * 5) maybe-<font size="+2">ي
 * 6) say-<font size="+2">ي
 * 7) jumper-<font size="+2">ر
 * 8) denominator-<font size="+2">ر
 * 9) rake-<font size="+2">ك
 * 10) bathe (they bathe in the pool)-<font size="+2">ذ
 * 11) murder-<font size="+2">ر
 * 12) bite-<font size="+2">ت
 * 13) jade-<font size="+2">د
 * 14) Jake-<font size="+2">ك
 * 15) hay-<font size="+2">ي
 * 16) breath-<font size="+2">ث
 * 17) breathe (they breathe)-<font size="+2">ذ
 * 18) expand-<font size="+2">د
 * 19) ate-<font size="+2">ت
 * 20) calculate-<font size="+2">ت
 * 21) number-<font size="+2">ر
 * 22) eight-<font size="+2">ت
 * 23) fate-<font size="+2">ت
 * 24) gulf-<font size="+2">ف
 * 25) golf-<font size="+2">ف
 * 26) bay-<font size="+2">ي
 * 27) sore-<font size="+2">ر
 * 28) compute-<font size="+2">ت
 * 29) amaze-<font size="+2">ز
 * 30) mouth-<font size="+2">ث
 * 31) rye-<font size="+2">ي
 * 32) lay-<font size="+2">ي
 * 33) more-<font size="+2">ر
 * 34) random-<font size="+2">م
 * 35) band-<font size="+2">د
 * 36) zoom-<font size="+2">م
 * 37) Dubai-<font size="+2">ي
 * 38) back-<font size="+2">ك
 * 39) wolf-<font size="+2">ف
 * 40) soothe-<font size="+2">ذ
 * 41) maze-<font size="+2">ز
 * 42) yolk-<font size="+2">ك
 * 43) rate-<font size="+2">ت
 * 44) math-<font size="+2">ث
 * 45) folklore-<font size="+2">ر


 * 1) <font size="+2">d-dh-r دذر
 * 2) <font size="+2">r-dh-d رذد
 * 3) <font size="+2">w-th وث
 * 4) <font size="+2">r-th رث
 * 5) <font size="+2">th-dh ثذ
 * 6) <font size="+2">t-r تر
 * 7) <font size="+2">w-th وث
 * 8) <font size="+2">r-th-w رثو
 * 9) <font size="+2">t-d-dh تدذ
 * 10) <font size="+2">dh-d-b-t ذدبت
 * 11) <font size="+2">b-t-y بتي
 * 12) <font size="+2">th-th-th ثثث
 * 13) <font size="+2">b-w-w-w بووو
 * 14) <font size="+2">b-r-r-r-r-y-y برررريي
 * 15) <font size="+2">y-w-w-w يووو
 * 16) <font size="+2">r-dh-d-r-r-d-dh-r-d-t-dh-d-th-t-b-d-dh رذدرردذردتذدثـتبدذ
 * 17) <font size="+2">r-d-dh ردذ
 * 18) <font size="+2">r-d رد
 * 19) <font size="+2">dh-d ذد
 * 20) <font size="+2">r-th رث
 * 21) <font size="+2">r-w-th روث
 * 22) <font size="+2">t-y-th تيث
 * 23) <font size="+2">th-r-d ثرد
 * 24) <font size="+2">r-b رب
 * 25) <font size="+2">r-dh-y رذي
 * 26) <font size="+2">y-y-dh ييذ
 * 27) <font size="+2">r-r رر
 * 28) <font size="+2">w-w وو
 * 29) <font size="+2">b-b بب
 * 30) <font size="+2">dh-dh ذذ
 * 31) <font size="+2">d-d دد
 * 32) <font size="+2">y-y يي
 * 33) <font size="+2">r-w-y روي
 * 34) <font size="+2">dh-d-r ذدر
 * 35) <font size="+2">d-w-d دود
 * 36) <font size="+2">w-dh-d وذد
 * 37) <font size="+2">d-dh-r دذر
 * 38) <font size="+2">r-d-d ردد
 * 39) <font size="+2">r-d-dh ردذ
 * 40) <font size="+2">w-w-d وود
 * 41) <font size="+2">w-d ود
 * 42) <font size="+2">k-r-r-d-dh-w-d-dh كرردذودذ

Answers are on the left side of the equal sign.
 * 1) <font size="+2"> هكمي=ه + ك + م + ي
 * 2) <font size="+2"> ردذ=ر + د + ذ
 * 3) <font size="+2"> رثمرو=ر + ث + م + ر + و
 * 4) <font size="+2"> ميو=م + ي + و
 * 5) <font size="+2"> يثـتب = ي + ث + ت + ب
 * 6) <font size="+2"> يثمب=ي + ث + م + ب
 * 7) <font size="+2"> يـيث=ي + ي + ث
 * 8) <font size="+2"> هك=ه + ك
 * 9) <font size="+2">   ومز=و + م + ز
 * 10) <font size="+2">  ذرع=ذ + ر + ع
 * 11) <font size="+2">    ذهك=ذ + ه + ك
 * 12) <font size="+2">   كه= ك + ه
 * 13) <font size="+2">        روكه=ر + و + ك + ه
 * 14) <font size="+2"> كروده= ك + ر + و + د + ه
 * 15) <font size="+2"> كير= ك + ي + ر
 * 16) <font size="+2"> كرد= ك + ر + د
 * 17) <font size="+2"> دت= د + ت
 * 18) <font size="+2"> ذوت= ذ + و + ت
 * 19) <font size="+2"> ذيت=ذ + ي + ت
 * 20) <font size="+2"> رور=ر + و + ر
 * 21) <font size="+2"> دير=د + ي + ر
 * 22) <font size="+2"> دوير=د + و + ي + ر
 * 23) <font size="+2"> ذث=ذ + ث
 * 24) <font size="+2">   تذب=ت + ذ + ب
 * 25) <font size="+2">  ذبتـثوي=ذ + ب + ت + ث + و + ي
 * 26) <font size="+2">    ييتـب=ي + ي + ت + ب
 * 27) <font size="+2">   ييثر=ي + ي + ث + ر
 * 28) <font size="+2">        زذي=ز + ذ + ي
 * 29) <font size="+2"> يرو=ي + ر + و
 * 30) <font size="+2"> وريرر=و + ر + ي + ر + ر
 * 31) <font size="+2"> روبرت=ر + و + ب + ر + ت
 * 32) <font size="+2"> روي=ر + و + ي
 * 33) <font size="+2"> تبتـثـي=ت + ب + ت + ث + ي
 * 34) <font size="+2"> توتـتر= ت + و + ت + ت + ر
 * 35) <font size="+2"> زور=ز + و + ر
 * 36) <font size="+2"> وي=و + ي
 * 37) <font size="+2"> يـيـوت= ي + ي + و + ت
 * 38) <font size="+2"> بـيت= ب + ي + ت
 * 39) <font size="+2">   يوت=ي + و + ت
 * 40) <font size="+2">  بيوت=ب + ي + و + ت
 * 41) <font size="+2">    ريت=ر + ي + ت
 * 42) <font size="+2">   زيت=ز + ي + ت
 * 43) <font size="+2">        ويت=و + ي + ت
 * 44) <font size="+2"> زيت=ز + ي + ت
 * 45) <font size="+2"> زيوت=ز + ي + و + ت
 * 46) <font size="+2"> موت=م + و + ت
 * 47) <font size="+2"> موووت=م + و + و + و + ت
 * 48) <font size="+2"> مرت=م + ر + ت
 * 49) <font size="+2"> ميت=م + ي + ت
 * 50) <font size="+2"> مث=م + ث
 * 51) <font size="+2"> ميث=م + ي + ث
 * 52) <font size="+2"> ريت=ر + ي + ت
 * 53) <font size="+2"> ريوت=ر + ي + و + ت
 * 54) <font size="+2">   كيت= ك + ي + ت
 * 55) <font size="+2">  كيوت=ك + ي + و + ت
 * 56) <font size="+2">    ثـثـث=ث + ث + ث
 * 57) <font size="+2">   ببب=ب + ب + ب
 * 58) <font size="+2">        كتت= ك + ت + ت
 * 59) <font size="+2"> مت=م + ت
 * 60) <font size="+2"> بت=ب + ت